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<a class="usa-nav__link" href="/publications">Publications</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-2"><span>What We Do</span></button>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a>
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<a href="/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a>
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<a href="/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a>
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<a href="/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a>
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<a href="/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a>
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<a href="/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a>
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<a href="/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a>
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<a href="/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a>
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<a href="/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a>
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<a href="/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a>
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<a href="/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a>
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<a href="/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a>
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<a href="/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a>
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<a href="/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a>
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<a href="/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a>
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<a href="/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a>
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<a href="/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/quantum-information-science" class="usa-nav__link">Quantum information science</a>
|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a>
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
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|
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button>
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<div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
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|
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<div class="grid-row">
|
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<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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|
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<a href="/adlp" class="usa-nav__link">Assoc Director of Laboratory Programs</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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|
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<a href="/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a>
|
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|
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a>
|
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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|
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<a href="/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a>
|
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|
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
</ul>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
</ul>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button>
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<div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
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<div class="grid-row">
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<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/content/standards-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a>
|
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|
|
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/sri" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
|
<a href="/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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<a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
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|
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<a href="/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
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</li>
|
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a>
|
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|
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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|
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<li>
|
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<a href="https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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<li>
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|
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<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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<li>
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<a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a>
|
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|
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</li>
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<li>
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|
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<a href="/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a>
|
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|
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a>
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</li>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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|
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<a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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|
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<a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button>
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<div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
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<div class="grid-row">
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<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a>
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a>
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</ul>
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</div>
|
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button>
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<div class="grid-row">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
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<a href="/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a>
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/director/leadership" class="usa-nav__link">Leadership</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/about-nist/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
|||
|
|
<li>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/iaao/academic-affairs-office" class="usa-nav__link">Student programs</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
|||
|
|
<li>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</header>
|
|||
|
|
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div class="grid-container">
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<section
|
|||
|
|
class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top-full"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="nist-block"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--341061 nist-section-header--menu nist-section-header--interior">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-section-header__title">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a href="/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-6">
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3">
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--section-nav" data-elastic-exclude=""
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div><div class="js-view-dom-id-f21f0da26b8b9683bbd4a96ce0ff34ba91fc819dcd602c7b77457a512abc534c">
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div><div class="views-field views-field-nid"><span class="field-content">
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<nav>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion ">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/about-pml" data-drupal-link-system-path="">About PML</a>
|
|||
|
|
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-physical-measurement-labora-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
|||
|
|
<ul id="menu-physical-measurement-labora-1" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events?k=&o%5B0%5D=5651&tag=" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Events</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/document/pml-brochurepdf" data-drupal-link-system-path="">PML Brochure</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/about-pml/pml-leadership" data-drupal-link-system-path="">PML Leadership</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/about-pml/pml-working-you" data-drupal-link-system-path="">PML Working for You</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/staff/ou/5651" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Staff Directory</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/pml-calibrations" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Calibrations Customer Survey (external link)</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/divisions" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Divisions</a>
|
|||
|
|
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-physical-measurement-labora-2"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
|||
|
|
<ul id="menu-physical-measurement-labora-2" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/applied-physics-division" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Applied Physics</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/microsystems-and-nanotechnology-division" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Microsystems and Nanotechnology</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/nanoscale-device-characterization-division" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Nanoscale Device Characterization</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/quantum-measurement" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Quantum Measurement</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/quantum-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Quantum Physics</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/quantum-sensors" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Quantum Sensors</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/radiation-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Radiation Physics</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/sensor-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Sensor Science</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Time and Frequency</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/owm" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Weights & Measures</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Products/Services</a>
|
|||
|
|
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-physical-measurement-labora-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
|||
|
|
<ul id="menu-physical-measurement-labora-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="http://nist.time.gov/" data-drupal-link-system-path="">The Official U.S. Time</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/amazing-stories-measurement" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Amazing Stories of Measurement</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/general-interest" data-drupal-link-system-path="">General Interest</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/measurements-calibrations" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Measurements & Calibrations</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/measuring-cosmos" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Measuring The Cosmos</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/million-pound-makeover" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Million-Pound Makeover</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/noac" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST-on-a-Chip Portal</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Physical Reference Data</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/quantum-networks-nist" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Quantum Networks at NIST</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/si-redefinition-portal" data-drupal-link-system-path="">SI Redefinition Portal</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/productsservices/special-publications-tutorials" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Special Publications & Tutorials</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/working-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Working With Us</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/org/5651" data-drupal-link-system-path="">News/Multimedia</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs?k=&o%5B0%5D=5651&tag=" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Programs/Projects</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/facilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Facilities</a>
|
|||
|
|
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-physical-measurement-labora-7"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
|||
|
|
<ul id="menu-physical-measurement-labora-7" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/pml/bmf" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Boulder MicroFabrication Facility</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/cnst" data-drupal-link-system-path="">CNST NanoFab</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/programs-projects/electron-beam-ion-trap-ebit-facility" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT)</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/programs-projects/high-resolution-atomic-spectroscopy" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Hi-Res UV & Optical Spectro. Facility</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments/low-background-infrared-lbir-facility" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Low-background IR Radiation Facility</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-imaging-facility-nif" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Neutron Imaging Facility (NIF)</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-interferometry-and-optics-facilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Neutron Interferometer Facility (NIOF)</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments/precision-imaging-facility" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Precision Imaging Facility</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiopharmaceutical-standardization-laboratory" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Radiopharmaceutical Standardization Laboratory</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments/synchrotron-ultraviolet-radiation-facility-surf-iii" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility SURF III</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="http://jila-kecklab.colorado.edu/" data-drupal-link-system-path="">W.M. Keck Optical Meas. Lab</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new?topic_id=USNIST_187" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Email Newsletter</a>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</span></div></div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
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<dt><strong>Example of how to reference this <a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/stopping-power-range-tables-electrons-protons-and-helium-ions">online database</a>:</strong> (Replace <em>year, month day</em> with database access date.)</dt><dd>Berger, M.J., Coursey, J.S., Zucker, M.A., and Chang, J. (2005), <em>ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR: Computer Programs for Calculating Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions</em> (version 1.2.3). [Online] Available: <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/Star">http://physics.nist.gov/Star</a> [<em>year, month day</em>]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.<br><strong>Optional addition:</strong><br>Originally published as: Berger, M.J., NISTIR 4999, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (1993).</dd><dt><strong>Citation Form:</strong></dt><dd>Author/editor. (Year), <em>Title</em> (edition). [Type of medium] Available: URL [Access date].</dd><hr><table><tbody><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 2.0.1</strong><br>July 2017</td><td>Bug fix to allow user's I value to be set while including extra energy values.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 2.0.0</strong><br>April 2017</td><td>Updated to include key dosimetric data from ICRU report 90.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.2.4</strong><br>May 2016</td><td>Bug fix allowing user to specify I value</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.2.3</strong><br>August 2005</td><td>Improvements were made to the graphing procedure.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.2.2</strong><br>April 2000</td><td>Installation documentation information supplied.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.2.1</strong><br>October 1999</td><td>Mislabeled column headings were fixed, and units were added to the spreadsheet (array) output pages.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.2</strong><br>July 1999</td><td>On ESTAR, when additional energies are added, the standard grid is restricted to an energy range whose calculations result in less uncertainty. Also, on additional energies, data is rounded to 4 significant figures instead of 5 as was done previously. <em><strong>Note:</strong> the data is only accurate to 3 significant figures, though 4 may be useful for interpolation.</em> On ESTAR, ASTAR, and PSTAR, energies are now displayed in exponential form. On ESTAR, the density effect parameter is also displayed in exponential form. New option allows downloading output in spreadsheet (array) form. Source code and executables for version 1.2 made available for downloading.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.1</strong><br>June 1999</td><td>Databases made more accessible by implementing W3C Web Accessibility guidelines. This included incorporating different line styles into the graphs to make them usable for those without the ability to see different colors.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Version 1.0</strong><br>October 1998</td><td>Web program online.</td></tr><tr><td align="right"><strong>Earlier Work</strong><br>January 1993</td><td>NISTIR 4999 published, M. J. Berger</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Created October 7, 2009, Updated July 28, 2017
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