<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/  dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/  foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/  og: http://ogp.me/ns#  rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#  schema: http://schema.org/  sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#  sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#  skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#  xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
(()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>m,gD:()=>v,xN:()=>h});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(614),c=r(944),u=r(384),l=r(122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,l.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},773:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(154),r(566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(773),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),R=r(434);const A=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,R.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[R.Jt]||t[r];return A.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>A.get(c))),i}function _(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),R=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var A="api-",_=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(A,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(A,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(R.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw R.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{R.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var O=r(284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(S(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),_(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.283.2.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-2Y8GMAOGF658KnXzOZ/v+DlLch8TBFvV0tTNnOy9wrpvtDa1t5CdZMyX+LubTymBlzPp6NUjllBghMCZqXBPmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(908),E=i(843),_=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(773);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script>
<noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style>
</noscript><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script>
<script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "G-CSLL4ZEK4L", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});</script>
<link rel="canonical" href="" />
<meta name="robots" content="follow, noindex" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Search Publications | NIST" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST" />
<meta property="og:type" content="Article" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Search Publications" />
<meta name="dcterms.title" content="Search Publications" />
<meta name="dcterms.type" content="text" />
<meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html" />
<meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" />
<meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Search Publications" />
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />

    <title>Search Publications | NIST</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_zb71YZl620uz4kH3pYu0tKyafjffOtzVOU80-0NBOTI.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_kGS0ApDpFo-_3JI4Ijxg4RCWlTqsImK3lqH7bCv5v2U.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-IXwLuTUdm8IGHxib8GX8wWKw3LjKsNWSYYskZ5fEGg.css?delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_JblPwKLw45cPI6Z1CCNqTcKVNQKc2-R8DCddjdigut0.css?delta=3&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />

    <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_GM8kl6wk698qKTTwusj83bCoGHHtOZ1UinjY1sE_Qbk.js?scope=header&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJxdjW0OwjAIhi805UiErtjhWFlatHp7O53RLOEHPLwfgcYZ3fqsEH47XuuQzJIyUiZ9uowVjmDIUh0v0lm0ltUoopceIjlBos-7irMsa7E7wxFsLW_mEy_ce00DFVwsQpRKoQer5PmtgaQWSE-7BSamyOV7YmvtT8EP34wQy20lPe_nC6DrXYU"></script>

  </head>
  <body>
        <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude>
      Skip to main content
    </a>
    
      <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
    
  <!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
<section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website">
  <div class="usa-accordion">
    <header class="usa-banner__header">
      <div class="usa-banner__inner">
        <div class="grid-col-auto">
          <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag">
        </div>
        <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto">
          <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p>
          <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p>
        </div>
        <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default">
          <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span>
        </button>
      </div>
    </header>
    <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default">
      <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
        <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
          <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="usa-media-block__body">
            <p>
              <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong>
              <br/>
              A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
          <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="usa-media-block__body">
            <p>
              <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong>
              <br/>
              A <strong>lock</strong> (  <span class="icon-lock">
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false">
      <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title>
      <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg>
  </span>
) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</section>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->

    <div data-elastic-exclude>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
<div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;">
  <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/publications/search</p>
  <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" />
</div>


<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner">
      <div class="usa-navbar">
    <div class="usa-logo flex-fill">
          <a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home">
      <img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px" />
    </a>
      </div>
    <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto">
                          <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group">
                  
<form class="usa-search usa-search--small"
  accept-charset="UTF-8"
  action="/search"
  id="search_form"
  method="get">
  <div role="search">
    <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label>
    <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128">
    <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button>
  </div>
</form>
              </div>
              <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1">
          <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
        </div>
          </div>
  </div>

      


<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
  <div class="usa-nav__inner">
    <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button>
    <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion">
            <li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
                <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/publications">Publications</a>
              </li>
            <li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
                <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-2"><span>What We Do</span></button>
        <div id="primary_menu-2" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
          <div class="grid-row">
                                                        <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/quantum-information-science" class="usa-nav__link">Quantum information science</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a>
                              </li>
                            </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
              </li>
            <li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
                <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs &amp; Major Programs</span></button>
        <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
          <div class="grid-row">
                                                        <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/adlp" class="usa-nav__link">Assoc Director of Laboratory Programs</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools &amp; Instruments</a>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                            </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
              </li>
            <li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
                <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services &amp; Resources</span></button>
        <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
          <div class="grid-row">
                                                        <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/content/standards-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/sri" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License &amp; Patents</a>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
                              </li>
                            </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
              </li>
            <li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
                <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News &amp; Events</span></button>
        <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
          <div class="grid-row">
                                                        <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a>
                              </li>
                            </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
              </li>
            <li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
                <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button>
        <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
          <div class="grid-row">
                                                        <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/director/leadership" class="usa-nav__link">Leadership</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/about-nist/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget &amp; Planning</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/iaao/academic-affairs-office" class="usa-nav__link">Student programs</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                          </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                            <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a>
                                <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
                                  <li>
                    <a href="http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a>
                  </li>
                                  <li>
                    <a href="/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a>
                  </li>
                                </ul>
                              </li>
                                                        <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
                <a href="/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a>
                              </li>
                            </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
              </li>
          </ul>
  </div>
</nav>



  
</header>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
</div>
  
  <div class="grid-container">
    



  </div>



  


        
<section
       class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"
    >

  <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>

      
        <div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
      <div
              
            >
        

  <h1 class="nist-page__title">Search Publications</h1>




      </div>
    </div>
    
  <div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
    <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6">

                  <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3">
        <div>
          
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-kbsczTAF3mR8cW7wLW50UubJaxxd-TEAF06_IKV8Sk.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJxLSi0pSS2KT60oyC9OTYlPy8wBcov101PzUosSc3SSM4DCefopRaUFiTl6EB5UMD4nM0kfwtRLLi4GADagHLw&amp;exclude=eJx1TgEOwjAI_FCVJzV0xYpjZSndqr-3mxoXExNCuONydwGH0VftM0P43v5mLvx58aDZJdUk5DGjPCoPBr-Ey2zVX7hzUVsWxehr6TacEyR8vY0r8TQXXQl-ia3CztUrTdSTVQIWP2mEyIahGwvn0dnDKk29odGuhyQaUI736W0FV8JI5QN9a-2oPuBNQve6BUAsy4xyfkO3MjWDfZ97mUXoCa57f9A" />

<div
   class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form usa-form filters nist-block" novalidate="novalidate" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications" id="block-exposedformsearch-pubs-solrsearch-publications"
>
  
    
      <form action="/publications/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-form">
  <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-k js-form-item-k">
      <label for="edit-k--2" class="usa-label">
          Search
    </label>
  
  
  <input data-drupal-selector="edit-k" aria-describedby="edit-k--2--description" type="text" id="edit-k--2" name="k" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />

  
  
      <div id="edit-k--2--description" class="description help-block">
      Search Title, Abstract, Conference, Citation, Keyword or Author
    </div>
  </div>
<ul class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered">
    <li>    <button type="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary--2-content" role="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary--2" aria-expanded="true" class="usa-accordion__button">Advanced search</button>    <div id="edit-secondary--2-content" class="usa-accordion__content">
      
      <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-t js-form-item-t">
      <label for="edit-t--2" class="usa-label">
          Title
    </label>
  
  
  <input data-drupal-selector="edit-t" type="text" id="edit-t--2" name="t" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />

  
  
  </div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-a js-form-item-a">
      <label for="edit-a--2" class="usa-label">
          Author
    </label>
  
  
  <input data-drupal-selector="edit-a" type="text" id="edit-a--2" name="a" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />

  
  
  </div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ps js-form-item-ps">
      <label for="edit-ps--2" class="usa-label">
          NIST Pub Series
    </label>
  
  
  <div class="select-wrapper"><select data-drupal-selector="edit-ps" id="edit-ps--2" name="ps" class="form-select usa-select"><option
            value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option
            value="8661">All NIST Publications</option><option
            value="2747816">Advanced Manufacturing Series (NIST AMS)</option><option
            value="8726">Building Science Series</option><option
            value="8701">Federal Inf. Process. Stds. (NIST FIPS)</option><option
            value="8691">Grant/Contract Reports (NISTGCR)</option><option
            value="8676">Handbook (NIST HB)</option><option
            value="8736">ITL Bulletin</option><option
            value="8671">J. Phys. &amp; Chem. Ref. Data (JPCRD)</option><option
            value="8666">Journal of Research (NIST JRES)</option><option
            value="8721">Letter Circular</option><option
            value="8716">Monograph (NIST MN)</option><option
            value="8706">National Construction Safety Team Act Reports (NIST NCSTAR)</option><option
            value="8696">Natl Std. Ref. Data Series (NIST NSRDS)</option><option
            value="8711">NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR)</option><option
            value="8731">Product Standards</option><option
            value="8681">Special Publication (NIST SP)</option><option
            value="8686">Technical Note (NIST TN)</option><option
            value="8741">Other</option></select></div>

  
  
  </div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ta js-form-item-ta">
      <label for="edit-ta--2" class="usa-label">
          NIST Topic Areas
    </label>
  
  
  <select data-drupal-selector="edit-ta" multiple="multiple" name="ta[]" id="edit-ta--2" size="9" class="form-select usa-select"><option
            value="249466">Advanced communications</option><option
            value="2806886">-Open Radio Access Network (Open-RAN)</option><option
            value="248311">-Quantum communications</option><option
            value="2806891">-Spectrum sharing</option><option
            value="248316">-Wireless (RF)</option><option
            value="248321">Bioscience</option><option
            value="2816256">-Bioeconomy</option><option
            value="2816351">--Biological data</option><option
            value="2813411">-Bioimaging</option><option
            value="2806896">-Bioinformatics</option><option
            value="248876">-Biomanufacturing</option><option
            value="248326">-Biomaterials</option><option
            value="2816261">-Biometrology</option><option
            value="2816266">-Biosecurity</option><option
            value="2816271">--Biosurveillance</option><option
            value="2816276">--Genomic cybersecurity</option><option
            value="2816356">--Nucleic acid sequence screening</option><option
            value="248336">-Cell measurements</option><option
            value="248341">-Engineering / synthetic biology</option><option
            value="2816281">--Biofabrication</option><option
            value="2813416">--Cell-free systems</option><option
            value="2816286">--Genome engineering</option><option
            value="2816291">--Protein engineering</option><option
            value="2813421">-Gene delivery systems</option><option
            value="2813426">-Genome editing</option><option
            value="248346">-Genomics</option><option
            value="248351">-Glycomics</option><option
            value="2784896">-Metabolomics</option><option
            value="248361">-Microbial measurements</option><option
            value="248366">-Proteomics</option><option
            value="2813436">-Transcriptomics</option><option
            value="248371">Buildings and Construction</option><option
            value="248376">-Building codes and standards</option><option
            value="248381">-Building control systems</option><option
            value="248386">-Building damage and repair</option><option
            value="248391">-Building economics</option><option
            value="248396">-Building materials</option><option
            value="248551">-Energy efficiency</option><option
            value="248401">-Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment</option><option
            value="248406">-Indoor air quality</option><option
            value="248411">-Structural engineering</option><option
            value="2788796">-Thermal comfort</option><option
            value="248416">Chemistry</option><option
            value="248421">-Analytical chemistry</option><option
            value="248426">-Chemical engineering and processing</option><option
            value="248431">-Chemical thermodynamics and chemical properties</option><option
            value="248436">-Molecular characterization</option><option
            value="248441">-Theoretical chemistry and modeling</option><option
            value="248446">-Thermochemical properties</option><option
            value="248486">Electronics</option><option
            value="248491">-Electromagnetics</option><option
            value="248526">-Flexible electronics</option><option
            value="248496">-Magnetoelectronics</option><option
            value="248501">-Optoelectronics</option><option
            value="249491">-Organic electronics</option><option
            value="248511">-Semiconductors</option><option
            value="248516">-Sensors</option><option
            value="248521">-Superconducting electronics</option><option
            value="248531">Energy</option><option
            value="248536">-Alternative energy</option><option
            value="248541">-Conventional energy</option><option
            value="248546">-Electric power / smart grid</option><option
            value="248556">-Fuels</option><option
            value="248561">Environment</option><option
            value="248566">-Air / water / soil quality</option><option
            value="2788551">-Climate Measurements</option><option
            value="248571">-Environmental health</option><option
            value="248576">-Greenhouse gas measurements</option><option
            value="248581">-Marine science</option><option
            value="2746596">-Sustainability</option><option
            value="248586">Fire</option><option
            value="248591">-Fire detection</option><option
            value="2746901">-Fire dynamics and science</option><option
            value="248596">-Fire fighting</option><option
            value="248601">-Fire modeling</option><option
            value="248606">-Fire risk reduction</option><option
            value="248611">-Materials flammability</option><option
            value="2746906">-Structural fire resistance</option><option
            value="2746911">-Wildland urban interface fire</option><option
            value="248616">Forensic Science</option><option
            value="248626">-Digital evidence</option><option
            value="248636">-Drugs and toxicology</option><option
            value="248621">-Firearms and toolmarks</option><option
            value="248641">-Forensic biometrics</option><option
            value="248631">-Forensic genetics</option><option
            value="248646">-Trace evidence</option><option
            value="248651">Health</option><option
            value="248681">-Biopharmaceuticals</option><option
            value="2813441">-Cell and gene therapy</option><option
            value="248661">-Clinical diagnostics</option><option
            value="2816296">--Cancer</option><option
            value="248676">--Medical imaging</option><option
            value="248671">-Food and nutrition</option><option
            value="2813446">-Human microbiome</option><option
            value="248686">-Precision medicine</option><option
            value="248656">-Regenerative medicine and advanced therapy</option><option
            value="2816301">--Flow cytometry</option><option
            value="249421">Information technology</option><option
            value="2753736">-Artificial intelligence</option><option
            value="2800826">--AI measurement and evaluation</option><option
            value="2788806">--Applied AI</option><option
            value="2788801">--Fundamental AI</option><option
            value="2800831">--Hardware for AI</option><option
            value="2800991">--Machine learning</option><option
            value="2800836">--Trustworthy and responsible AI</option><option
            value="248701">-Biometrics</option><option
            value="248706">-Cloud computing and virtualization</option><option
            value="248711">-Complex systems</option><option
            value="248716">-Computational science</option><option
            value="248721">-Conformance testing</option><option
            value="248726">-Cyber-physical systems</option><option
            value="2746861">--Smart cities</option><option
            value="248731">-Cybersecurity</option><option
            value="248746">--Cryptography</option><option
            value="2753741">--Cybersecurity education and workforce development</option><option
            value="2788811">--Cybersecurity measurement</option><option
            value="248736">--Identity and access management</option><option
            value="2788816">--Privacy engineering</option><option
            value="248751">--Risk management</option><option
            value="2788821">--Securing emerging technologies</option><option
            value="2788826">--Trustworthy networks</option><option
            value="2788831">--Trustworthy platforms</option><option
            value="248756">-Data and informatics</option><option
            value="248761">--Human language technology</option><option
            value="248766">--Information retrieval</option><option
            value="248771">--Natural language processing</option><option
            value="248781">-Federal information processing standards (FIPS)</option><option
            value="248786">-Health IT</option><option
            value="2748441">-Internet of Things (IoT)</option><option
            value="248796">-Interoperability testing</option><option
            value="2806901">-Location based services</option><option
            value="248801">-Mobile</option><option
            value="248806">-Networking</option><option
            value="2753766">--Mobile and wireless networking</option><option
            value="2753756">--Network management and monitoring</option><option
            value="248811">--Network modeling and analysis</option><option
            value="2753746">--Network security and robustness</option><option
            value="2753751">--Network test and measurement</option><option
            value="248816">--Next generation networks</option><option
            value="2753761">--Protocol design and standardization</option><option
            value="2753771">--Software defined and virtual networks</option><option
            value="248821">-Privacy</option><option
            value="248826">-Software research</option><option
            value="248841">--Software testing</option><option
            value="248846">-Usability and human factors</option><option
            value="248851">--Accessibility</option><option
            value="248776">-Video analytics</option><option
            value="2788836">-Virtual / augmented reality</option><option
            value="248856">-Visualization research</option><option
            value="248861">-Voting systems</option><option
            value="2748236">Infrastructure</option><option
            value="248866">Manufacturing</option><option
            value="248871">-Additive manufacturing</option><option
            value="2746601">-Factory communications</option><option
            value="248886">-Factory operations planning and control</option><option
            value="248891">-Interoperability in manufacturing</option><option
            value="248901">-Machining</option><option
            value="2788841">-Manufacturing economics</option><option
            value="248916">-Manufacturing quality assurance</option><option
            value="248906">-Manufacturing systems design and analysis</option><option
            value="2784921">-Monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics</option><option
            value="2748446">-Process improvement</option><option
            value="248911">-Process measurement and control</option><option
            value="2748451">-Product data</option><option
            value="248921">-Robotics in manufacturing</option><option
            value="2748476">--Agility and adaptability</option><option
            value="2748456">--Collaborative robots</option><option
            value="2748461">--Dexterous grasping</option><option
            value="2748471">--Manipulation</option><option
            value="2748466">--Mobility and industrial autonomous vehicles</option><option
            value="2748486">--Navigation / actuation / control</option><option
            value="2748481">--Sensing and perception</option><option
            value="248926">-Supply chain</option><option
            value="248931">-Sustainable manufacturing</option><option
            value="2748491">-Systems engineering</option><option
            value="2748496">-Systems integration</option><option
            value="248936">-Technology commercialization</option><option
            value="248946">Materials</option><option
            value="248951">-Ceramics</option><option
            value="248956">-Composites</option><option
            value="248961">-Concrete / cement</option><option
            value="248966">-Materials characterization</option><option
            value="248971">--Composition and structure</option><option
            value="248981">--Mechanical properties</option><option
            value="248986">--Thermal properties</option><option
            value="248991">-Metals</option><option
            value="248996">-Modeling and computational material science</option><option
            value="249001">-Polymers</option><option
            value="249006">-Superconductors</option><option
            value="249011">Mathematics and statistics</option><option
            value="249016">-Experiment design</option><option
            value="249021">-Image and signal processing</option><option
            value="249031">-Modeling and simulation research</option><option
            value="249036">-Numerical methods and software</option><option
            value="249041">-Statistical analysis</option><option
            value="249046">-Uncertainty quantification</option><option
            value="249051">Metrology</option><option
            value="249061">-Amount of substance</option><option
            value="249066">-Dimensional metrology</option><option
            value="249071">-Electrical / electromagnetic metrology</option><option
            value="249081">-Flow metrology and rheology</option><option
            value="249086">-Force metrology</option><option
            value="249091">-Humidity metrology</option><option
            value="249096">-Ionizing radiation metrology</option><option
            value="249101">-Mass metrology</option><option
            value="2746606">-Metric</option><option
            value="249106">-Optical / photometry / laser metrology</option><option
            value="249111">-Pressure and vacuum metrology</option><option
            value="249116">-Thermometry metrology</option><option
            value="249121">-Time and frequency metrology</option><option
            value="2746611">-Weights and measures</option><option
            value="249126">Nanotechnology</option><option
            value="249131">-Nanobiotechnology</option><option
            value="249136">-Nanochemistry</option><option
            value="249141">-Nanoelectronics</option><option
            value="249146">-Nanofabrication / manufacturing</option><option
            value="249151">--Lithography</option><option
            value="249156">--Self-assembly</option><option
            value="249161">-Nanofluidics</option><option
            value="249166">-Nanomagnetics</option><option
            value="249171">-Nanomaterials</option><option
            value="249176">-Nanomechanics</option><option
            value="249181">-Nanometrology</option><option
            value="249186">-Nanophotonics</option><option
            value="249191">-Nanophysics</option><option
            value="249196">-Nanoplasmonics</option><option
            value="249451">Neutron research</option><option
            value="249426">Performance excellence</option><option
            value="249211">-Assessment tools and services</option><option
            value="249431">-Baldrige award</option><option
            value="249436">-Baldrige examiners</option><option
            value="249226">-Baldrige Framework and Criteria</option><option
            value="249231">-Best practices</option><option
            value="249236">-Leadership development</option><option
            value="249241">Physics</option><option
            value="249246">-Atomic / molecular / quantum</option><option
            value="249251">-Biological physics</option><option
            value="249256">-Condensed matter</option><option
            value="249261">-Electron physics</option><option
            value="249266">-Magnetics</option><option
            value="249271">-Nuclear physics</option><option
            value="249276">-Optical physics and communications</option><option
            value="249281">-Quantum information science</option><option
            value="249286">-Radiation</option><option
            value="249291">-Spectroscopy</option><option
            value="249296">-Thermodynamics</option><option
            value="249301">-Time and frequency</option><option
            value="249461">Public safety</option><option
            value="249311">-Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)</option><option
            value="249316">-First responder preparedness</option><option
            value="249321">-Law enforcement</option><option
            value="249331">-Public safety communications research</option><option
            value="249336">-Response robots</option><option
            value="249456">Resilience</option><option
            value="2746576">-Community resilience</option><option
            value="2816306">--Recovery</option><option
            value="2816311">--Resilience metrics</option><option
            value="248456">-Disaster and failure studies</option><option
            value="248466">-Earthquake risk reduction</option><option
            value="2788846">-Resilience economics</option><option
            value="2746891">-Resilient materials</option><option
            value="248481">-Windstorm impact reduction</option><option
            value="249341" selected="selected">Standards</option><option
            value="249346">-Accreditation</option><option
            value="249416">-Calibration services</option><option
            value="249366">-Conformity assessment</option><option
            value="249371">-Documentary standards</option><option
            value="2748516">-Frameworks</option><option
            value="2813451">-Quality assurance</option><option
            value="249376">-Reference data</option><option
            value="249381">-Reference instruments</option><option
            value="249386">-Reference materials</option><option
            value="249391">-Standards education</option><option
            value="2813456">Technology transfer</option><option
            value="249396">Transportation</option><option
            value="249401">-Aerospace</option><option
            value="249406">-Automotive</option></select>

  
  
  </div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-n js-form-item-n">
      <label for="edit-n--2" class="usa-label">
          Report Number
    </label>
  
  
  <input data-drupal-selector="edit-n" type="text" id="edit-n--2" name="n" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />

  
  
  </div>
<div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper--3" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper--4" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-date js-form-type-date form-item-d-min js-form-item-d-min">
      <label for="edit-d-min--2" class="usa-label">
          Publication Date
    </label>
  
  
  <input placeholder="From" class="bef-datepicker form-date usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-min" type="date" id="edit-d-min--2" name="d[min]" value="" size="30" />

  
  
  </div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-date js-form-type-date form-item-d-max js-form-item-d-max form-no-label">
      <label for="edit-d-max--2" class="usa-label usa-sr-only">
          <span class="usa-sr-only">Max Publication Date</span>
    </label>
  
  
  <input placeholder="To" class="bef-datepicker margin-top-0 form-date usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-max" type="date" id="edit-d-max--2" name="d[max]" value="" size="30" />

  
  
  </div>
</div>
</div>

      
    </div>
  </li>
</ul><!-- USWDS fieldset end -->
<div class="grid-col-12 form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions--2"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr-2" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr--2" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-reset-search-pubs-solr-2" type="submit" id="edit-reset-search-pubs-solr--2" name="reset" value="Reset" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button" /></div>


</form>

        
  </div>


        </div>
      </aside>
            
            
            <div
              class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"
            >
        

<div
   id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"
>
  
    
      <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-64729ea765ae2265a1f45963e1488eff90727409269d14f3d86143f27644fde0">
  
  
  

      <header>
      NIST Authors in <strong>Bold</strong>
<p></p>Displaying 1 - 25 of 803
    </header>
  
  
  

    <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/slowflows-novel-flow-standard-semiconductor-process-gases">SLowFlowS: A novel flow standard for semiconductor process gases</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        March 1, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Jodie Gail  Pope</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Keith A.  Gillis</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Aaron  Johnson</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Joey  Boyd</span>,   <span class="nist-author">John  Wright</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Numerous process gases are used in the production of semiconductor chips. Accurate metering of these gases into process chambers is critical for maximizing device throughput and yield. A national flow standard for semiconductor process gases does not exist


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/additive-construction-path-standardization-ii-workshop-report">Additive Construction - The Path to Standardization II: Workshop Report</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 16, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Shawn  Platt</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        The "Additive Construction – The Path to Standardization II" workshop, hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), brought together key players from the additive


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/helmholtz-energy-equation-state-333-trifluoroprop-1-ene-r-1243zf">A Helmholtz Energy Equation of State for 3,3,3-Trifluoroprop-1-ene (R-1243zf)</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 15, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item">Ryo  Akasaka,   <span class="nist-author">Eric  Lemmon</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        A new fundamental equation of state expressed as a function of the Helmholtz energy is presented for 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (R-1243zf). The equation is valid from the triple point temperature (122.35 K) to 430 K at pressures up to 35 MPa. The expected


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/2024-nist-summary-us-legal-metrology-activities">2024 NIST Summary of U.S. Legal Metrology Activities</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 10, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Juana  Williams</span>,   <span class="nist-author">John  McGuire</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Loren  Minnich</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Gloria  Lee</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Jan  Konijnenburg</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Isabel  Baucom</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Katrice  Lippa</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        The NIST Office of Weights and Measures (OWM) presents its second issue of the 2024 NIST Annual Summary of U.S. Legal Metrology Activities report. This report includes a summary of changes made to NIST Handbook 44 (2024) Specifications, Tolerances and


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/checking-net-contents-packaged-goods-12">Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 10, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">John  McGuire</span>,   <span class="nist-author">David  Sefcik</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Loren  Minnich</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Isabel  Baucom</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Katrice  Lippa</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        This handbook has been prepared as a procedural guide for the compliance testing of net content statements on packaged goods. Compliance testing of packaged goods is the determination of the conformance results of packaging, distribution, and sale of


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/commutability-assessment-new-standard-reference-materials-srms-determining-serum-total">Commutability Assessment of New Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for Determining Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D using Ligand Binding and Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Assays</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 10, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item">Stephen  Wise,   Etienne  Cavalier,   Pierre  LUKAS,   Stephanie  Peeters,   caroline  Le Goff,   Laura  Briggs,   Emma  Williams,   Ekaterina  Mineva,   Christine  Pfeiffer,   Hubert  Vesper,   Christian  Popp,   Christian  Beckert,   Jan  Schultess,   Kevin  Wang,   Carole  Tourneur,   Camille  Pease,   Dominik  Osterritter,   Ralf  Fischer,   Ben  Saida,   Chao  Dou,   Satoshi  Kojima,   Hope  Weiler,   Agnieszka  Bielecki,   Heather  Pham,   Alexandra  Bennett,   Shawn  You,   Amit  Ghoshal,   Chistian  Vogl,   James  Freeman,   Neil  Parker,   Samantha  Pagliaro,   Jennifer  Cheek,   Jie  Li,   Hisao  Tsukamoto,   Karen  Galvin,   Kevin  Cashman,   Hsuan-Chieh  Liao,   Andrew Norbert  Hoofnagle,   Jeffery  Budd,   Adam  Kuszak,   <span class="nist-author">Ashley  Boggs-Russell</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Carolyn  Burdette</span>,   Grace  Hahm,   Federica  Nalin,   <span class="nist-author">Johanna  Camara</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Commutability is where the measurement response for a reference material (RM) is the same as for an individual patient sample with the same concentration of analyte measured using two or more measurement systems. Assessment of commutability is essential


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/uniform-laws-and-regulations-areas-legal-metrology-and-fuel-quality-4">Uniform Laws and Regulations in the Areas of Legal Metrology and Fuel Quality</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 10, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">John  McGuire</span>,   <span class="nist-author">David  Sefcik</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Loren  Minnich</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Isabel  Baucom</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Katrice  Lippa</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        This 2025 edition includes amendments made through the Committee on Laws and Regulations of the NCWM with technical guidance from the Office of Weights and Measures (OWM) of the NIST and input from weights and measures officials and industry


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/ieee-technical-committee-10-waveform-generation-measurement-and-analysis-committee-1">The IEEE Technical Committee 10: The Waveform Generation, Measurement, and Analysis Committee - Update 2023 -</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        January 7, 2025
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Nicholas G.  Paulter Jr.</span>,   <span class="nist-author">John  Jendzurski</span>,   Luca  De Vito,   Sergio  Rapuano,   Jerome  Blair,   William  Boyer</div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        There is a global need to standardize the terms and the test and computational methods that are used to describe and/or measure the parameters that characterize and define the performance of devices that generate signals and subsequently measure and


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/recommendations-assessing-commutability-replacement-batch-secondary-calibrator">Recommendations for assessing commutability of a replacement batch of a secondary calibrator certified reference material</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        December 16, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item">Liesbet  Deprez,   Jesper  Johansen,   Thomas  Keller,   Jeffrey  Budd,   Neil  Greenberg,   Cas  Weykamp,   Sverre  Sandberg,   MAURO  PANTEGHINI,   Ferruccio  Ceriotti,   Elizabeth  Barczak,   Robert  Rej,   Pernille  Kjeilen Fauskanger,   Finlay  MacKenzie,   <span class="nist-author">Johanna  Camara</span>,   Alicia  Lyle,   W. Greg  Miller,   VINCENT  DELATOUR</div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Commutable secondary certified reference materials (CRMs) play an essential role in the calibration hierarchy of many in-vitro diagnostic measurement procedures used in the medical laboratory. Therefore, sustainable availability of these CRMs is crucial to


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/determination-certified-values-and-uncertainties-srm-2942a-relative-intensity">Determination of Certified Values and Uncertainties for SRM 2942a, Relative Intensity Correction Standard for Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Ultraviolet Emission</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        December 13, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Paul C.  DeRose</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
      
    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/feasibility-study-measurement-system-interoperability-national-integrated-ballistic">Feasibility Study on Measurement System Interoperability of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        December 11, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Johannes  Soons</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Xiaoyu  Zheng</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Robert  Thompson</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        This report describes a feasibility study on realizing interoperability of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) with third-party data acquisition systems, focusing on cartridge case data. NIBIN is the only national network in the


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/summary-report-chips-rd-chiplets-interfaces-technical-standards-workshop-and-chips-rd">Summary Report: CHIPS R&amp;D Chiplets Interfaces Technical Standards Workshop and CHIPS R&amp;D Digital Twin Technical Standards Workshop</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        November 22, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Mary  Bedner</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Yaw S.  Obeng</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Jan  Obrzut</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
      
    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/standard-approaches-xps-quantification-summary-iso-181182024-use-relative-sensitivity">Standard approaches to XPS quantification - A summary of ISO 18118:2024 on the use of relative sensitivity factors</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        November 18, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item">David  Cant,   <span class="nist-author">Justin  Gorham</span>,   Charles  Clifford,   Alexander  Shard</div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Quantitative analysis of electron spectroscopy data from techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), typically require the use of relative sensitivity factors (RSFs). Virtually all routine XPS


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/certification-standard-reference-materialr-1641f-mercury-water">Certification of Standard Reference Material(R) 1641f Mercury in Water</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        November 14, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Colleen  Bryan Sallee</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Therese  Butler</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Jenna  Klingsick</span>,   <span class="nist-author">John  Molloy</span>,   <span class="nist-author">James  Yen</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1641f Mercury in Water is intended for the calibration of instruments and techniques used for the determination of mercury in natural waters. It is designed for the preparation of calibration solutions and for use as a


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/towards-novel-standard-based-approach-flexible-supply-chain-integration">Towards Novel Standard-Based Approach to Flexible Supply Chain Integration</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        November 13, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Elena  Jelisic</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Boonserm  Kulvatunyou</span>,   Nenad  Ivezic,   <span class="nist-author">Hakju  Oh</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Today, global supply chains operate across different industries and different geo-political locations. As such, supply chain digitalization has to deal with diverse and incompatible formats, protocols, and structures of the Data Exchange Standards (DESes)


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/report-us-eu-virtual-workshop-plastics-recycling-standards-and-definitions-support">Report: U.S.-EU Virtual Workshop on Plastics Recycling Standards and Definitions to Support Transatlantic Trade</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        November 4, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Noah  Last</span>,   Laure  Baillargeon</div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        This report was written following a virtual government-to-stakeholder event hosted on October 1, 2024 by the U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC)'s Plastics Recycling Workstream of Working Group 1: Technology Standards, with representatives from the


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/interoperability-digital-twins-challenges-success-factors-and-future-research">Interoperability of Digital Twins: Challenges, Success Factors, and Future Research Directions</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        October 30, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item">Istvan  David,   <span class="nist-author">Guodong  Shao</span>,   Dawn  Tilbury,   Claudio  Gomes,   Bassam  Zarkhout</div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        The widespread adoption of digital twins gave rise to emerging systems of interconnected digital twins, often dubbed aggregated or hierarchical digital twins. In such emerging systems, interoperability of digital twins is key in determining the


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/us-government-national-standards-strategy-critical-and-emerging-technology-summary">U.S. Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology: Summary of Public Input Informing Implementation</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        October 29, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><p><span class="nist-author">Jayne Morrow</span>, <span class="nist-author">Brandyi Phillips</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nicholas Barbosa</span>, <span class="nist-author">Natalia Globus</span>, <span class="nist-author">Maria Knake</span></p></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
      
    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/reference-correlation-viscosity-nitrogen-triple-point-1000-k-and-2200-mpa">Reference Correlation for the Viscosity of Nitrogen from the Triple Point to 1000 K and up to 2200 MPa</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        October 10, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Marcia  Huber</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Richard A.  Perkins</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Eric W.  Lemmon</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        We present a new wide-ranging correlation for the viscosity of nitrogen based on critically evaluated experimental data. The correlation is designed to be used with densities from an existing equation of state, which is valid from the triple point to 1000


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/concordant-inter-laboratory-derived-concentrations-ceramides-human-plasma-reference">Concordant inter-laboratory derived concentrations of ceramides in human plasma reference materials via authentic standards</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        October 3, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Tracey  Schock</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Christina  Jones</span>,   Federico  Torta,   Nils  Hoffmann,   Bo  Burla,   Irina  Alecu,   Makoto  Arita,   Takeshi  Bamba,   Steffany A.L.  Bennett,   Justine  BERTRAND-MICHEL,   Britta  Brugger,   Monica  Molina,   Maria Dolores  Camacho Munoz,   Antonio  Checa,   Michael  Chen,   Michelle  Cinel,   Benoit  COLSCH,   Cristina  Coman,   Bebiana  Da Costa Sousa,   Alex  Dickens,   Maria  Maria,   Finnur Freyr  Eiriksson,   Hector  Gallart-Ayala,   Mohan  Ghorasaini,   Martin  Giera,   Xue  Guan,   Mark  Haid,   Thomas  Hankemeier,   Amy  Harms,   Marcus  Horing,   Michal  Holcapek,   Thorsten  Hornemann,   Chunxiu  Hu,   Andreas  Hulsmeier,   Julijana  Ivanisevic,   Harald  Kofeler,   Sin Man  Lam,   Jong Cheol  Lee,   Gerhard  Liebisch,   Andrea F  Lopez-Clavijo,   Malena  Manzi,   Peter  Meikle,   Maria  Monge,   Sneha  Muralidharan,   Anna  Nicolaou,   Valerie  O'Donnell,   Matej  Oresic,   Arvind  Ramanathan,   Daisuke  Saigusa,   Heidi  Schwartz-Zimmermann,   Guanghou  Shui,   Masatomo  Takahashi,   Margret  Thorsteinsdottir,   Anthony  Tournadre,   Hiroshi  Tsugawa,   Victoria  Tyrrell,   Grace  van der Gugten,   Michael  Wakelam,   Craig  Wheelock,   Denise  Wolrab,   Guowang  Xu,   John  Bowden,   Kim  Ekroos,   Robert  Ahrends,   Markus  Wenk</div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        In this community effort, we compared measurements between 34 laboratories from 19 countries, utilizing mixtures of authentic synthetic standards, to quantify by mass spectrometry four ceramide species in the NIST human blood plasma Standard Reference


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/summary-report-chips-rd-program-standards-summit">Summary Report: CHIPS R&amp;D Program Standards Summit</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        September 27, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Mary  Bedner</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Chris  Greer</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        The mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) CHIPS Research and Development Office (CHIPS R&amp;D) under the Department of Commerce's CHIPS for America Program is to accelerate the development and commercial deployment of


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/manufacturing-digital-twin-standards">Manufacturing Digital Twin Standards</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        September 24, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Guodong  Shao</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        As a foundation of digital transformation, digital twins are critical for achieving smart manufacturing. Recent technology advancements, such as smart sensors, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI)


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/workshop-decarbonization-gap-analysis-lca-standards-industry">Workshop on Decarbonization: A Gap Analysis of LCA Standards for Industry</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        September 20, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Noah  Last</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Joshua D.  Kneifel</span>,   Amy  Costello,   Catherine  Houska,   <span class="nist-author">Katherine  Morris</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        ASTM International's committee on sustainability (E60), in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), hosted the virtual "Workshop on Decarbonization: A Gap Analysis of LCA Standards for Industry" on October 10-11, 2023


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/rydberg-states-alkali-atoms-atomic-vapor-si-traceable-field-probes-and-communications-1">Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapor as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        September 16, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Noah  Schlossberger</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Samuel  Berweger</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Nikunjkumar  Prajapati</span>,   Andrew  Rotunno,   <span class="nist-author">Alexandra  Artusio-Glimpse</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Matthew  Simons</span>,   Abrar  Sheikh,   <span class="nist-author">Eric  Norrgard</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Stephen  Eckel</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Christopher  Holloway</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Rydberg states of alkali atoms are highly sensitive to electric fields because their electron wavefunction has a large spatial extent, leading to large polarizabilities for static fields and large transition dipole moments for time-varying fields. Over the


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>
  <div>

<article
       class="nist-teaser"
    >
      <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
    <header>
              <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/additive-construction-practice-realities-acceptance-criteria">Additive Construction in Practice - Realities of Acceptance Criteria</a></h3>
                        <div class="nist-teaser__date">
        September 4, 2024
      </div>
                  <div class="nist-teaser__type">
        <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
  <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
  <div class="nist-field__item">Megan  Kreiger,   Eric  Kreiger,   Stephan  Mansour,   Sean  Monkman,   Mohammad  Aghajani Delavar,   Petros  Sideris,   Casey  Roberts,   Mathew  Friedell,   <span class="nist-author">Shawn  Platt</span>,   <span class="nist-author">Scott  Jones</span></div>
</div>
      </div>
            
    </header>
    <div class="nist-teaser__content">
        Additive Construction has increased dramatically within the United States in the last few years. Efforts to develop acceptance criteria have increased since 2020 and are being developed through integration of research efforts and early engagement with


    </div>
  </div>
</article>
</div>

      <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading">
    <h4 class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4>
    <ul class="pager__items js-pager__items">
                    <li>
          Page 1        </li>
                    <li>
          <a href="/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249341&amp;page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next">
            <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span>
            <span aria-hidden="true">››</span>
          </a>
        </li>
          </ul>
  </nav>


  
  

      <footer>
      Displaying 1 - 25 of 803
    </footer>
  
  
</div>
</div>

        
  </div>


      </div>
      
      
    </div>
  </div>

    
    <div class="grid-container">

    
  </div>
  
</section>

    <div data-elastic-exclude>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->

<footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4">

  
    <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info">
      <div class="grid-row">
        <div class="tablet:grid-col-6">
          <div class="nist-footer__logo">
            <a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home">
              <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px" />
            </a>
          </div>
          <div class="nist-footer__contact">
            <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3>
            <address>
              100 Bureau Drive<br>
              Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br>
              <a href="tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a>
            </address>
            <p>
              <a href="mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a>
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="tablet:grid-col-6">
          <div class="nist-footer__social-links">
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--x-white" href=" https://x.com/NIST">
  <span>X.com</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href=" https://www.facebook.com/NIST">
  <span>Facebook</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href=" https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist">
  <span>LinkedIn</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href=" https://www.instagram.com/nist/">
  <span>Instagram</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href=" https://www.youtube.com/NIST">
  <span>YouTube</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href=" https://giphy.com/nist">
  <span>Giphy</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href=" https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds">
  <span>RSS Feed</span>
</a>
            
<a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href=" https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new">
  <span>Mailing List</span>
</a>
          </div>
                              <div class="nist-footer__feedback">
            How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/publications/search" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a>
          </div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </div>

  
  <div class="grid-container">
    <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation">
      <ul>
                              <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
            </li>
                      <li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
              <a href="https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a>
            </li>
                        </ul>
    </div>
  </div>

    
</footer>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
</div>
  
  </div>

    
    
  <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"publications\/search","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","currentQuery":{"ta":["249341"]}},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_speed":1200,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-video-thumbnail__lightbox-trigger, a.nist-icon--mail-blue","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"bd6a443844dbe99b4e6942f3b1397526e760137efd2b1ee6b2d588fc414dff20"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/publications\/search":true},"better_exposed_filters":{"datepicker":true,"datepicker_options":[]},"chosen":{"selector":"select:not([id=\u0027edit-field-event-date-0-duration\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-type-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-is-this-event-by-invite-only-or-open-to-the-public\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-who-is-the-primary-target-audience\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-timezone-optional-\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-target-audience-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-country\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-country\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Month\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Day\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Year\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-action\u0027]):not(.js-viewsJumpMenu),.facets-dropdown","minimum_single":0,"minimum_multiple":0,"minimum_width":200,"use_relative_width":false,"options":{"disable_search":false,"disable_search_threshold":20,"allow_single_deselect":false,"add_helper_buttons":false,"search_contains":true,"placeholder_text_multiple":"Choose some options","placeholder_text_single":"Choose an option","no_results_text":"No results match","max_shown_results":null,"inherit_select_classes":true}}}</script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_jDaFaXhHm6gPUKstNYX9eIyoQXghVs3g7rbR0QoqpYY.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1jwGOAiEMRS-EciRSoDJ1OpRA3XFvb2d0do2JCQn9r7-_ECHNQcVO8_G_DtfhikhhDFCBf5XS8J_AVRoaLmQsy1pZIAftFkK1-ALP9iBFWlqXH_SfYNuyM51wQdsrHKGHRbLPNCBaMFOdd48vLBH49BrxE0LGfsiwruubA--6Dfrcbw34_JIuoir2gPcmA_P2cpP2L6zYgb-1Myg2SrPVLknHIzUJM7SBLk3mr394Vwd8XueIlwcOQI7m"></script>
<script src="https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_N2QTJE9S9mBHxCM7yVUg-Zi2GivqK-gWhWrMxxRhCvk.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1jwGOAiEMRS-EciRSoDJ1OpRA3XFvb2d0do2JCQn9r7-_ECHNQcVO8_G_DtfhikhhDFCBf5XS8J_AVRoaLmQsy1pZIAftFkK1-ALP9iBFWlqXH_SfYNuyM51wQdsrHKGHRbLPNCBaMFOdd48vLBH49BrxE0LGfsiwruubA--6Dfrcbw34_JIuoir2gPcmA_P2cpP2L6zYgb-1Myg2SrPVLknHIzUJM7SBLk3mr394Vwd8XueIlwcOQI7m"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":36,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body>
</html>