<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
(()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>m,gD:()=>v,xN:()=>h});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(614),c=r(944),u=r(384),l=r(122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,l.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},773:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(154),r(566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(773),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),R=r(434);const A=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,R.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[R.Jt]||t[r];return A.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>A.get(c))),i}function _(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),R=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var A="api-",_=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(A,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(A,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(R.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw R.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{R.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var O=r(284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(S(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),_(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.283.2.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-2Y8GMAOGF658KnXzOZ/v+DlLch8TBFvV0tTNnOy9wrpvtDa1t5CdZMyX+LubTymBlzPp6NUjllBghMCZqXBPmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(908),E=i(843),_=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(773);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script>
<noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style>
</noscript><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script>
<script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "G-CSLL4ZEK4L", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});</script>
<link rel="canonical" href="" />
<meta name="robots" content="follow, noindex" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Search Publications | NIST" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST" />
<meta property="og:type" content="Article" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Search Publications" />
<meta name="dcterms.title" content="Search Publications" />
<meta name="dcterms.type" content="text" />
<meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html" />
<meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" />
<meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Search Publications" />
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<title>Search Publications | NIST</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_zb71YZl620uz4kH3pYu0tKyafjffOtzVOU80-0NBOTI.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_kGS0ApDpFo-_3JI4Ijxg4RCWlTqsImK3lqH7bCv5v2U.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-IXwLuTUdm8IGHxib8GX8wWKw3LjKsNWSYYskZ5fEGg.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_JblPwKLw45cPI6Z1CCNqTcKVNQKc2-R8DCddjdigut0.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFTIEJwzAMeyjUJxm7MZ2pE5c6bbbvl3UdAyEkIYlpXrH5wAb816iz11Q1GraHFBmZG9OOxTNkDWITNK1rilc0KWMbcvVhMWey77b3_vPybJ8-5P3YyKbbplOlB1w8je_D5A2VRjmM" />
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_GM8kl6wk698qKTTwusj83bCoGHHtOZ1UinjY1sE_Qbk.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxdjW0OwjAIhi805UiErtjhWFlatHp7O53RLOEHPLwfgcYZ3fqsEH47XuuQzJIyUiZ9uowVjmDIUh0v0lm0ltUoopceIjlBos-7irMsa7E7wxFsLW_mEy_ce00DFVwsQpRKoQer5PmtgaQWSE-7BSamyOV7YmvtT8EP34wQy20lPe_nC6DrXYU"></script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude>
Skip to main content
</a>
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
<section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner__header">
<div class="usa-banner__inner">
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag">
</div>
<div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto">
<p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p>
<p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p>
</div>
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default">
<span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
<img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
<p>
<strong>Official websites use .gov</strong>
<br/>
A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
<img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
<p>
<strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong>
<br/>
A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false">
<title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title>
<desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg>
</span>
) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
<div data-elastic-exclude>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
<div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;">
<p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/publications/search</p>
<img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" />
</div>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner">
<div class="usa-navbar">
<div class="usa-logo flex-fill">
<a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home">
<img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto">
<div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group">
<form class="usa-search usa-search--small"
accept-charset="UTF-8"
action="/search"
id="search_form"
method="get">
<div role="search">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label>
<input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128">
<button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1">
<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
<div class="usa-nav__inner">
<button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button>
<ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion">
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<a class="usa-nav__link" href="/publications">Publications</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-2"><span>What We Do</span></button>
<div id="primary_menu-2" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/quantum-information-science" class="usa-nav__link">Quantum information science</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button>
<div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/adlp" class="usa-nav__link">Assoc Director of Laboratory Programs</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button>
<div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/content/standards-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/sri" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button>
<div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button>
<div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="/director/leadership" class="usa-nav__link">Leadership</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/about-nist/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="/iaao/academic-affairs-office" class="usa-nav__link">Student programs</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a>
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li>
<a href="http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
</div>
<div class="grid-container">
</div>
<section
class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"
>
<a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
<div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
<div
>
<h1 class="nist-page__title">Search Publications</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-6">
<aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3">
<div>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-kbsczTAF3mR8cW7wLW50UubJaxxd-TEAF06_IKV8Sk.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxLSi0pSS2KT60oyC9OTYlPy8wBcov101PzUosSc3SSM4DCefopRaUFiTl6EB5UMD4nM0kfwtRLLi4GADagHLw&exclude=eJx1TgEOwjAI_FCVJzV0xYpjZSndqr-3mxoXExNCuONydwGH0VftM0P43v5mLvx58aDZJdUk5DGjPCoPBr-Ey2zVX7hzUVsWxehr6TacEyR8vY0r8TQXXQl-ia3CztUrTdSTVQIWP2mEyIahGwvn0dnDKk29odGuhyQaUI736W0FV8JI5QN9a-2oPuBNQve6BUAsy4xyfkO3MjWDfZ97mUXoCa57f9A" />
<div
class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form usa-form filters nist-block" novalidate="novalidate" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications" id="block-exposedformsearch-pubs-solrsearch-publications"
>
<form action="/publications/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-form">
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-k js-form-item-k">
<label for="edit-k--2" class="usa-label">
Search
</label>
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-k" aria-describedby="edit-k--2--description" type="text" id="edit-k--2" name="k" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />
<div id="edit-k--2--description" class="description help-block">
Search Title, Abstract, Conference, Citation, Keyword or Author
</div>
</div>
<ul class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered">
<li> <button type="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary--2-content" role="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary--2" aria-expanded="true" class="usa-accordion__button">Advanced search</button> <div id="edit-secondary--2-content" class="usa-accordion__content">
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-t js-form-item-t">
<label for="edit-t--2" class="usa-label">
Title
</label>
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-t" type="text" id="edit-t--2" name="t" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />
</div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-a js-form-item-a">
<label for="edit-a--2" class="usa-label">
Author
</label>
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-a" type="text" id="edit-a--2" name="a" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />
</div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ps js-form-item-ps">
<label for="edit-ps--2" class="usa-label">
NIST Pub Series
</label>
<div class="select-wrapper"><select data-drupal-selector="edit-ps" id="edit-ps--2" name="ps" class="form-select usa-select"><option
value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option
value="8661">All NIST Publications</option><option
value="2747816">Advanced Manufacturing Series (NIST AMS)</option><option
value="8726">Building Science Series</option><option
value="8701">Federal Inf. Process. Stds. (NIST FIPS)</option><option
value="8691">Grant/Contract Reports (NISTGCR)</option><option
value="8676">Handbook (NIST HB)</option><option
value="8736">ITL Bulletin</option><option
value="8671">J. Phys. & Chem. Ref. Data (JPCRD)</option><option
value="8666">Journal of Research (NIST JRES)</option><option
value="8721">Letter Circular</option><option
value="8716">Monograph (NIST MN)</option><option
value="8706">National Construction Safety Team Act Reports (NIST NCSTAR)</option><option
value="8696">Natl Std. Ref. Data Series (NIST NSRDS)</option><option
value="8711">NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR)</option><option
value="8731">Product Standards</option><option
value="8681">Special Publication (NIST SP)</option><option
value="8686">Technical Note (NIST TN)</option><option
value="8741">Other</option></select></div>
</div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ta js-form-item-ta">
<label for="edit-ta--2" class="usa-label">
NIST Topic Areas
</label>
<select data-drupal-selector="edit-ta" multiple="multiple" name="ta[]" id="edit-ta--2" size="9" class="form-select usa-select"><option
value="249466">Advanced communications</option><option
value="2806886">-Open Radio Access Network (Open-RAN)</option><option
value="248311">-Quantum communications</option><option
value="2806891">-Spectrum sharing</option><option
value="248316">-Wireless (RF)</option><option
value="248321">Bioscience</option><option
value="2816256">-Bioeconomy</option><option
value="2816351">--Biological data</option><option
value="2813411">-Bioimaging</option><option
value="2806896">-Bioinformatics</option><option
value="248876">-Biomanufacturing</option><option
value="248326">-Biomaterials</option><option
value="2816261">-Biometrology</option><option
value="2816266">-Biosecurity</option><option
value="2816271">--Biosurveillance</option><option
value="2816276">--Genomic cybersecurity</option><option
value="2816356">--Nucleic acid sequence screening</option><option
value="248336">-Cell measurements</option><option
value="248341">-Engineering / synthetic biology</option><option
value="2816281">--Biofabrication</option><option
value="2813416">--Cell-free systems</option><option
value="2816286">--Genome engineering</option><option
value="2816291">--Protein engineering</option><option
value="2813421">-Gene delivery systems</option><option
value="2813426">-Genome editing</option><option
value="248346">-Genomics</option><option
value="248351">-Glycomics</option><option
value="2784896">-Metabolomics</option><option
value="248361">-Microbial measurements</option><option
value="248366">-Proteomics</option><option
value="2813436">-Transcriptomics</option><option
value="248371">Buildings and Construction</option><option
value="248376">-Building codes and standards</option><option
value="248381">-Building control systems</option><option
value="248386">-Building damage and repair</option><option
value="248391">-Building economics</option><option
value="248396">-Building materials</option><option
value="248551">-Energy efficiency</option><option
value="248401">-Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment</option><option
value="248406">-Indoor air quality</option><option
value="248411">-Structural engineering</option><option
value="2788796">-Thermal comfort</option><option
value="248416">Chemistry</option><option
value="248421">-Analytical chemistry</option><option
value="248426">-Chemical engineering and processing</option><option
value="248431">-Chemical thermodynamics and chemical properties</option><option
value="248436">-Molecular characterization</option><option
value="248441">-Theoretical chemistry and modeling</option><option
value="248446">-Thermochemical properties</option><option
value="248486">Electronics</option><option
value="248491">-Electromagnetics</option><option
value="248526">-Flexible electronics</option><option
value="248496">-Magnetoelectronics</option><option
value="248501">-Optoelectronics</option><option
value="249491">-Organic electronics</option><option
value="248511">-Semiconductors</option><option
value="248516">-Sensors</option><option
value="248521">-Superconducting electronics</option><option
value="248531">Energy</option><option
value="248536">-Alternative energy</option><option
value="248541">-Conventional energy</option><option
value="248546">-Electric power / smart grid</option><option
value="248556">-Fuels</option><option
value="248561">Environment</option><option
value="248566">-Air / water / soil quality</option><option
value="2788551">-Climate Measurements</option><option
value="248571">-Environmental health</option><option
value="248576">-Greenhouse gas measurements</option><option
value="248581">-Marine science</option><option
value="2746596">-Sustainability</option><option
value="248586" selected="selected">Fire</option><option
value="248591">-Fire detection</option><option
value="2746901">-Fire dynamics and science</option><option
value="248596">-Fire fighting</option><option
value="248601">-Fire modeling</option><option
value="248606">-Fire risk reduction</option><option
value="248611">-Materials flammability</option><option
value="2746906">-Structural fire resistance</option><option
value="2746911">-Wildland urban interface fire</option><option
value="248616">Forensic Science</option><option
value="248626">-Digital evidence</option><option
value="248636">-Drugs and toxicology</option><option
value="248621">-Firearms and toolmarks</option><option
value="248641">-Forensic biometrics</option><option
value="248631">-Forensic genetics</option><option
value="248646">-Trace evidence</option><option
value="248651">Health</option><option
value="248681">-Biopharmaceuticals</option><option
value="2813441">-Cell and gene therapy</option><option
value="248661">-Clinical diagnostics</option><option
value="2816296">--Cancer</option><option
value="248676">--Medical imaging</option><option
value="248671">-Food and nutrition</option><option
value="2813446">-Human microbiome</option><option
value="248686">-Precision medicine</option><option
value="248656">-Regenerative medicine and advanced therapy</option><option
value="2816301">--Flow cytometry</option><option
value="249421">Information technology</option><option
value="2753736">-Artificial intelligence</option><option
value="2800826">--AI measurement and evaluation</option><option
value="2788806">--Applied AI</option><option
value="2788801">--Fundamental AI</option><option
value="2800831">--Hardware for AI</option><option
value="2800991">--Machine learning</option><option
value="2800836">--Trustworthy and responsible AI</option><option
value="248701">-Biometrics</option><option
value="248706">-Cloud computing and virtualization</option><option
value="248711">-Complex systems</option><option
value="248716">-Computational science</option><option
value="248721">-Conformance testing</option><option
value="248726">-Cyber-physical systems</option><option
value="2746861">--Smart cities</option><option
value="248731">-Cybersecurity</option><option
value="248746">--Cryptography</option><option
value="2753741">--Cybersecurity education and workforce development</option><option
value="2788811">--Cybersecurity measurement</option><option
value="248736">--Identity and access management</option><option
value="2788816">--Privacy engineering</option><option
value="248751">--Risk management</option><option
value="2788821">--Securing emerging technologies</option><option
value="2788826">--Trustworthy networks</option><option
value="2788831">--Trustworthy platforms</option><option
value="248756">-Data and informatics</option><option
value="248761">--Human language technology</option><option
value="248766">--Information retrieval</option><option
value="248771">--Natural language processing</option><option
value="248781">-Federal information processing standards (FIPS)</option><option
value="248786">-Health IT</option><option
value="2748441">-Internet of Things (IoT)</option><option
value="248796">-Interoperability testing</option><option
value="2806901">-Location based services</option><option
value="248801">-Mobile</option><option
value="248806">-Networking</option><option
value="2753766">--Mobile and wireless networking</option><option
value="2753756">--Network management and monitoring</option><option
value="248811">--Network modeling and analysis</option><option
value="2753746">--Network security and robustness</option><option
value="2753751">--Network test and measurement</option><option
value="248816">--Next generation networks</option><option
value="2753761">--Protocol design and standardization</option><option
value="2753771">--Software defined and virtual networks</option><option
value="248821">-Privacy</option><option
value="248826">-Software research</option><option
value="248841">--Software testing</option><option
value="248846">-Usability and human factors</option><option
value="248851">--Accessibility</option><option
value="248776">-Video analytics</option><option
value="2788836">-Virtual / augmented reality</option><option
value="248856">-Visualization research</option><option
value="248861">-Voting systems</option><option
value="2748236">Infrastructure</option><option
value="248866">Manufacturing</option><option
value="248871">-Additive manufacturing</option><option
value="2746601">-Factory communications</option><option
value="248886">-Factory operations planning and control</option><option
value="248891">-Interoperability in manufacturing</option><option
value="248901">-Machining</option><option
value="2788841">-Manufacturing economics</option><option
value="248916">-Manufacturing quality assurance</option><option
value="248906">-Manufacturing systems design and analysis</option><option
value="2784921">-Monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics</option><option
value="2748446">-Process improvement</option><option
value="248911">-Process measurement and control</option><option
value="2748451">-Product data</option><option
value="248921">-Robotics in manufacturing</option><option
value="2748476">--Agility and adaptability</option><option
value="2748456">--Collaborative robots</option><option
value="2748461">--Dexterous grasping</option><option
value="2748471">--Manipulation</option><option
value="2748466">--Mobility and industrial autonomous vehicles</option><option
value="2748486">--Navigation / actuation / control</option><option
value="2748481">--Sensing and perception</option><option
value="248926">-Supply chain</option><option
value="248931">-Sustainable manufacturing</option><option
value="2748491">-Systems engineering</option><option
value="2748496">-Systems integration</option><option
value="248936">-Technology commercialization</option><option
value="248946">Materials</option><option
value="248951">-Ceramics</option><option
value="248956">-Composites</option><option
value="248961">-Concrete / cement</option><option
value="248966">-Materials characterization</option><option
value="248971">--Composition and structure</option><option
value="248981">--Mechanical properties</option><option
value="248986">--Thermal properties</option><option
value="248991">-Metals</option><option
value="248996">-Modeling and computational material science</option><option
value="249001">-Polymers</option><option
value="249006">-Superconductors</option><option
value="249011">Mathematics and statistics</option><option
value="249016">-Experiment design</option><option
value="249021">-Image and signal processing</option><option
value="249031">-Modeling and simulation research</option><option
value="249036">-Numerical methods and software</option><option
value="249041">-Statistical analysis</option><option
value="249046">-Uncertainty quantification</option><option
value="249051">Metrology</option><option
value="249061">-Amount of substance</option><option
value="249066">-Dimensional metrology</option><option
value="249071">-Electrical / electromagnetic metrology</option><option
value="249081">-Flow metrology and rheology</option><option
value="249086">-Force metrology</option><option
value="249091">-Humidity metrology</option><option
value="249096">-Ionizing radiation metrology</option><option
value="249101">-Mass metrology</option><option
value="2746606">-Metric</option><option
value="249106">-Optical / photometry / laser metrology</option><option
value="249111">-Pressure and vacuum metrology</option><option
value="249116">-Thermometry metrology</option><option
value="249121">-Time and frequency metrology</option><option
value="2746611">-Weights and measures</option><option
value="249126">Nanotechnology</option><option
value="249131">-Nanobiotechnology</option><option
value="249136">-Nanochemistry</option><option
value="249141">-Nanoelectronics</option><option
value="249146">-Nanofabrication / manufacturing</option><option
value="249151">--Lithography</option><option
value="249156">--Self-assembly</option><option
value="249161">-Nanofluidics</option><option
value="249166">-Nanomagnetics</option><option
value="249171">-Nanomaterials</option><option
value="249176">-Nanomechanics</option><option
value="249181">-Nanometrology</option><option
value="249186">-Nanophotonics</option><option
value="249191">-Nanophysics</option><option
value="249196">-Nanoplasmonics</option><option
value="249451">Neutron research</option><option
value="249426">Performance excellence</option><option
value="249211">-Assessment tools and services</option><option
value="249431">-Baldrige award</option><option
value="249436">-Baldrige examiners</option><option
value="249226">-Baldrige Framework and Criteria</option><option
value="249231">-Best practices</option><option
value="249236">-Leadership development</option><option
value="249241">Physics</option><option
value="249246">-Atomic / molecular / quantum</option><option
value="249251">-Biological physics</option><option
value="249256">-Condensed matter</option><option
value="249261">-Electron physics</option><option
value="249266">-Magnetics</option><option
value="249271">-Nuclear physics</option><option
value="249276">-Optical physics and communications</option><option
value="249281">-Quantum information science</option><option
value="249286">-Radiation</option><option
value="249291">-Spectroscopy</option><option
value="249296">-Thermodynamics</option><option
value="249301">-Time and frequency</option><option
value="249461">Public safety</option><option
value="249311">-Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)</option><option
value="249316">-First responder preparedness</option><option
value="249321">-Law enforcement</option><option
value="249331">-Public safety communications research</option><option
value="249336">-Response robots</option><option
value="249456">Resilience</option><option
value="2746576">-Community resilience</option><option
value="2816306">--Recovery</option><option
value="2816311">--Resilience metrics</option><option
value="248456">-Disaster and failure studies</option><option
value="248466">-Earthquake risk reduction</option><option
value="2788846">-Resilience economics</option><option
value="2746891">-Resilient materials</option><option
value="248481">-Windstorm impact reduction</option><option
value="249341">Standards</option><option
value="249346">-Accreditation</option><option
value="249416">-Calibration services</option><option
value="249366">-Conformity assessment</option><option
value="249371">-Documentary standards</option><option
value="2748516">-Frameworks</option><option
value="2813451">-Quality assurance</option><option
value="249376">-Reference data</option><option
value="249381">-Reference instruments</option><option
value="249386">-Reference materials</option><option
value="249391">-Standards education</option><option
value="2813456">Technology transfer</option><option
value="249396">Transportation</option><option
value="249401">-Aerospace</option><option
value="249406">-Automotive</option></select>
</div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-n js-form-item-n">
<label for="edit-n--2" class="usa-label">
Report Number
</label>
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-n" type="text" id="edit-n--2" name="n" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" />
</div>
<div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper--3" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper--4" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-date js-form-type-date form-item-d-min js-form-item-d-min">
<label for="edit-d-min--2" class="usa-label">
Publication Date
</label>
<input placeholder="From" class="bef-datepicker form-date usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-min" type="date" id="edit-d-min--2" name="d[min]" value="" size="30" />
</div>
<div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-date js-form-type-date form-item-d-max js-form-item-d-max form-no-label">
<label for="edit-d-max--2" class="usa-label usa-sr-only">
<span class="usa-sr-only">Max Publication Date</span>
</label>
<input placeholder="To" class="bef-datepicker margin-top-0 form-date usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-max" type="date" id="edit-d-max--2" name="d[max]" value="" size="30" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul><!-- USWDS fieldset end -->
<div class="grid-col-12 form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions--2"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr-2" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr--2" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-reset-search-pubs-solr-2" type="submit" id="edit-reset-search-pubs-solr--2" name="reset" value="Reset" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button" /></div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</aside>
<div
class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"
>
<div
id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"
>
<div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-6596fb32e9442327525be8f369c04c6201a9a994f50ed69624c5925e7a4f4556">
<header>
NIST Authors in <strong>Bold</strong>
<p></p>Displaying 26 - 50 of 3896
</header>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/use-neural-network-evaluation-total-absorptivity-glass-non-gray-absorbingemitting">On the Use of Neural Network for Evaluation of Total Absorptivity of Glass in a Non-gray Absorbing/Emitting N2/CO2/H2O Mixture Environment</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
March 13, 2024
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Wai Cheong Tam</span>, Walter W. Yuen</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Total absorptivity of glass in the presence of a N2/CO2/H2O is determined numerically using the glass spectral optical properties and the spectroscopic data from RADCAL. Results show that mixture properties (surface temperature, mixture temperature, and
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/estimations-photopheresis-and-thermophoresis-impacts-soot-particle-velocity">Estimations of Photopheresis and Thermophoresis Impacts on Soot Particle Velocity</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
March 12, 2024
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Emma Veley</span>, <span class="nist-author">Amy Mensch</span>, <span class="nist-author">Ryan Falkenstein-Smith</span>, <span class="nist-author">Thomas Cleary</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
The dissemination of soot particles onto surfaces in a compartment fire is affected by local radiation and temperature gradients. Subsequently, any deposition model must account for the influence of photopheresis and thermophoresis on the deposition
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/compartment-fires-challenges-fire-modeling-tool-safe-design">Compartment fires: challenges for fire modeling as a tool for safe design</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
February 1, 2024
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item">Tarek Beji, Talal Fateh, Jason Floyd, hugues Pretrel, <span class="nist-author">Anthony Hamins</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
The use of fire models to support fire protection engineering decisions requires an understanding of model shortcomings and assurance in their predictive robustness. This note is a summary of the online 'compartment fire' workshop that was organized prior
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/building-fire-hazard-predictions-using-machine-learning">Building Fire Hazard Predictions Using Machine Learning</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
January 26, 2024
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item">Eugene Yujun Fu, <span class="nist-author">Wai Cheong Tam</span>, Tianhang Zhang, Xinyan Huang</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
The lack of information on the fire ground has always been the leading factor in making wrong decisions . Wrong decisions can be made by individual firefighters, their local chiefs, and/or the incident commander. Any wrong decision at any level (scale)
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/new-fire-protection-materials">New Fire Protection Materials</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
January 26, 2024
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Andre Thompson</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Residential upholstered furniture (RUF) is the leading combustible in fatal fires in the United States. In the last few decades, fire-retardant (FRs) chemicals have been largely used in attempt to reduce RUF flammability; however, concerns about possible
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/analysis-steel-gravity-frame-composite-floor-system-subjected-compartment-fire-test-2">Analysis of a Steel Gravity Frame with Composite Floor System Subjected to Compartment Fire (Test #2)</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
October 23, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Mohammed Morovat</span>, <span class="nist-author">Joseph Main</span>, <span class="nist-author">Jonathan Weigand</span>, <span class="nist-author">Malcolm Ammons</span>, <span class="nist-author">Fahim H. Sadek</span>, <span class="nist-author">Long Phan</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
This report describes the development and validation of a computational modeling approach for steel gravity frames with composite floor systems subjected to fire exposure. A full-scale compartment fire test conducted on a two-story steel gravity frame
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/generation-firebrands-burning-full-scale-vegetation-absence-ambient-wind">Generation of Firebrands from the Burning of Full-Scale Vegetation in the Absence of Ambient Wind</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
October 23, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Isaac Leventon</span>, Mahdi Tlemsani, Mohammadhadi Hajilou, Xiaoyu Ju, Michael Gollner</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
9 Between December 2019 and January 2020, 14 full-scale experiments were conducted at the University of 10 Maryland (UMD) in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to measure 11 variations in burning behavior and fireb
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/persistence-smoke-vocs-indoors-partitioning-surface-cleaning-and-air-cleaning-smoke">The persistence of smoke VOCs indoors: partitioning, surface cleaning, and air cleaning in a smoke-contaminated house</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
October 13, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item">Jienan Li, <span class="nist-author">Michael F. Link</span>, Shubhrangshu Pandit, Marc Webb, Cholaphan Deeleepojananan, Kathryn Mayer, Lauren Garofalo, Katelyn Rediger, <span class="nist-author">Dustin Poppendieck</span>, <span class="nist-author">Stephen Zimmerman</span>, Marina Vance, Vicki Grassian, Glenn Morrison, Barbara Turpin, Delphine Farmer</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Wildfires are increasing in frequency, raising concerns that smoke can permeate indoor environments and expose people to chemical air contaminants. To study smoke transformations in indoor environments and evaluate mitigation strategies, we added smoke to
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/report-high-energy-arcing-fault-experiments-experimental-results-medium-voltage-bus">Report on High Energy Arcing Fault Experiments: Experimental Results from Medium-Voltage Bus Duct and Switchgear Enclosures</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
September 15, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Gabriel Taylor</span>, <span class="nist-author">Anthony D. Putorti Jr.</span>, <span class="nist-author">Scott Bareham</span>, <span class="nist-author">Christopher U. Brown</span>, <span class="nist-author">Wai Cheong Tam</span>, <span class="nist-author">Ryan Falkenstein-Smith</span>, <span class="nist-author">Stephen Fink</span>, <span class="nist-author">Michael Heck</span>, <span class="nist-author">Edward Hnetkovsky</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nicholas Melly</span>, <span class="nist-author">Kenneth Hamburger</span>, Kenneth Miller</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
This report documents an experimental program designed to investigate high energy arcing fault (HEAF) phenomena for medium-voltage, metal-enclosed bus ducts and switchgear. This report covers full-scale laboratory experiments using representative nuclear
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/national-institute-standards-and-technology-environmental-scan-2023-societal-and">National Institute of Standards and Technology Environmental Scan 2023: Societal and Technology Landscape to Inform Science and Technology Research</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
August 23, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Ashley Boggs-Russell</span>, <span class="nist-author">Kerrianne Buchanan</span>, <span class="nist-author">David W. Griffith</span>, Heather Evans, <span class="nist-author">Dimitrios Meritis</span>, <span class="nist-author">Lisa Ng</span>, <span class="nist-author">Anna Sberegaeva</span>, <span class="nist-author">Michelle Stephens</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
The 2023 National Institute of Standards and Technology Environmental Scan provides an analysis of key external factors that could impact NIST and the fulfillment of its mission in coming years. The analyses were conducted through three separate lenses
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/cfd-informed-design-bench-scale-experiments-characterize-air-entrainment-fuel-beds">CFD informed design of bench-scale experiments to characterize air entrainment into fuel beds induced by columnar vortices</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
August 17, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Giovanni Di Cristina Torres</span>, <span class="nist-author">Rodney Bryant</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Recent experiments show that strong vortices, similar to fire whirls, can form far from a fire front in the region of smoldering fuel. These buoyancy-induced columnar vortices, visualized by entrained smolder smoke, were observed lofting hot embers into
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/analysis-sensitivity-rate-buoyancy-driven-flame-spread-solid-material-uncertainties">An analysis of the sensitivity of the rate of buoyancy-driven flame spread on a solid material to uncertainties in the pyrolysis and combustion properties. Is accurate prediction possible?</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
August 1, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item">Yan Ding, <span class="nist-author">Isaac Leventon</span>, Stanislav Stoliarov</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
An upward, buoyancy-driven flame spread on combustible solids is frequently the dominant contributor to the growth of fire in built environment. Thus, an ability to accurately predict the development of a fire is strongly linked to the accuracy of flame
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/numerical-simulations-flame-spread-pine-needle-beds-using-simple-thermal-decomposition">Numerical simulations of flame spread in pine needle beds using simple thermal decomposition models</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 31, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Eric Mueller</span>, Zakary Campbell-Lochrie, Carlos Walker-Ravena, Rory Hadden</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have increased in use for studying scenarios relevant to wildland fires, such as examination of the driving processes in flame spread in vegetative fuels. However, these tools utilize a complex set of submodels
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/review-thermal-exposure-and-fire-spread-mechanisms-large-outdoor-fires-and-built">A review of thermal exposure and fire spread mechanisms in Large Outdoor Fires and the Built Environment</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 28, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item">Alex Filkov, Virginie Tihay-Felicelli, Nima Masoudvaziri, David Rush, Andres Valencia, Yu Wang, David Blunck, Mario Valero, Kamila Kempna, Jeruzalemska Jan Smolka, Jacques De Beer, Zakary Campbell-Lochrie, Felipe Centeno, Muhammad Asim Ibrahim Stuvaregatan, Calisa Katiuscia Lemmertz, <span class="nist-author">Wai Cheong Tam</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Due to socio-economic and climatic changes around the world, large outdoor fires in the built environment have become one of the global issues that threaten billions of people. The devastating effects of them are indicative of weaknesses in existing
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/case-study-camp-fire-notification-evacuation-traffic-and-temporary-refuge-areas-nettra">A Case Study of the Camp Fire - Notification, Evacuation, Traffic, and Temporary Refuge Areas (NETTRA)</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 18, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Alexander Maranghides</span>, <span class="nist-author">Eric Link</span>, <span class="nist-author">Christopher U. Brown</span>, <span class="nist-author">William D. Walton</span>, William Mell, Steven Hawks</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
The 2018 Camp Fire in Butte County, California quickly impacted the communities of Concow, Paradise, and Magalia, triggering widespread evacuation of 40000 people. The fire became the most deadly and destructive fire in California history, resulting in 85
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/measuring-firebrand-heat-flux-thin-skin-calorimeter">Measuring Firebrand Heat Flux with a Thin-Skin Calorimeter</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 11, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Amy Mensch</span>, <span class="nist-author">Savannah Wessies</span>, <span class="nist-author">Anthony Hamins</span>, <span class="nist-author">Jiann C. Yang</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
While the impact of wildland-urban interface fires is growing, firebrand exposure is a significant but not well understood contributor to fire spread. The ignition threat of firebrand exposures can be characterized by measuring the heat transfer of glowing
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/coherent-laser-ranging-deforming-objects-fires-sub-millimeter-precision">Coherent Laser Ranging of Deforming Objects in Fires at Sub-Millimeter Precision</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 7, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Matthew Hoehler</span>, <span class="nist-author">Artur A. Chernovsky</span>, <span class="nist-author">Matthew Bundy</span>, <span class="nist-author">Esther Baumann</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
This paper applies coherent Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Light Detection and Ranging to capture three-dimensional measurements of objects in fire at meters of stand-off distance. Despite the presence of flame depths up to 1.5 m obscuring the target
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/convective-heat-transfer-correlation-single-surrogate-firebrand-and-simplified">Convective Heat Transfer Correlation for a Single Surrogate Firebrand and a Simplified Firebrand Pile on a Flat Plate Using Naphthalene Sublimation in Heated Air Flow</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 7, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Savannah Wessies</span>, <span class="nist-author">Jiann C. Yang</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Previous studies have shown that most structure ignitions in wildland urban-interface fires are due to firebrand deposition and ignition. The heat transfer mechanisms involved in firebrand deposition need further study and characterization for better
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/concentration-ignitable-liquid-residue-simulated-fire-debris-dynamic-vapor">Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residue from Simulated Fire Debris by Dynamic Vapor Microextraction: Sensitivity to Instrument Settings and Debris Characteristics</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
July 6, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Jennifer Berry</span>, <span class="nist-author">Mary Gregg</span>, <span class="nist-author">Amanda Koepke</span>, Reta Newman, <span class="nist-author">Kavita Jeerage</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME) is a potential method for the extraction and concentration of ignitable liquid (IL) residue in fire debris. This low flow rate, purge-and-trap headspace concentration method collects IL vapors onto a chilled adsorbent
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/towards-real-time-heart-health-monitoring-firefighting-using-convolutional-neural">Towards Real-Time Heart Health Monitoring in Firefighting Using Convolutional Neural Networks</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
June 28, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Jiajia Li</span>, <span class="nist-author">Christopher U. Brown</span>, Dillon Dzikowicz, Mary Carey, <span class="nist-author">Wai Cheong Tam</span>, Michael Xuelin Huang</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
A machine learning-based heart health monitoring model, named H2M, was developed. 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) data from 112 professional firefighters was used to train the proposed model. The model used carefully designed multi-layer convolution neural
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/nist-outdoor-structure-separation-experiments-nosse-wind">NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments (NOSSE) with Wind</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
May 31, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Alexander Maranghides</span>, <span class="nist-author">Shonali Nazare</span>, <span class="nist-author">Eric Link</span>, <span class="nist-author">Kathryn Butler</span>, <span class="nist-author">Erik L. Johnsson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Matthew Bundy</span>, <span class="nist-author">Artur A. Chernovsky</span>, Frank Bigelow, Steven Hawks, William (Ruddy) Mell, Anthony Bova, Thomas Milac, William Walton, Bob Raymer, Frank Frievalt</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
The NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments are part of the NIST Structure Separation Experiments project, which is designed to assess structure-to-structure fire spread in the wildland-urban interface. In the first phase of this project, fire
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/wind-driven-fire-spread-structure-firewood-piles">Wind-driven Fire Spread to a Structure from Firewood Piles</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
March 30, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Erik L. Johnsson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Kathryn Butler</span>, <span class="nist-author">Marco G. Fernandez</span>, <span class="nist-author">Shonali Nazare</span>, <span class="nist-author">Alexander Maranghides</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
A series of field experiments was conducted to examine the effects on fire spread toward a structure for firewood piles under conditions that may be encountered in a wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire. The fire behavior of a variety of firewood types in
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/experimental-studies-heat-flux-individual-firebrands">Experimental Studies on the Heat Flux of Individual Firebrands</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
March 22, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Amy Mensch</span>, <span class="nist-author">Savannah Wessies</span>, <span class="nist-author">Anthony Hamins</span>, <span class="nist-author">Jiann C. Yang</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
Every year, thousands of wildfires burn all over the world threatening lives and property in the wildland-urban interface. These wildland-urban interface fires spread by radiation, direct flame contact, or firebrand transport. Firebrand exposures are a
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div>
<article
class="nist-teaser"
>
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
<header>
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/examining-effectiveness-water-suppression-mitigating-backdrafts">Examining the effectiveness of water suppression for mitigating backdrafts</a></h3>
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
March 19, 2023
</div>
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline">
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Ryan Falkenstein-Smith</span>, <span class="nist-author">Thomas Cleary</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
An analysis of the backdraft phenomenon's mitigation from water suppression is con- ducted in a 2/5th scale compartment. Different volumes of water were introduced via a ceiling- mounted misting nozzle into the compartment, which hosted conditions
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading">
<h4 class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4>
<ul class="pager__items js-pager__items">
<li>
<a href="/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248586&page=0" title="Go to previous page" rel="prev">
<span class="visually-hidden">Previous page</span>
<span aria-hidden="true">‹‹</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
Page 2 </li>
<li>
<a href="/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248586&page=2" title="Go to next page" rel="next">
<span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span>
<span aria-hidden="true">››</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<footer>
Displaying 26 - 50 of 3896
</footer>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-container">
</div>
</section>
<div data-elastic-exclude>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
<footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4">
<div class="grid-container nist-footer__info">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-6">
<div class="nist-footer__logo">
<a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home">
<img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="nist-footer__contact">
<h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3>
<address>
100 Bureau Drive<br>
Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br>
<a href="tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a>
</address>
<p>
<a href="mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tablet:grid-col-6">
<div class="nist-footer__social-links">
<a class="nist-social nist-social--x-white" href=" https://x.com/NIST">
<span>X.com</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href=" https://www.facebook.com/NIST">
<span>Facebook</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href=" https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist">
<span>LinkedIn</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href=" https://www.instagram.com/nist/">
<span>Instagram</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href=" https://www.youtube.com/NIST">
<span>YouTube</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href=" https://giphy.com/nist">
<span>Giphy</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href=" https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds">
<span>RSS Feed</span>
</a>
<a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href=" https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new">
<span>Mailing List</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="nist-footer__feedback">
How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/publications/search" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation">
<ul>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
</li>
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
<a href="https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
</div>
</div>
<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"publications\/search","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","currentQuery":{"page":"1","ta":["248586"]}},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_speed":1200,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-video-thumbnail__lightbox-trigger, a.nist-icon--mail-blue","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"bd6a443844dbe99b4e6942f3b1397526e760137efd2b1ee6b2d588fc414dff20"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/publications\/search":true},"better_exposed_filters":{"datepicker":true,"datepicker_options":[]},"chosen":{"selector":"select:not([id=\u0027edit-field-event-date-0-duration\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-type-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-is-this-event-by-invite-only-or-open-to-the-public\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-who-is-the-primary-target-audience\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-timezone-optional-\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-target-audience-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-country\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-country\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Month\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Day\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Year\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-action\u0027]):not(.js-viewsJumpMenu),.facets-dropdown","minimum_single":0,"minimum_multiple":0,"minimum_width":200,"use_relative_width":false,"options":{"disable_search":false,"disable_search_threshold":20,"allow_single_deselect":false,"add_helper_buttons":false,"search_contains":true,"placeholder_text_multiple":"Choose some options","placeholder_text_single":"Choose an option","no_results_text":"No results match","max_shown_results":null,"inherit_select_classes":true}}}</script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_jDaFaXhHm6gPUKstNYX9eIyoQXghVs3g7rbR0QoqpYY.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1jwGOAiEMRS-EciRSoDJ1OpRA3XFvb2d0do2JCQn9r7-_ECHNQcVO8_G_DtfhikhhDFCBf5XS8J_AVRoaLmQsy1pZIAftFkK1-ALP9iBFWlqXH_SfYNuyM51wQdsrHKGHRbLPNCBaMFOdd48vLBH49BrxE0LGfsiwruubA--6Dfrcbw34_JIuoir2gPcmA_P2cpP2L6zYgb-1Myg2SrPVLknHIzUJM7SBLk3mr394Vwd8XueIlwcOQI7m"></script>
<script src="https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_N2QTJE9S9mBHxCM7yVUg-Zi2GivqK-gWhWrMxxRhCvk.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1jwGOAiEMRS-EciRSoDJ1OpRA3XFvb2d0do2JCQn9r7-_ECHNQcVO8_G_DtfhikhhDFCBf5XS8J_AVRoaLmQsy1pZIAftFkK1-ALP9iBFWlqXH_SfYNuyM51wQdsrHKGHRbLPNCBaMFOdd48vLBH49BrxE0LGfsiwruubA--6Dfrcbw34_JIuoir2gPcmA_P2cpP2L6zYgb-1Myg2SrPVLknHIzUJM7SBLk3mr394Vwd8XueIlwcOQI7m"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFnFGRhVWVWoVUAQVR2VnW0YRXldRP28IB0NpVFNWJlhXQhFWDQ5RSxgKWwRZXVoG","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":895,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body>
</html>