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<h1 class="nist-page__title">What’s in a Name? The Magnetic Weber </h1>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-10-23T12:00:00Z">October 23, 2024</time>
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<span>By: </span>
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<p><span lang="EN">Dr. Wilhelm Weber gets the distinction of having the unit of magnetic flux, the weber, named in his honor. Magnetic flux measures the total&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/ap-magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/ap-magnetic-flux-faradays-law/a/what-is-magnetic-flux"><span lang="EN">magnetic field</span></a><span lang="EN"> that passes through a surface.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">(Wondering how to pronounce “weber?”&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=247181214048335"><span lang="EN">Hear</span></a><span lang="EN"> all about it from one of our researchers.)</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">The amount of magnetic flux depends on two things: the strength of the magnetic field and the size of the surface area those fields pass through.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>Measurement units are how we quantify stuff. If I say, “Hey, wow, it’s soooo hot today. It feels like 40 degrees Celsius.” The measurement unit is Celsius, and the quantity is 40.&nbsp;</span></p> <figure class=" align-right nist-image" role="group">
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<img alt="A stone monument on a circular pedestal set in a leafy park shows two men, one seated and one standing. " height="480" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2024/10/01/shutterstock_1057865078.jpg?itok=rw8iZokd" typeof="foaf:Image" width="320">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">A monument to Gauss and Weber stands in Göttingen, Germany.<div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
MareikeG/Shutterstock
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<p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>The whole system of measurement units is commonly known as the&nbsp;</span><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/top-10-tips-teaching-metric-system" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1c0f9db1-5e82-444c-8dc0-b1d7230556a2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Top 10 Tips for Teaching the Metric System"><span lang="EN-US">metric system (SI)</span></a><span>. It gives us a standard way to measure length, weight, temperature and other physical quantities. Virtually every country in the world recognizes the metric system, making it one of the most important standards ever created.</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>The metric system is also useful for measuring magnetism. You know, magnets are the wonderfully mysterious objects that attract (or repel) each other. That’s also true with people, but that’s a whole different blog topic! Magnets are totally fascinating, not to mention useful.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>Well, it turns out that electricity and magnetism are deeply related. In fact, there is an entire scientific field called&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electrodynamics"><span lang="EN-US">electrodynamics</span></a><span> that deals with electricity, magnetism and light. Wilhelm (I’ll call him Willy) was the first to quantitatively describe the relationships among these things. That’s a big deal!&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">For example, electromagnetic induction, which is the foundation for electric generators and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcyh6yc/revision/1"><span lang="EN">transformers</span></a><span lang="EN">, is based on a clear understanding of the relationship of electricity and magnetism.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>The measurement of the weber, which is written as Wb, is often accomplished with a device called a&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fluxmeter"><span lang="EN-US">fluxmeter</span></a><span>. Of course, this is not to be confused with the flux capacitor which enables time travel in </span><em><span>Back to the Future</span></em><span> (1985).&nbsp;</span></p><p><a name="_gjdgxs"></a><span lang="EN"></span><span lang="EN">Weber and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Friedrich-Gauss"><span lang="EN">Carl Friedrich Gauss</span></a><span lang="EN">, another notable mathematician and physicist, collaborated on one of the earliest attempts at using electrical wire to send messages, known as the telegraph. There is a&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/gauss-weber-telegraph-memorial"><span lang="EN">monument</span></a><span lang="EN"> to them in&nbsp;Göttingen, Germany.</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p> <figure class=" align-left nist-image" role="group">
<div>
<img alt="Historical image shows Carl Friedrich Gauss in head and shoulders view. " height="480" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2024/10/01/SIA-SIA2008-1841_gauss.jpg?itok=JFBhB7Aj" typeof="foaf:Image" width="389">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Carl Friedrich Gauss<div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
Smithsonian Institution
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</figure>
<p><span lang="EN">Gauss made his own contributions to science and mathematics. He described the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/who-really-discovered-the-bell-curve"><span lang="EN">Gaussian curve</span></a><span lang="EN">, while studying random errors’ effects on data. We now know this as the bell curve, or the normal distribution. In the bell curve, most data points tend&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/bell-curve"><span lang="EN">to cluster in the middle</span></a><span lang="EN">, with fewer outliers on either side (shaped like a bell!). This has been used to show data for students’ test performance,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/bell-curve"><span lang="EN">people’s heights</span></a><span lang="EN"> and other population-type information.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>Not to be outdone by his friend Willy, Gauss also has a unit of measure named after him. The&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/gauss"><span lang="EN-US">gauss</span></a><span> measures magnetic induction, or how much&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.adamsmagnetic.com/magnet-blog-what-you-need-know-about-gauss/#:~:text=Essentially%2C%20gauss%20refers%20to%20the,in%20terms%20of%20flux%20density."><span lang="EN-US">magnetic field</span></a><span> is in an area.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><a name="_30j0zll"></a><span lang="EN"></span></p><h2><span lang="EN">The Copley Medal</span></h2><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">In 1859, Willy was awarded the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal"><span lang="EN">Copley Medal</span></a><span lang="EN">. It is described as “the most prestigious and oldest scientific award in the United Kingdom, given annually by the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Society"><span lang="EN">Royal Society</span></a><span lang="EN"> of London for outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science.”&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>The citation for Weber’s medal reads:&nbsp;“For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen [physical measurements] and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics. …”&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span>The first Copley Medal dates back to 1731; that’s nearly 300 years ago! All of a sudden, I don’t feel so old!</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">Interestingly, Benjamin Franklin received the medal in 1753 (more than a hundred years before Weber got his). Still awarded today, the Copley Medal is considered a precursor to the Nobel Prize, and in fact, many Nobel Prize winners have also received the medal.</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><h2><span lang="EN">Weber’s Magnetic Career</span></h2><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">Born in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1804, Willy was one of 12 children.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">As a physics professor, Weber was one of the “</span><a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/30770.html"><span lang="EN">Göttingen Seven</span></a><span lang="EN">” — a group of seven professors at the University of Göttingen who were protesting the annulment of the constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover (part of modern Germany) by its new king.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">They refused to sign an oath of allegiance to the king and were “relieved of their posts,” in other words, fired! This affected Weber’s collaboration with Gauss, who was also at Göttingen but was loyal to the king.</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">Weber’s extraordinary accomplishments with magnetism and electricity remain one of the seminal contributions to understanding the natural world.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span lang="EN"></span></p><p><span lang="EN">Happy 220th birthday, Willy!</span></p><div class="nist-callout"><h2>More Taking
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<div class="text-with-summary"><p>Sandy Ressler has been at NIST for nearly 40 years. (Yes, he’s old.) Following a short few years at Bell Labs, during which it was broken up (not due to Sandy’s work), Sandy has been doing computer graphics of various sorts at NIST. He is involved with 3D standards for the web and a variety of virtual reality technologies. He’s the co-author of the now classic <em>Life with UNIX</em> and the virtually unknown <em>Art of Electronic Publishing.</em> He holds an M.F.A. in visual arts (computer graphics), which continues to confuse management. In his off time, he loves to chase his grandkids.</p></div>
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">magnoflux</span></span>
on
<span class="nist-comment__date">October 24, 2024 4:53 AM</span>
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<div class="text-long"><p>No dark matter/energy has been found in space as more powerful dark massless electro-magnetic forces that God created are needed to balance the WMAP 4.6% result<br />
1. The dark mass attraction force G is the weakest in deep space volume x,y,z.<br />
2 Electromagnetic dark matter magnoflux3D spin x,y inertia force of about 6.28G rotates galactic stars around a magnetic black hole hub measured in Tesla or more accurately Webers per square metre<br />
3. Electro-static repel about 25G dark energy force in z direction is responsible for expanding the universe as stars are huge +charges which push each other away thus expanding the universe but which find planetary electron matter attracts their EM light energy easily causing stars to age.<br />
NOTE Star/sun light is electrically attracted targeted magnoflux momentum and lossless when travelling through empty space. But over exited hot temperature explosions of EM light energy can be emitted in all directions and unless laser focused will loose energy by the cubic law of dilution as they travel outwards when ever photons interact with matter or anti matter.<br />
To measure energy in MKS units relies on knowing its mass which is zero so very confusing to physicists who cannot understand we live in an electro-magnetic universe.</p>
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