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<h1 class="nist-page__title">High Resolution Powder Diffractometer - BT-1</h1>
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<figure class="nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2019/03/05/bt1.jpg?itok=ql2OMZu4" data-media-id="486586">
<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2019/03/05/bt1.jpg?itok=3IgBQRBI" width="360" height="480" alt="The BT-1 high resolution powder diffractometer" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<p>The BT-1 high resolution powder diffractometer</p>
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
Craig Brown
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<p>The BT-1 high-resolution neutron powder diffractometer is used to to obtain neutron powder diffraction data for crystallographic analysis by the Rietveld method or other characterization purposes. It is a 32 detector instrument that can be used with three different monochromators and two different incident Soller collimators, allowing the instrument response to be tailored to the needs of the experiment. The instrument can be used with furnaces, refrigerators and cryostats so that data may be collected at temperatures from 0.3 to 2000 K, and with magnet fields. For room-temperature data collection, a six-position sample changer is available.</p>
<p>The BT-1 instrument may be used for academic and proprietary measurements (Requests or Mail-in Proposals are made through your <a href="https://www-s.nist.gov/NCNR-IMS/login.do">IMS account</a>). While there is no fee associated with use of BT-1 for work that will be published in the open literature, Federal regulations require cost-recovery for proprietary work.</p>
<h2>&nbsp;</h2>
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>Specifications/Capabilities</h2>
<div class="text-long"><h3>Choice of Monochromator and Collimator</h3><p>The choice of three focusing monochromators, Ge(311), Cu(311), and Ge(733), and either a 60', 15' or a 7' in-pile Soller collimator allows optimization of the instrument's resolution minimum versus relative diffraction intensities. All monochromators give data up to 165 degrees in 2 theta range.</p><ul><li>The Ge(311) monochromator yields the highest neutron intensity and best resolution at low scattering angles. This monochromator has a takeoff angle of 75<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;and produces neutrons with wavelength 2.079 Å. Diffraction intensities are approximately three times that obtained with the Cu(311) monochromator. Typical data collection times range from 15 minutes to a few hours, depending on sample size and diffraction properties. The Ge(311) monochromator has been used for zeolite materials where high-angle diffraction measurements are not needed. It is also useful for studies of magnetic ordering and phase changes.</li><li>The Cu(311) monochromator is appropriate for the majority of samples, offering an optimal balance between intensity and resolution and a perfect gaussian line shape. This monochromator has a takeoff angle of 90<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;and produces neutrons with a wavelength 1.540 Å. Typical data collection times range from 1 to 12 h, averaging 3-4 h. The Cu(311) monochromator has been used with 15' collimation to collect data for Rietveld refinement of the structures of a wide variety of materials, including high T<sub>c</sub>&nbsp;superconductors, fullerenes, ceramics, and intermetallics, as well as for determining phase fractions in multiphase powders.</li><li>The Ge(733) monochromator provides the best resolution at high scattering angles, but longer data collection times are needed, often from 4 to 24 h. This monochromator has a takeoff angle of 120<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;and produces neutrons with wavelength 1.197 Å. Diffraction intensities are approximately 25% of what is obtained with the Cu(311) monochromator. The Ge(733) monochromator is used for study of materials such as perovskites where a subtle lowering of the unit cell symmetry requires separation of reflections at high angles or where precise determination of oxygen vacancies is desired. With 7' collimation, gaussian line shapes with widths (FWHM) as small as 10' (delta d/d = 8 x 10<sup>-4</sup>) are observed but for most samples the intrinsic sample broadening exceeds the instrumental resolution. Thus, use of the Ge(733) monochromator is restricted to those applications where highest resolution is clearly needed and where samples are available in sufficient quality and quantity.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p></div>
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<div class="text-long"><h2>Beamtime Requests</h2><p>For collaborative access to the diffractometer, please contact an instrument scientist or <span class="spamspan"><span class="u">craig.brown</span> [at] <span class="d">nist.gov</span><span class="h"> (subject: Beam%20TIme%20Request, body: Dear%20Craig%2C%0A%0AI%20would%20like%20to%20know%20more%20details%20about%20accessing%20the%20BT1%20instrument%20for%20powder%20diffraction%20data%20collection.%20%0A%28please%20add%20as%20many%20details%20as%20possible.%29) </span><span class="t"> (Craig Brown)</span></span>.</p><h2>Mail-in Sample Service</h2><p>The mail-in service is offered to everyone but is aimed at those with relatively 'basic' needs. By 'basic' we really mean we will collect data at room temperature, or within the temperature range of a closed-cycle fridge (5-300 K). The service began in April 2007 and, since then, has given good data to its many users. Each cycle, 25% of beamtime is allocated to mail-in service samples.</p><h3>How it works</h3><p>As a user you would make and package all samples in your laboratory and, when ready, send them to&nbsp;<span class="spamspan"><span class="u">craig.brown</span> [at] <span class="d">nist.gov</span><span class="t"> (Craig Brown)</span></span>. A member of the crystallography team takes care of the samples and prepares them for neutron powder diffraction analysis.</p><p>All users must submit a proposal using the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/proposal.html">NIST IMS</a>&nbsp;system and, once accepted, samples can be mailed to the address provided. Please be sure to choose the correct sample environment ('none' = 'room temp' data collection; 'CCR' will allow you to choose suitable temperatures in the 5K-300K range). Also, indicate that you are requesting the mail-in service when submitting a proposal.</p><p>If you see the need for more significant&nbsp;efforts on behalf of the Diffraction team, please consider that collaborations and beamtime requests are also available, and there is a possibility of obtaining very rapid access this way. E-mail&nbsp;<span class="spamspan"><span class="u">craig.brown</span> [at] <span class="d">nist.gov</span><span class="t"> (Craig Brown)</span></span>&nbsp;to discuss options.</p><p>Once your beamtime has been allocated, you will be contacted to discuss your requirements for beamtime. With every sample the instrument scientists will do their best to give advice for the most appropriate conditions, use of the instrument and use of NCNR equipment as possible. At the end of discussions it is the user (you) who can make the final decision.</p><h4>Advantages of using the mail-in service:</h4><ul><li>Users do not have to make their own trip to the NCNR to bring samples</li><li>Users do not have to sit at the instrument waiting and checking results</li><li>Users can view data online -&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncnr.nist.gov/ipeek/singleplotwindow.html?instrument=BT1">view current BT-1&nbsp;data</a></li><li>Within reason, users can use the expertise of the instrument scientist to design experiments.</li><li>All BT-1 data is examined by the instrument scientist</li><li>All correct data is converted to an appropriate format (standard is .gsas files for use with data refinement) and emailed to the user. Various other data file conversions are also available.</li><li>Samples can be stored at the NCNR with the appropriate instrument scientist until the user requests them for further experimental work OR users can request their return.</li><li>Users can requests samples to be returned at any point and the instrument scientist will take care to unload the samples under, and into, appropriate conditions for packaging and return. As always samples will need time after requesting their return to measure any activity within the sample for safety of transportation. This will take at least one week.</li></ul><h4>Disadvantage of using the mail-in service:</h4><ul><li>When running a sample the user will not be here at the instrument to make changes. While the instrument scie
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