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nist-gov/www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/nist-guide-si-chapter-4
Scott Williams 4063bef310 Initital commit.
2025-03-05 18:59:57 +00:00

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<p>Since the 1995 edition of this <em>Guide</em>, the 20th CGPM, which met October 9 − 12, 1995, decided to eliminate the class of supplementary units as a separate unit class in the SI. The SI now consists of only two classes of units: base units and derived units. The radian and steradian, which were the two supplementary units, are now subsumed into the class of SI derived units. Thus the SI units are currently divided into base units and derived units, which together form what is called "the coherent system of SI units."<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bd3bab08-e0d5-4d29-8d97-e293eaf46fd9" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-footnotes#02" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Footnotes"><sup><sup>2</sup></sup></a> The SI also includes the prefixes to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units.</p>
<p><a name="4.1"></a><strong>4.1 SI base units </strong></p>
<p>Table 1 gives the seven base quantities, assumed to be mutually independent, on which the SI is founded, and the names and symbols of their respective units, called "SI base units." Definitions of the SI base units are given in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="211d4af3-6123-4d4b-9698-26be6f2154cc" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-definitions-si-base-units" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix A: Definitions of the SI Base Units">Appendix A</a>. The kelvin and its symbol K are also used to express the value of a temperature interval or a temperature difference (see&nbsp;<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1bd7db8a-7b0e-48c6-8f79-a740e8a9a016" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-8#85" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 8">Sec.&nbsp;8.5</a>).</p>
<table align="center">
<caption>
<h3><a name="table1"></a><strong>Table 1.</strong> &nbsp;SI base units</h3>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr align="LEFT">
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th colspan="2" scope="col">SI base unit</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Base quantity</th>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Symbol</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>length</td>
<td>meter</td>
<td align="center">m</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mass</td>
<td>kilogram&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td align="center">kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>time</td>
<td>second</td>
<td align="center">s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric current</td>
<td>ampere</td>
<td align="center">A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>thermodynamic temperature&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>kelvin</td>
<td align="center">K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>amount of substance</td>
<td>mole</td>
<td align="center">mol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>luminous intensity</td>
<td>candela</td>
<td align="center">cd</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a name="4.2"></a><strong>4.2 SI derived units</strong></p>
<p>Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or other derived units. The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For example, the derived unit for the derived quantity molar mass (mass divided by amount of substance) is the kilogram per mole, symbol kg/mol. Additional examples of derived units expressed in terms of SI base units are given in Table 2. (The rules and style conventions for printing and using SI unit symbols are given in Sec. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7f38169-19a3-4661-92a7-ea34a5bdf20d" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using#611" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units">6.1.1</a> to <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7f38169-19a3-4661-92a7-ea34a5bdf20d" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using#618" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units">6.1.8</a>.)</p>
<table align="center">
<caption>
<h3><a name="table2"></a><strong>Table 2.</strong>&nbsp;Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of SI base units</h3>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr align="LEFT">
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th colspan="2" scope="col">SI derived unit</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Derived quantity</th>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Symbol</th>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT">
<td>area</td>
<td>square meter</td>
<td>m<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>volume</td>
<td>cubic meter</td>
<td>m<sup>3</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT">
<td>speed, velocity</td>
<td>meter per second</td>
<td>m/s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>acceleration</td>
<td>meter per second squared</td>
<td>m/s<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT">
<td>wavenumber</td>
<td>reciprocal meter</td>
<td>m<sup>−1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>density, mass density</td>
<td>kilogram per cubic meter</td>
<td>kg/m<sup>3</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT">
<td>specific volume</td>
<td>cubic meter per kilogram</td>
<td>m<sup>3</sup>/kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>current density</td>
<td>ampere per square meter</td>
<td>A/m<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT">
<td>magnetic field strength</td>
<td>ampere per meter</td>
<td>A/m</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>luminance</td>
<td>candela per square meter</td>
<td>cd/m<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT">
<td>amount−of−substance concentration</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>amount concentration , concentration</td>
<td>mole per cubic meter</td>
<td>mol/m<sup>3</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a name="4.2.1"></a><strong>4.2.1 SI coherent derived units with special names and symbols</strong></p>
<p>Certain SI coherent derived units have special names and symbols; these are given in Table 3. Consistent with the discussion in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7b6e6fce-ce65-4429-a8c6-5f5096910214" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-4-two-classes-si-units-and-si-prefixes" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: The Two Classes of SI Units and the SI Prefixes">Sec. 4</a>, the radian and steradian, which are the two former supplementary units, are included in Table 3. The last four units in Table 3 were introduced into the SI for reasons of safeguarding human health.</p>
<table align="center">
<caption>
<h3><a name="table3"></a><strong>Table 3.</strong> The 22 SI coherent derived units with special names and symbols.</h3>
</caption>
<thead>
<tr align="LEFT">
<th scope="col">&nbsp;</th>
<th colspan="4" scope="col">SI coherent derived unit <sup><em>(a)</em></sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="col">&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">Special Name</th>
<th scope="col">Special<br>
symbol</th>
<th scope="col">Expression in<br>
terms of other<br>
SI units</th>
<th scope="col">Expression in<br>
terms of SI<br>
base units</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>plane angle&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>radian<sup><em>(b)</em></sup></td>
<td>rad</td>
<td>1<sup><em>(b)</em></sup></td>
<td>m/m</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>solid angle</td>
<td>steradian<sup><em>(b)</em></sup></td>
<td>sr<sup><em>(c)</em></sup></td>
<td>1<sup><em>(b)</em></sup></td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>frequency</td>
<td>hertz<sup><em>(d)</em></sup></td>
<td>Hz</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><nobr>s<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>force</td>
<td>newton</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><nobr>m · kg · s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pressure, stress</td>
<td>pascal</td>
<td>Pa</td>
<td>N/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−1</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>energy, work,&nbsp;amount of heat</td>
<td>joule</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>N · m</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>power, radiant flux</td>
<td>watt</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>J/s</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric charge,&nbsp;amount of electricity</td>
<td align="top">coulomb</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><nobr>s · A</nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric potential difference<sup>(e)</sup>,&nbsp;electromotive force</td>
<td>volt</td>
<td>V</td>
<td>W/A</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> · A<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>capacitance</td>
<td>farad</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>C/V</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−2</sup> · kg<sup>−1</sup> · s<sup>4</sup> · A<sup>2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric resistance</td>
<td>ohm</td>
<td>Ω</td>
<td>V/A</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> · A<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric conductance</td>
<td>siemens</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>A/V</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−2</sup> · kg<sup>−1</sup> · s<sup>3</sup> · A<sup>2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>magnetic flux</td>
<td>weber</td>
<td>Wb</td>
<td>V · s</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · A<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>magnetic flux density</td>
<td>tesla</td>
<td>T</td>
<td>Wb/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · A<sup>−1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>inductance</td>
<td>henry</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>Wb/A</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg· s<sup>−2</sup> · A<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Celsius temperature</td>
<td>degree Celsius <sup><em>(f)</em></sup></td>
<td>°C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>luminous flux</td>
<td>lumen</td>
<td>lm</td>
<td>cd · sr<sup><em>(c)</em></sup></td>
<td>Cd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>illuminance</td>
<td>lux</td>
<td>lx</td>
<td>lm/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>m<sup>−2</sup>· cd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>activity referred to&nbsp;a radionuclide<sup><em>(g)</em></sup></td>
<td>becquerel<sup><em>(d)</em></sup></td>
<td>Bq</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>s<sup>−1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>absorbed dose,&nbsp;specific energy (imparted),&nbsp;kerma</td>
<td>gray</td>
<td>Gy</td>
<td>J/kg</td>
<td>m<sup>2</sup>· s<sup>−2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dose equivalent,&nbsp;ambient dose equivalent,&nbsp;directional dose equivalent,&nbsp;personal dose equivalent</td>
<td>sievert <sup><em>(h)</em></sup></td>
<td>Sv</td>
<td>J/kg</td>
<td>m<sup>2</sup>· s<sup>−2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>catalytic activity</td>
<td>katal</td>
<td>kat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>s<sup>−1</sup>· mol</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>(a)</em> The SI prefixes may be used with any of the special names and symbols, but when this is done the resulting unit will no longer be coherent. (See <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7f38169-19a3-4661-92a7-ea34a5bdf20d" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using#628" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units">Sec. 6.2.8</a>.)<br>
<em>(b)</em> The radian and steradian are special names for the number one that may be used to convey information about the quantity concerned. In practice the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the symbol for the derived unit one is generally omitted in specifying the values of dimensionless quantities. (See <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="741678a0-89e0-46a1-9176-abb240263f54" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-7-rules-and-style-conventions-expressing-values#710" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 7: Rules and Style Conventions for Expressing Values of Quantities">Sec 7.10</a>)<br>
<em>(c)</em> In photometry the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units.<br>
<em>(d)</em> The hertz is used only for periodic phenomena, and the becquerel is used only for stochastic processes in activity referred to a radionuclide.<br>
<em>(e)</em> Electric potential difference is also called "voltage" in the United States.<br>
<em>(f)</em> The degree Celsius is the special name for the kelvin used to express Celsius temperatures.<br>
The degree Celsius and the kelvin are equal in size, so that the numerical value of a temperature difference or temperature interval is the same when expressed in either degrees Celsius or in kelvins. (See Secs. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7b6e6fce-ce65-4429-a8c6-5f5096910214" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-4-two-classes-si-units-and-si-prefixes#4211" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: The Two Classes of SI Units and the SI Prefixes">4.2.1.1</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1bd7db8a-7b0e-48c6-8f79-a740e8a9a016" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-8#85" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 8">8.5</a>.)<br>
<em>(g)</em> Activity referred to a radionuclide is sometimes incorrectly called radioactivity.<br>
<em>(h)</em> See Refs. [<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7b52365-05f4-43de-a956-057b906173bc" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-d-bibliography#01" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix D: Bibliography">1</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7b52365-05f4-43de-a956-057b906173bc" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-d-bibliography#02" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix D: Bibliography">2</a>], on the use of the sievert.</p>
<p><a name="4.2.1.1"></a><strong>4.2.1.1 Degree Celsius </strong></p>
<p>In addition to the quantity thermodynamic temperature (symbol <em>T</em>), expressed in the unit kelvin, use is also made of the quantity Celsius temperature (symbol <em>t</em>) defined by the equation <em>t</em> = <em>T</em> − <em>T</em><sub>0</sub>&nbsp;, where <em>T</em><sub>0</sub> = 273.15 K by definition. To express Celsius temperature, the unit degree Celsius, symbol °C, which is equal in magnitude to the unit kelvin, is used; in this case, "degree Celsius" is a special name used in place of "kelvin." An interval or difference of Celsius temperature, however, can be expressed in the unit kelvin as well as in the unit degree Celsius (see <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1bd7db8a-7b0e-48c6-8f79-a740e8a9a016" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-8#85" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 8">Sec. 8.5</a>). (Note that the thermodynamic temperature <em>T</em><sub>0</sub> is exactly 0.01 K below the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (see <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="211d4af3-6123-4d4b-9698-26be6f2154cc" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-definitions-si-base-units#A6" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix A: Definitions of the SI Base Units">Sec. A.6</a>).)</p>
<p><a name="4.2.2"></a><strong>4.2.2 Use of SI derived units with special names and symbols</strong></p>
<p>Examples of SI derived units that can be expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols are given in Table 4.</p>
<table align="center">
<caption>
<h3><a name="table4"></a><strong>Table 4.</strong> Examples of SI coherent derived units expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols.</h3>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr align="LEFT">
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th colspan="3" scope="col">SI coherent derived unit</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Derived quantity</th>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Symbol</th>
<th scope="col">Expression in terms of&nbsp;SI base units</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dynamic viscosity</td>
<td>pascal second</td>
<td>Pa · s</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−1</sup> · kg · s<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>moment of force</td>
<td>newton meter</td>
<td>N · m</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>surface tension</td>
<td>newton per meter</td>
<td>N/m</td>
<td>kg · s<sup>−2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>angular velocity</td>
<td>radian per second</td>
<td>rad/s</td>
<td><nobr>m ·m<sup>−1</sup> · s<sup>−1</sup> = s<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>angular acceleration</td>
<td>radian per second squared</td>
<td>rad/s<sup>2</sup></td>
<td><nobr>m ·m<sup>−1</sup> · s<sup>−2</sup> = s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>heat flux density,irradiance</td>
<td>watt per square meter</td>
<td>W/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>kg · s<sup>−3</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>heat capacity, entropy</td>
<td>joule per kelvin</td>
<td>J/K</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · K<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>specific heat capacity,&nbsp;specific entropy</td>
<td>joule per kilogram kelvin</td>
<td>J/(kg · K)</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · s<sup>−2</sup> · K<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>specific energy</td>
<td>joule per kilogram</td>
<td>J/kg</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>thermal conductivity</td>
<td>watt per meter kelvin</td>
<td>W/(m · K)</td>
<td><nobr>m · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> · K<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>energy density</td>
<td>joule per cubic meter</td>
<td>J/m<sup>3</sup></td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−1</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric field strength</td>
<td>volt per meter</td>
<td>V/m</td>
<td><nobr>m · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> s· A<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric charge density</td>
<td>coulomb per cubic meter</td>
<td>C/m<sup>3</sup></td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−3</sup> · s · A</nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>surface charge density</td>
<td>coulomb per square meter</td>
<td>C/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−2</sup> · s · A</nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electric flux density,&nbsp;electric displacement</td>
<td>coulomb per square meter</td>
<td>C/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−2</sup> · s · A</nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>permittivity</td>
<td>farad per meter</td>
<td>F/m</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>−3</sup> · kg<sup>−1</sup> · s<sup>4</sup> · A<sup>−2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>permeability</td>
<td>henry per meter</td>
<td>H/m</td>
<td><nobr>m · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · A<sup>2</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>molar energy</td>
<td>joule per mole</td>
<td>J/mol</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · mol<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>molar entropy,&nbsp;molar heat capacity</td>
<td>joule per mole kelvin</td>
<td>J/(mol · K)</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · K<sup>−1</sup> · mol<sup>−1</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>exposure (χ and γ rays)</td>
<td>coulomb per kilogram</td>
<td>C/kg</td>
<td><nobr>kg<sup>−1</sup> · s · A</nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>absorbed dose rate</td>
<td>gray per second</td>
<td>Gy/s</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · s<sup>−3</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>radiant intensity</td>
<td>watt per steradian</td>
<td>W/sr</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>4</sup> · m<sup>−2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> =m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>radiance</td>
<td>watt per square meter&nbsp;steradian</td>
<td>W/(m<sup>2</sup> · sr)</td>
<td><nobr>m<sup>2</sup> · m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> = kg · s<sup>−3</sup></nobr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>catalytic activity&nbsp;concentration</td>
<td>katal per cubic meter</td>
<td>kat/m<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>m<sup>−3</sup> · s<sup>−1</sup> · mol</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<p>The advantages of using the special names and symbols of SI derived units are apparent in Table 4. Consider, for example, the quantity molar entropy: the unit J/&nbsp;(mol&nbsp;·&nbsp;K) is obviously more easily understood than its SI base−unit equivalent, m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · K<sup>−1</sup> · mol<sup>−1</sup>. Nevertheless, it should always be recognized that the special names and symbols exist for convenience;either the form in which special names or symbols are used for certain combinations of units or the form in which they are not used is correct. For example, because of the descriptive value implicit in the compound−unit form, communication is sometimes facilitated if magnetic flux (see <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7b6e6fce-ce65-4429-a8c6-5f5096910214" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-4-two-classes-si-units-and-si-prefixes#Table3" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: The Two Classes of SI Units and the SI Prefixes">Table 3)</a> is expressed in terms of the volt second (V · s) instead of the weber (Wb) or the combination of SI base units, m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−2</sup> · A<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tables 3 and 4 also show that the values of several different quantities are expressed in the same SI unit. For example, the joule per kelvin (J/K) is the SI unit for heat capacity as well as for entropy. Thus the name of the unit is not sufficient to define the quantity measured.</p>
<p>A derived unit can often be expressed in several different ways through the use of base units and derived units with special names. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to using certain units with special names, or combinations of units, to facilitate the distinction between quantities whose values have identical expressions in terms of SI base units. For example, the SI unit of frequency is specified as the hertz (Hz) rather than the reciprocal second (s<sup>−1</sup>), and the SI unit of moment of force is specified as the newton meter (N · m) rather than the joule (J).</p>
<p>Similarly, in the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated as the becquerel (Bq) rather than the reciprocal second (s<sup>−1</sup>), and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent are designated as the gray (Gy) and the sievert (Sv), respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram (J/kg).</p>
<p><a name="4.3"></a><strong>4.3 Decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units: SI prefixes</strong></p>
<p>Table 5 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of units. They allow very large or very small numerical values (see <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="741678a0-89e0-46a1-9176-abb240263f54" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-7-rules-and-style-conventions-expressing-values#71" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 7: Rules and Style Conventions for Expressing Values of Quantities">Sec. 7.1</a>) to be avoided. A prefix name attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit. For example, one kilometer, 1 km, is equal to one thousand meters, 1000 m or 10<sup>3</sup> m. When prefixes are used to form multiples and submultiples of SI base and derived units, the resulting units are no longer coherent. (See <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bd3bab08-e0d5-4d29-8d97-e293eaf46fd9" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-footnotes#02" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Footnotes">footnote 2</a> for a brief discussion of coherence.) The rules and style conventions for printing and using SI prefixes are given in Secs. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7f38169-19a3-4661-92a7-ea34a5bdf20d" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using#621" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units">6.2.1</a> to <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7f38169-19a3-4661-92a7-ea34a5bdf20d" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using#628" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units">6.2.8</a>.&nbsp;The special rule for forming decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass is given in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7f38169-19a3-4661-92a7-ea34a5bdf20d" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using#627" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units">Sec. 6.2.7</a>.</p>
<table align="center">
<caption>
<h3><a name="table5"></a><strong>Table 5.</strong> SI prefixes*</h3>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Factor</th>
<th scope="col">Prefix</th>
<th scope="col">Symbol</th>
<th scope="col">Factor</th>
<th scope="col">Prefix</th>
<th scope="col">Symbol</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>30</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>10</sup></td>
<td>quetta</td>
<td>Q</td>
<td>10<sup>−1</sup></td>
<td>deci</td>
<td>d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>27</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>9</sup></td>
<td>ronna</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>10<sup>−2</sup></td>
<td>centi</td>
<td>c</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>24</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>8</sup></td>
<td>yotta</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>10<sup>−3</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−1</sup></td>
<td>milli</td>
<td>m</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>21</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>7</sup></td>
<td>zetta</td>
<td>Z</td>
<td>10<sup>−6</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−2</sup></td>
<td>micro</td>
<td>μ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>18</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>6</sup></td>
<td>exa</td>
<td>E</td>
<td>10<sup>−9</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−3</sup></td>
<td>nano</td>
<td>n</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>15</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>5</sup></td>
<td>peta</td>
<td>P</td>
<td>10<sup>−12</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−4</sup></td>
<td>pico</td>
<td>p</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>12</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>4</sup></td>
<td>tera</td>
<td>T</td>
<td>10<sup>−15</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−5</sup></td>
<td>femto</td>
<td>f</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>9</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>giga</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>10<sup>−18</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−6</sup></td>
<td>atto</td>
<td>a</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>6</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>mega</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>10<sup>−21</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−7</sup></td>
<td>zepto</td>
<td>z</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>3</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>1</sup></td>
<td>kilo</td>
<td>k</td>
<td>10<sup>−24</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−8</sup></td>
<td>yocto</td>
<td>y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>hecto</td>
<td>h</td>
<td>10<sup>−27</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−9</sup></td>
<td>ronto</td>
<td>r</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10<sup>1</sup></td>
<td>deka</td>
<td>da</td>
<td>10<sup>−30</sup>=(10<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−10</sup></td>
<td>quecto</td>
<td>q</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>Note:</em> Alternative definitions of the SI prefixes and their symbols are not permitted. For example, it is unacceptable to use kilo (k) to represent 2<sup>10</sup> = 1024, mega (M) to represent 2<sup>20</sup> = 1 048 576, or giga (G) to represent 2<sup>30</sup> = 1 073 741 824. See the note to <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f7b52365-05f4-43de-a956-057b906173bc" href="/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-d-bibliography#05" title="NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix D: Bibliography">Ref. [5]</a> on page 74 for the prefixes for binary powers adopted by the IEC.</p>
<p><strong>* Note: Four new SI prefixes are added to Table 5 to align with the BIPM SI Brochure, 9<sup>th</sup> edition, version 2.01 (2022).</strong></p>
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