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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Are We Prepared? Assessing Earthquake Risk Reduction in the United States</h1>
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<div class="datetime"><time datetime="2011-04-07T12:00:00Z">April 7, 2011</time>
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<h2 class="nist-block__title">Witness</h2>
<p>Dr. John R. Hayes, Jr.<br>Director, the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP)<br>Engineering Laboratory<br>National Institute Of Standards and Technology<br>U.S. Department Of Commerce</p>
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<div class="text-long"><p>Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation<br>Committee on Science, Space, and Technology<br>U.S. House of Representatives</p></div>
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<h3>Introduction</h3><p>Chairman Quayle, Ranking Member Wu and Members of the Subcommittee, on behalf of Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke and the Department of Commerce, thank you for inviting me to testify on the current activities of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) today. Before I start, I wanted to share with you that all of us at the Department share in the grief felt by people around the world for the people of Japan. On behalf of the Department of Commerce, Secretary Locke expressed his condolences at the Embassy of Japan on March 23rd.</p><p>My testimony provides an overview of the statutory four-agency NEHRP partnership that includes the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)—my home agency, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This partnership also extends far beyond these Federal agencies to include other Federal agencies, state and local governments, non-governmental professional organizations, model building code and standards organizations, and earthquake professionals in the private sector and academia. Without this extended “family” of dedicated earthquake professionals, the NEHRP agencies simply could not fulfill their statutory responsibilities effectively.</p><p>In the almost-two years since I last testified before this Subcommittee, the U.S. has fortunately continued to experience a relatively quiet period of seismic activity. However, worldwide seismic events during that time, particularly those around the Pacific “Ring of Fire” that borders the West Coast of the U.S., have been devastating, taking many lives, disrupting many other lives, and costing billions in direct and indirect impacts on infrastructure and economic activity. Since the beginning of 2010, we have witnessed horrific losses of life in Haiti (over 230,000) and Japan (toll still unknown but numbering in the tens of thousands) due to the combined earthquake and tsunami impacts, and lesser, but nevertheless significant, losses of life in Chile and New Zealand. The toll in terms of human life is overwhelming, and we all offer our heartfelt sympathy to those nations and their citizens.</p><p>The NEHRP agencies have begun analyzing lessons-learned from all of these tragic events. Some preliminary “big picture” lessons are already clear. The 2010 Haiti and Chile earthquakes provided a stark contrast in the effectiveness of modern building codes and sound construction practices. In Haiti, where such standards were minimal or non-existent, many thousands were killed in the collapses of homes and other buildings. In Chile, with much more modern building codes and engineering practices, the loss of life, while still tragic, was far smaller, about 500, despite the fact that the Chile earthquake had a significantly higher magnitude of 8.8 (M8.8) than the Haiti earthquake (M7.0). The fault rupture that caused the Chile earthquake released approximately 500 times the energy released in the Haiti earthquake. The Chilean building code provisions had been based in large part on U.S. model building codes that have been developed by researchers and practitioners who have been associated with and supported by NEHRP.</p><p>Scientists and engineers have not yet had enough time since the 2011 earthquakes in New Zealand (M6.3) and Japan (M9.0) to draw detailed conclusions. We do know that Japan and New Zealand are international leaders in seismology and earthquake engineering—we in the U.S. partner with our counterparts in both countries, because we have much to learn from one another. Despite their technical prowess, leaders in both countries have been taken aback by the amount of damage that has occurred. One lesson we take from this before we even begin detailed studies is that we still have much to learn about the earthquake hazards we face and the engineering measures needed to minimize the risks from those hazards. Assuming that we already know everything we need to know is the surest strategy for catas
</p><div class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2016/12/09/image_003.jpg?itok=-lnx7rXe" data-media-id="335956">
<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2016/12/09/image_003.jpg?itok=JMs1k8wj" width="623" height="467" alt="NEHRP Wiring Diagram outlining NEHRP Impact on the Built Environment" typeof="foaf:Image">
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<h3>Figure 1. Primary NEHRP Activity Areas</h3><p>The slide above shows the primary roles of the four agencies and further emphasizes that NEHRP is incomplete without the significant contributions made by those outside the four agencies—in fact, that non-Federal community is a major factor in the historic success of NEHRP.</p><p>In addition to the strong principles of ensuring synergy without duplication, the NEHRP agencies will seek, within their designated mission areas, closer ties to the international community. Not only can NEHRP-developed technologies be applied to help others, but the U.S. can learn from advances that are being made abroad.</p><p>NEHRP agencies seek to foster synergies among disciplines as well as with those who work with other hazards, such as wind, flood, and fire. The NEHRP agencies are aware of the similarities, differences, and linkages that exist among the hazards. Most of the technical issues that are tied to monitoring hazard occurrence, assessing the resulting risks, and developing tools, standards, and guidelines for design and construction differ substantially from hazard to hazard, making direct interactions at that level difficult. However, there are opportunities for the coordination of some NEHRP activities with those that have parallels for other hazards: e.g., similarities in disaster response that can and should be shared with professionals in other hazard areas and similarities in structural response analysis for earthquakes and for blast or impact situations. Some key linkages provide excellent opportunities for multi-hazard cooperation, e.g., tsunami warnings for such events that are caused by earthquakes (USGS-provided data used by the National Weather Service) and structural fire effects from any source (NIST).</p><p>The NEHRP agencies are also aware of the 30+ year history of organized NEHRP interaction with the earthquake professional community and state and local governments. This provides much organizational experience that can be shared with those working in other hazards-related fields, which typically have not enjoyed long histories of such cooperation.</p><h3>Recent NEHRP Activities-Fostering Technology and Knowledge Transfer</h3><p>The NEHRP agencies have worked both individually and collectively in recent years to improve the nation’s earthquake resilience. Annual reports on the Program activities can be found at <a href="http://www.nehrp.gov">www.nehrp.gov</a>. The following are brief descriptions of agency roles and accounts of some of their more prominent recent activities, as reported at the March 2011 ACEHR meeting.</p><p><strong>USGS</strong></p><p>The USGS is the applied earth science component of NEHRP. USGS delivers rapid characterization of earthquake size, location, and impacts; develops seismic hazard assessment maps and related mapping products; builds public awareness of earthquake hazards; and supports targeted research to improve monitoring and assessment capabilities. Noteworthy in 2011 is the USGS role in the U.S.-Japan Natural Resources Panel for Earthquake Research; this panel will be actively engaged in analysis of the recent Japan earthquake and its impacts on U.S. practice.</p><p><strong>Monitoring</strong></p><p>The USGS has significantly advanced its delivery of comprehensive earthquake information from monitoring systems, in the U.S. and internationally. In the U.S., monitoring is accomplished via the developing Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), which is now deployed at about 25% of its planned capacity. Internationally, USGS works in partnership with NSF and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) to maintain the Global Seismographic Network as a tool for earthquake monitoring and research. The USGS National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) assimilates all monitoring data on a 24/7 basis and issues rapid reports of potentially damaging earthquakes to key Federal, state, and local institutions, and to an electronic mailing list of over 250,000 users. USGS has implemented full on-site 24/7 operations a
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<a href="/topic-terms/earthquake-risk-reduction" hreflang="en">Earthquake risk reduction</a></div>
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<h2 class="nist-block__title">Witness</h2>
<p>Dr. John R. Hayes, Jr.<br>Director, the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP)<br>Engineering Laboratory<br>National Institute Of Standards and Technology<br>U.S. Department Of Commerce</p>
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<div class="text-long"><p>Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation<br>Committee on Science, Space, and Technology<br>U.S. House of Representatives</p></div>
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Created December 9, 2016, Updated November 15, 2019
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