1525 lines
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<div data-elastic-exclude>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;">
|
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|
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<p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/say-hello-our-little-friends-toward-microbial-biotherapootics-and-diagnostics</p>
|
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<img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" />
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
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<header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner">
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<a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home">
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<img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px" />
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</a>
|
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<div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto">
|
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<div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group">
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<form class="usa-search usa-search--small"
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accept-charset="UTF-8"
|
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action="/search"
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id="search_form"
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method="get">
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<div role="search">
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<label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label>
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<input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128">
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<button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button>
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<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
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<a href="/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a>
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<a href="/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a>
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<a href="/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a>
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<a href="/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a>
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<a href="/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a>
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<a href="/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a>
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<a href="/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a>
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/adlp" class="usa-nav__link">Assoc Director of Laboratory Programs</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
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<a href="/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a>
|
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<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
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<li>
|
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<a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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<li>
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<a href="/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a>
|
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<li>
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<a href="/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
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|
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a>
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|
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<li>
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<a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
|
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|
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<a href="/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a>
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<a href="/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a>
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<a href="/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a>
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|
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<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a>
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<a href="/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a>
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|
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<li>
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<a href="/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a>
|
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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</ul>
|
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</div>
|
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<a href="/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a>
|
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<li>
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<a href="/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a>
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<a href="/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a>
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<a href="/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a>
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/sri" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a>
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|
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<li>
|
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|
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<a href="/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a>
|
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<a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a>
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<a href="/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
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</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a>
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<a href="https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a>
|
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<li>
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<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a>
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<a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a>
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<li>
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<a href="/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a>
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<a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
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<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a>
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<a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
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<a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
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<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button>
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</h2>
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<div class="nist-blog-header__tagline">
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<p class="text">Just a Standard Blog</p>
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>
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|
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Say Hello to Our Little Friends: Toward Microbial BiotheraPOOtics and Diagnostics</h1>
|
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|
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|
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2016-05-13T12:00:00Z">May 13, 2016</time>
|
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</div>
|
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>
|
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|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<span>By: </span>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/scott-jackson" hreflang="en">Scott Jackson</a>
|
|||
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|
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|
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<h2 class="nist-social__title">Share</h2>
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<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/say-hello-our-little-friends-toward-microbial-biotherapootics-and-diagnostics&status=https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/say-hello-our-little-friends-toward-microbial-biotherapootics-and-diagnostics"
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<span>X.com</span>
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<a href="mailto:?subject=NIST.gov&body=Check out this site https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/say-hello-our-little-friends-toward-microbial-biotherapootics-and-diagnostics"
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|
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<figure class="nist-image">
|
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2018/10/22/nist-microbiome_resized.jpg?itok=ckBm90rU" width="956" height="597" alt="showing representations of various microorganisms" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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|
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</div>
|
|||
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<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
|||
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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beawolf/fotolia.com
|
|||
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</figcaption>
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<p>My fascination with the microbial world began when I was around 7 years old and my mother bought me a book called “<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/196827.The_Value_of_Believing_in_Yourself">The Value of Believing in Yourself: The Story of Louis Pasteur</a>”. Nearly four decades later, I still vividly remember the story about the little boy Joey and the “invisible enemy” that had invaded his body.</p><p>So began my journey into this tiny realm.</p><p>On Friday, May 13, the White House announced a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/13/announcing-national-microbiome-initiative">new initiative</a> to advance our knowledge of the world of microbes, called microbiomes, and realize their full potential. As it has for so many other innovations, NIST will play an important part in the realization of microbiome-based products and treatments by helping to develop standards and measurement tools that will foster innovation and confidence for stakeholders in biomedicine and healthcare, biomanufacturing, food safety and environmental health.</p><p>I’m pretty excited.</p>
|
|||
|
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<figure class=" align-left nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
|||
|
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2018/03/30/EColiCRIS051-Fig2-300x152.jpg?itok=9yf6bx8n" data-media-id="381806">
|
|||
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|
|||
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<img alt="micrographs of E coli bacteria" height="152" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/2018/03/30/EColiCRIS051-Fig2-300x152.jpg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="300">
|
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</div>
|
|||
|
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Many strains of E. Coli are harmless denizens of our microbiome. These are of the harmful variety<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Fratamico/USDA
|
|||
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|
|||
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</div></figcaption>
|
|||
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</figure>
|
|||
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|
|||
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<p>Before I came to NIST in 2014, I worked for 11 years as a geneticist at the <a href="http://www.fda.gov/">Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</a><span> identifying the particular strains of bacteria that had caused food-borne outbreaks of illness. For example, if people were getting sick from eating pre-bagged leaf spinach contaminated with </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7"><em>E. coli</em> O157:H7</a><span>, we had DNA-based molecular tools to show how that strain of </span><em>E. coli</em><span> was unique and different from strains implicated in previous outbreaks. That information helped public health investigators identify outbreak “clusters” and even the food processing plants or the farmers’ fields where the contaminated food had originated. Today, we call this approach “molecular epidemiology.”</span></p><p>It’s like CSI, but the suspect is a microbe.</p><p>Molecular epidemiologists “read” the DNA of bacteria to identify them. Twenty years ago, it might take years and cost millions of dollars to read all the DNA (the genome) in a single bacterium. Over the past decade, however, advances in DNA sequencing technology have made genome sequencing faster and less expensive. Today, we can sequence the entire genome of a single bacterium in about a day for about $100.</p><p>But a single bacterium? Boring.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
|||
|
|
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2018/03/30/costpergenome2015_4.jpg?itok=gupfCY1b" data-media-id="379986">
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<img alt="Chart showing the decreasing cost of genome sequencing over time" height="360" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2018/03/30/costpergenome2015_4.jpg?itok=ssGOuq3O" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
|
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</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">At prices like these, it would be crazy not to sequence the genome of everything we came across.<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
NIH
|
|||
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|
|||
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</div></figcaption>
|
|||
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</figure>
|
|||
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<p>With prices plummeting, many molecular geneticists like me have—with kid-like curiosity and delight—begun shoving heaps of gobbledygook (that’s a technical term for soil, poop, spit, produce, the contents of vacuum cleaners, belly button lint, etc.) into our DNA sequencing instruments just to marvel at what comes out the other side.</p><p>What we’ve found is that there’s even more bacteria, and more kinds of bacteria, around us than we ever imagined. There are bacteria literally everywhere on Earth: in the soil, oceans, air (you’re breathing in bacteria right now), on our skin and in our guts. The diverse bacteria that live in-and-on our bodies are collectively referred to as the “<a href="http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-topics/health-and-our-microbiome/meet-your-microbiome">human microbiome</a>.”</p><p>If we’re talking numbers of cells in the human body, there are far more of them than there are of us.</p><p>The good news for germophobes is that we live in harmony with these bacteria. In fact, human and environmental health depends on communities of “good” bacteria. This realization represents a paradigm shift in the world of microbiology. From about the mid-1800s until just recently, scientists thought that these little critters only caused disease and other bad things like food spoilage. As we’ve started to learn more about these microbiomes and how they influence living systems and the environment, we have begun to imagine harnessing them for all kinds of applications, such as gobbling up pollutants, making biofuels, fertilizing soil, improving human health and treating disease.</p><h2>The First Leg of the Stool (pun intended): Therapeutics</h2>
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2018/03/30/PHIL_3647_CDC-Dr.-Holdeman.jpg?itok=GWqK6VrJ" data-media-id="379976">
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<img alt="micrograph of clumps of C. difficile rod bacteria " height="321" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2018/03/30/PHIL_3647_CDC-Dr.-Holdeman.jpg?itok=FrMFt_Mi" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">C. difficile, an anaerobic gram-positive rod, is the most frequently identified cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In short, a nasty customer.<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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Holdeman/CDC
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<p>Personally, I’m most fascinated by the therapeutic potential of microbiomes. Bugs as drugs! Already, fecal transplants have been used to successfully treat infections of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_%28bacteria%29"><em>C. difficile</em></a>, a potentially deadly bacterium that is usually dormant in our intestines but can proliferate after antibiotic treatments kill the “good” bacteria that keep it in check. Transplants of feces (the gut microbiome) from healthy volunteers via a colonoscopy or other methods (search for that on YouTube at your own risk!) have a cure rate as high as 95 percent! I’ve heard medical doctors explain that a cure rate of 95 percent is the highest they’ve seen of ANY therapeutic.</p><p>Perhaps what’s most motivating about this successful, albeit unusual, treatment is the realization that “good” bacteria can be used to cure infectious diseases caused by “bad” bacteria without having to resort to using antibiotics. Developing new approaches to treating disease like this are especially important when you consider the growing world health crisis of <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/">antibiotic resistance</a>.</p><p>But it’s not just about fighting infectious diseases. In the past 10 years, the human microbiome has been implicated in a wide variety of serious health conditions including obesity, mental illness, cancer, and a plethora of autoimmune disorders. We are at the beginning of a new era of medicine where we will be able to harness bacteria to treat a broad spectrum of diseases.</p><p>This isn’t science fiction. A handful of pharmaceutical companies are already developing microbiome-based therapeutics. Not the probiotics you get over the counter, but rather, treatments that are tested and verified to be effective at curing a real disease through human clinical trials.</p>
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<figure class=" align-left nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/11/07/lactobacillus_acidophilus_259_09_lactobacillus_acidophilus_doderlein_bacillus.jpg?itok=7mjOcESP" data-media-id="409616">
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<img alt="micrograph of lactobacillus acidophilus" height="307" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/11/07/lactobacillus_acidophilus_259_09_lactobacillus_acidophilus_doderlein_bacillus.jpg?itok=yb8tZCaU" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Commonly found in probiotics is Lactobacillus acidophilus, one of the good guys. <div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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By Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc. (Author's archive) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0</a>)], via Wikimedia Commons
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<p>(And I don’t mean to pooh-pooh probiotics. I take a probiotic every morning.)</p><p>Putting my FDA hat back on for a moment: In order for the FDA to approve these new treatments for clinical use, they have to satisfy a <a href="http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/">pretty strict set of criteria</a> for demonstrating their purity, identity, stability, safety and efficacy. As someone trained in chemistry, microbiology and molecular genetics, this is something that keeps me up at night (and I’m sure many a pharmaceutical company head of drug development). Namely, if I have a mixture of bacteria in a pill form and someone asks me to demonstrate its purity, what does the purity of a mixture of bacteria even mean? Is it genetic purity at the species or strain level? Do spontaneous mutations in the genomes count as impurities? Maybe it’s chemical or metabolite purity? Or is it purity relative to outside contaminants like other bacteria that aren’t supposed to be there?</p><p>On that note, in a complex mixture, who’s really supposed to be there? Who isn’t?</p><p>These things are going to have to be figured out and (re)defined for emerging microbial therapeutics. New measurements will have to be developed and validated. This is where NIST earns its keep, we partner with industry and help move them down the path toward new and improved clinical products.</p><h2>The Second Leg of the Stool (pun intended): Diagnostics</h2>
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<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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<div data-copyright="Stock Photo" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2018/06/20/shutterstock_337856495_Christos-Georghiou_resized.jpg?itok=PLzzRNbp" data-media-id="379996">
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<img alt="human digestive system with a magnifying glass inspecting the gut flora" height="445" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2018/06/20/shutterstock_337856495_Christos-Georghiou_resized.jpg?itok=SE6ujJgk" title="human digestive system" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">I see the problem. Your microbiome has got too much peptococcus and not enough bifidobacteria.<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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Christos Georghiou/shutterstock.com
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<p>Our microbiomes might help us diagnose disease and other health disorders, too. Most of our microbiome lives in our gut. In the very near future, you might visit a clinic and give a fecal sample instead of blood or urine. A lab would sequence DNA from the stool to identify your gut microbes. If they found you had an unhealthy microbiome, your doctor could order an intervention strategy such as a change in diet or even a tailored microbial cocktail designed to “reset” your microbiome to a healthy state. These diagnostic techniques could catch disease way before you begin to feel unwell; perhaps even when you’re a baby. Moreover, such personalized treatment strategies serve as the basis for the burgeoning field of precision medicine that promises to kick our ability to fight disease up to notches unknown over the coming decades.</p><p>But we’re not quite there. The major challenge in gut microbiome measurements is that every gut is made up of a mixture of hundreds of different species of bacteria, and everyone’s gut is vastly different. So it’s hard for us to know which bacteria are playing an important role, which are stowaways, and which are contaminants. And what about their relative abundance? What defines “healthy”? Is more or less of any one species important for health and disease?</p><p>These questions become even more difficult to answer when my collaborator down the street and I can’t even agree on <em><strong>which</strong></em> bacteria are present or their relative abundance in a given sample.</p><p>This uncertainty arises because different labs analyze microbiome samples using different protocols and equipment. It’s sort of a personal preference thing—use what you feel comfortable with. If I gave two different laboratories half of the same stool sample for the same kind of analysis, I would likely get strikingly different answers from each lab. How can we use microbiomes to diagnose disease if every lab that runs the diagnostic test gives us a different answer?</p><p>So even before we get to the interpretation stage, microbiome researchers need standard collection, storage, measurement, and analysis protocols that will help ensure that their results can be shared and compared across laboratories. They need reference materials—shared samples of a microbiome that are homogeneous and stable and have been exhaustively characterized—to help them assess their performance and identify and understand biases that crop up throughout the measurement process from sample collection to DNA extraction to sequencing. And there needs to be critically evaluated standard reference data so that we can evaluate bioinformatic analysis pipelines and compare them for accuracy and sensitivity.</p><h2>The Third Leg of the Stool (pun … ok, that’s getting old): Answering the Call</h2><p>A recent paper published in <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol201515"><em>Nature Microbiology</em></a> identified the need for the development of standards that will make it easier to translate microbiome research into treatments and diagnostic tools. This is another area where NIST can have an impact. NIST has already succeeded in similar efforts like the <a href="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/genome-bottle">Genome in a Bottle Consortium</a>, which resulted in the <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/05/measuring-stick-standard-gene-sequencing-now-available-nist">world’s first human genome reference material</a>. This summer, my colleagues from NIST and the <a href="https://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/index">National Institutes of Health</a> will assemble representatives from government, academia, and the biotech industry to kick off a similar effort at the Standards for Microbiome Measurements Workshop. There we will discuss microbiome-specific measurement needs and prioritize ways that NIST can help make their work successful.</p><p>This is an exciting time to be working in the life sciences. We are facing enormous challenges, but our little friends have presented us with an enor
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2813446">Human microbiome</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249051">Metrology</a> and
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/scott-jackson"><span>Scott Jackson</span>
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<div class="text-with-summary"><p>Scott Jackson joined NIST in 2014 and currently serves as the leader of the recently created Complex Microbial Systems group. When he isn’t immersed in his studies of gut bacteria, Scott is usually geeking out on various techie hobbies and riding his mountain bike off-road and around Baltimore City’s Inner Harbor.</p></div>
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>Related posts</h2>
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/robots-and-ai-are-working-together-bring-you-better-medicines-shampoo-and-more"><span>Robots and AI Are Working Together to Bring You Better Medicines, Shampoo and More</span>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-01-15T12:00:00Z">January 15, 2025</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Products you use every day are carefully formulated in a lab. Experts at NIST are now working to revolutionize how those products are made.
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<div class="text-with-summary"> If you’ve ever had a medical test, flown on an airplane, or needed to check the time, NIST’s work affects your life every day.
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-12-04T12:00:00Z">December 4, 2024</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Words that have common meanings have different definitions in the world of measurement science.
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Tap Into Yourself</span></span>
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on
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<span class="nist-comment__date">May 13, 2016 1:00 PM</span>
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<div class="text-long">Fascinating post. I'll never poo-poo poo again. Seriously, great explanation of why standards are needed, and the exciting possibilities of microbiomes.</div>
|
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Lisa</span></span>
|
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on
|
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<span class="nist-comment__date">May 13, 2016 5:34 PM</span>
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<div class="text-long">Great post! Love the use of humor and personal stories. Super enjoyable</div>
|
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Court Dwyer</span></span>
|
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on
|
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<span class="nist-comment__date">May 17, 2016 10:36 AM</span>
|
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<div class="text-long">Thanks, enjoyable reading while on the pot :-). Seriously, great material, keep writing.</div>
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<option>-- Choose --</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249466">Advanced communications</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248616">Forensic Science</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248651">Health</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249421">Information technology</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2748236">Infrastructure</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248866">Manufacturing</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248946">Materials</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249051">Metrology</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249126">Nanotechnology</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249341">Standards</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2813456">Technology transfer</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249396">Transportation</option>
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