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|
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|
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|
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<div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;">
|
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|
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<p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/talk-nisty-me-when-everyday-words-take-different-meanings-measurement-science</p>
|
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<img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" />
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
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<header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner">
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<a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home">
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<img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px" />
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</a>
|
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<div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto">
|
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<div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group">
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<form class="usa-search usa-search--small"
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accept-charset="UTF-8"
|
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action="/search"
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id="search_form"
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method="get">
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<div role="search">
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<label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label>
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<input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128">
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<button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button>
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<div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1">
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<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-2"><span>What We Do</span></button>
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<a href="/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a>
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<a href="/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a>
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<a href="/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a>
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<a href="/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a>
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<a href="/quantum-information-science" class="usa-nav__link">Quantum information science</a>
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<a href="/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a>
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<a href="/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a>
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<a href="/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a>
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button>
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<div class="grid-row">
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/adlp" class="usa-nav__link">Assoc Director of Laboratory Programs</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a>
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<li>
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<a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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<li>
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<a href="/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a>
|
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
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<li>
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<a href="/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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</ul>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a>
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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<li>
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<a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
|
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<li>
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<a href="/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a>
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</ul>
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<a href="/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a>
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<a href="/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a>
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|
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<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a>
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|
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<li>
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<a href="/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a>
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|
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<li>
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<a href="/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a>
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</li>
|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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<a href="/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a>
|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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</div>
|
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<a href="/content/standards-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a>
|
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<a href="/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a>
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<a href="/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a>
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/sri" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a>
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|
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<li>
|
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<a href="/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a>
|
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<a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a>
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<a href="/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a>
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<a href="https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a>
|
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<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a>
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<a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a>
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<a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
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<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a>
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<a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
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<a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
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</ul>
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button>
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Talk NISTy to Me: When Everyday Words Take On Different Meanings in Measurement Science</h1>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-12-04T12:00:00Z">December 4, 2024</time>
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<span>By: </span>
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/ben-p-stein" hreflang="en">Ben P. Stein</a>
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<p>Right now, the U.S. and Germany have different approaches to defining, or “realizing” as the researchers call it, the kilogram. Here, NIST researcher Darine Haddad looks on as German researcher Beatrice Rodiek places a sphere on NIST’s highly accurate weighing machine, known as the Kibble balance. The goal of the research is to get closer to the same definition using the different methods.</p>
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B. Hayes/NIST
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<p>NIST is unique as the national measurement science institute. We are the U.S. agency responsible for maintaining measurement standards, from the second to the kilogram. </p><p>We help ensure that these units of measure are consistent across our watches and our grocery scales. But this is not as straightforward as it may sound, and our activities sometimes lead us to use everyday words in unusual ways. In this post, I’ll introduce you to some of these different meanings, and who knows? At your next party, some people may think that you work at NIST (if you don’t already work here!).</p><p>For starters, you’ll often hear our measurement scientists talk about <strong>artifacts.</strong> In everyday terms, they’re historical objects that tell us about a particular culture at an earlier time. Think of the Rosetta stone, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the mask of Tutankhamun. </p><p>But in measurement science, “artifact” has a somewhat different meaning. It’s a physical object that represents a unit of measure, such as the metal kilogram or a platinum bar for the meter.</p><p>Unlike cultural artifacts, which we try to preserve, scientists have been working to completely get rid of measurement artifacts. That’s because measurement artifacts are inevitably imperfect. It’s impossible to make two kilogram artifacts exactly the same. A kilogram artifact in the U.S. will have a very slightly different mass than a kilogram artifact in Paris, so our physical definitions of the kilogram might disagree slightly.</p><p>Scientists have been aiming to define measurement units with constants of nature, which are the same everywhere in the universe. For example, we now use the speed of light to define a meter and an energy jump in the cesium atom to <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/think-you-know-what-second-it-will-likely-change-next-decade" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="37772e40-6ab9-411e-8016-a4d73a3e0416" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Think You Know What a Second Is? It Will Likely Change in the Next Decade.">define the second</a>. We also use <a href="/physics/what-planck-constant" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="46588911-fea6-4699-a7c9-995543224a85" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="The Planck Constant">the Planck constant</a> to define the kilogram. (See the documentary <a href="https://www.montanapbs.org/programs/last-artifact/"><em>The Last Artifact</em></a> to learn a lot more about this.)</p><h2>Realizing What I Didn’t Know About Realizing </h2><p>At first, I didn’t realize that measurement scientists use <strong>realize</strong> in a different way than we use it in everyday conversation. At NIST, the word often means “turning a concept into physical reality.” For example, we build an atomic clock to realize the definition of a second, and we build a <a href="/si-redefinition/kilogram-kibble-balance" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0a3d327a-501f-4e5a-9690-4c81fbb99ec2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Kilogram: The Kibble Balance">Kibble balance</a> to realize the kilogram based on the Planck constant.</p><p>And while we’re at it, if you’re ever on a game show, you should remember that measurement scientists are called <strong>metrologists,</strong> a term that is dangerously close to “meteorologist.” I’ve seen very smart and knowledgeable people outside of NIST stumble over the term, and even a repeat <em>Jeopardy</em> champion lost the final round after not quite getting the term “metrologist” right!</p><p>At NIST, we talk about lots of standards, but we’re not describing our expectations for fine restaurants or formal attire (though we do our best <a href="/image/long-phan-and-marc-levitan-2024-sammies-awards" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="ff91e865-ed0b-466c-b143-21bad50162d2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Long Phan and Marc Levitan at the 2024 Sammies Awards">on special occasions</a>!). </p><p>In our world, a standard is generally one of two things. First, it could be an
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<img alt="Film crew films a pair NIST researchers operating the NIST Kibble balance" height="480" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2020/08/20/Filming%20in%20the%20Kibble%20balance%20lab.jpg?itok=N--7CjrR" title="Filming in the Kibble balance lab" typeof="foaf:Image" width="960">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">The crew of <em>The Last Artifact</em> films NIST’s Kibble balance, a complex instrument used in the redefinition of the kilogram. From left, NIST researchers Stephan Schlamminger and Darine Haddad, sound recordist Parker Brown, director of photography Rick Smith and co-director/producer Jaime Jacobsen.<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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J. Stoughton/NIST
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</div></figcaption>
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<h2>Measuring Sensitively and in Harmony </h2><p>People in the standards world often talk about <strong>harmonization,</strong> but they are not thinking of barbershop quartets (though talented amateur musicians are prevalent on our campuses). In the standards realm, harmonization means taking multiple standards on the same topic, perhaps from different nations or organizations, and making a single, consistent standard upon which all parties agree. Harmonization is very important in international trade. For example, there are international standards for USB-C ports that are used in phones, computers and other electronic devices. This makes it easier for a manufacturer in one country to sell products that work in other countries.</p><p>Metrologists use words that sound like emotional characteristics but really have rigorous scientific definitions. For instance, NIST researchers take great pride in their <strong>sensitivity.</strong> In general terms, this is a measurement of the smallest object or weakest signal that can be detected, whether it’s a single particle of light from an atom or the tiniest change in the position of a mechanical object. The word comes up a lot on the NIST website and in NIST-authored papers; sensitivity is often an important attribute in measurement. Our researchers are rightly proud when they reach new levels of sensitivity.</p><p>Measurement scientists also have specific meanings for accuracy and precision. <strong>Accuracy</strong> means how close a measurement is to its actual “true” value. <strong>Precision</strong> means how exact that measurement is — 4 meters is not as precise as 4.005 meters, for example. To understand the difference, think about a game of darts. If you are trying to hit the center, an accurate dart throw might be one that lands in the inner ring of the dartboard. An accurate AND precise throw would be one that lands right on the bull’s-eye. </p><h2>Confidence in Uncertainty </h2>
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<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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<div data-copyright="Stock Photo" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2021/04/29/SI_Superhero_Cards_Major%20Uncertainty_Front.png?itok=eMrGW2Xm" data-media-id="609196">
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<img alt="Green octopus looking cartoon character. Wearing a red hat. Two toned eyes. Wrench. Epaulets. Badge." height="480" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/04/29/SI_Superhero_Cards_Major%20Uncertainty_Front.png?itok=N3Rf7rHx" typeof="foaf:Image" width="352">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Major Uncertainty may be a villian in the League of SI Superheroes, but maybe he’s just misunderstood?<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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J. Wang and B. Hayes/NIST ©2020 U.S. Secretary of Commerce. All Rights Reserved.
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</div></figcaption>
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<p>One of the most important things that measurement scientists grapple with is <strong>uncertainty.</strong> In everyday life, the term reflects a state of doubt. Its scientific definition is not too different. No measurement is perfect. So metrologists state not only a measurement (for example, the wall is 8.0 meters wide) but also its uncertainty (plus or minus 0.1 meters). As NIST’s <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/listening-data-how-nist-tool-helps-labs-worldwide-harmonize-measurements" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="881f7224-4a1b-4db0-8eec-1ca6b859bfaa" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Listening to the Data: How a NIST Tool Helps Labs Worldwide Harmonize Measurements">Antonio Possolo says</a>, uncertainty is like the fog surrounding the true value of the property you’re measuring. </p><p>The uncertainty depends on multiple factors, such as the fineness of a measuring instrument (for example, if the ruler has markings every millimeter), parallax (in which a person’s reading of a ruler is different based on the angle in which they view it), and last but not least, the number of measurements they make of the wall. </p><p>Researchers often talk about the <strong>uncertainty budget,</strong> which takes all the possible measurement errors into account. Uncertainty is such a major part of measurement science that NIST’s <a href="/news-events/news/2014/10/introducing-league-si-superheroes-new-champions-metric" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ccaffe33-1665-44dc-82cc-20735d7bdea1" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Introducing the League of SI Superheroes: The New Champions of Metric">League of SI Superheroes</a> includes a character called Major Uncertainty. (He’s a villain, but personally, I think he’s badly misunderstood.)</p><p>One of my favorite terms I’ve recently encountered is <strong>finesse,</strong> which I learned from <a href="https://medienportal.univie.ac.at/en/media/recent-press-releases/detailansicht-en/artikel/in-search-of-the-perfect-mirror-at-mid-infrared-wavelengths/">a recent experiment</a> involving NIST researchers who created high-performance mirrors, known as “supermirrors.” I secretly wish that finesse described the flair with which the researchers performed the experiment. But in this context, finesse describes the quality of a mirror, namely how many times a particle of light can bounce between two mirrors before being absorbed. The more times it bounces, the higher the finesse. (And talk about impressive — the researchers built supermirrors that had a finesse of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43367-z%23citeas">greater than 400,000</a>!)</p><h2>Setting the Standard for Reference Materials</h2><p><strong>Matrix</strong> is another term that often has a special meaning when you hear it in our halls. It comes up when talking about our <strong>standard reference materials</strong> (SRMs), including our ones for food. The matrix is the bulk of the material, such as carbohydrates, which contains other materials, such as vitamins and minerals, in smaller amounts. </p>
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/06/06/nist_spinach_srm.jpg?itok=rfRB7Gwv" data-media-id="369886">
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<img alt="photo of NIST SRM 2385, spinach, on background of spinach leaves" height="720" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2017/06/06/nist_spinach_srm.jpg?itok=pX85sWSh" title="NIST SRM 2385, Spinach" typeof="foaf:Image" width="960">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">NIST SRM 2385, spinach, is one of NIST’s many standard reference materials. The term “matrix” in SRMs is the bulk of the material, such as carbohydrates, which contains other materials, such as vitamins and minerals, in smaller amounts.<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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K. Irvine/NIST
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</div></figcaption>
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<p>An example is our <a href="https://data.nist.gov/od/id/4765EE7CC5F4A396E0531A57068160031721">SRM for cat food</a>. We measure the heck out of a carefully prepared sample of cat food so that we can provide accurate and precise values for how many grams of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and how many milligrams of micronutrients (such as amino acids) it contains. Food manufacturers can use our SRM and measure these nutrients with their equipment. If their results match ours, they can be assured that their measurement equipment is accurate. </p><p>I’ll let you in on a bit of a secret: The cat food SRM stands in for similar foods whose nutrient profiles are similar. So, if a manufacturer makes other kinds of pet foods, it may use the cat food to test its equipment. Because the cat food SRM works well for pet foods in general, we don’t have an SRM for dog food (very sorry to all the dog lovers out there!).</p><p>This is true for many foods. For example, in the case of <a href="/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-know-your-foods-nutrition-facts-label-accurate" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="13a224f0-4ede-4b5c-a115-743cb8a7e4f8" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="How Do You Know Your Food’s Nutrition Facts Label Is Accurate?">spaghetti sauce</a>, one of our SRMs for infant formula comes closest in terms of its nutrient profile. So a sauce manufacturer could use its equipment to measure the nutrients in our infant formula SRM to make sure it is providing accurate nutritional information for its sauce. Even though these are different foods, the results are generally very accurate.</p><p>So that’s a brief tour of what some ordinary words mean at NIST. Though our researchers may sometimes sound like they are living in an alternate reality, like the characters from <em>The Matrix,</em> they are very much talking about the world we live in — in their own NISTy way.</p>
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249051">Metrology</a></div>
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/ben-p-stein" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/12/03/LisaDamicoPortraitsBenStein-0586%20%281%29.jpg?itok=JrhcT2L1" width="67" height="100" alt="Ben Stein poses outside for a portrait." typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/ben-p-stein"><span>Ben P. Stein</span>
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<div class="text-with-summary"><p>Ben P. Stein is managing editor in the NIST public affairs office, where he edits and writes news articles and other content about the agency’s research and programs. He has a bachelor of science degree in physics from Binghamton University and a master of arts in journalism from New York University. He has also worked at the American Institute of Physics, where he most recently served as director of its Inside Science news program.</p></div>
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/whats-name-magnetic-weber" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/10/01/whats_in_a_name_series_header_the_weber.png?itok=ZWaMvdHd" width="100" height="36" alt="Header shows a drawing of Wilhelm Weber, an electricity transmission tower, and a magnet, and reads: What's in a Name? The Stories Behind the Names of Units of Measurement. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-10-23T12:00:00Z">October 23, 2024</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Dr. Wilhelm Weber gets the distinction of having the unit of magnetic flux, the weber, named in his honor. Magnetic flux measures the total magnetic field that
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Practically everything you use in your everyday life works because of measurement science.
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/one-worlds-roundest-objects-helping-build-better-mass-measurement"><span>One of the World’s Roundest Objects Is Helping to Build a Better Mass Measurement</span>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-07-17T12:00:00Z">July 17, 2024</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Different countries' approaches can lead to different definitions of the kilogram. But NIST is working with our international partners to see how we can close
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">David Fischer</span></span>
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on
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<span class="nist-comment__date">December 4, 2024 11:21 AM</span>
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<div class="text-long"><p>Excellent article, well written with self-imposed nerdy reflections. I loved reading it. Keep it up, and thanks!! DF</p>
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Cliff Greenberg</span></span>
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on
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<span class="nist-comment__date">December 4, 2024 1:52 PM</span>
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<div class="text-long"><p>A great article that carries me back to a couple of previous decades. In the 1970s I started my high tech career building SEMs in California. I was told that one of our AutoScan SEM customers was in Boulder, CA at NIST (then NBS) and that it was used to define the micrometer. Wow! As a youngster in high school, one of my background sounds going to sleep was listening on my shortwave to 5mhz: "National Bureau of Standards, WWV. At the tone the time will be..."<br />
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A few years later I was doing service work at an HP facility where the atomic clocks were built and later meeting a person who was returning to the US from Europe. He had an HP "flying clock" on a luggage cart. Unfortunately he did not have the display module, just returning from France after a comparison visit.<br />
|
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NIST was also active in SEMI Standards years ago as well, guiding us in our compliance references.<br />
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Thanks for your, and your colleagues' constant curiosity, hard work, and international collaborations.</p>
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