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<h2 class="text-align-center">1938 - 1946</h2>
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<img alt="Volumes produced by the Math Tables Project" height="146" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/11/volumes-of-math.jpg?itok=7h6sNzcz" typeof="foaf:Image" width="220">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST/R. Boisvert
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<p><strong>Prehistory: The Math Tables Project</strong></p>
<p><em>The Math Tables Project (MTP) of the New Deal’s Works Projects Administration (WPA) helped put people to work by having them serve as (human) computers constructing tables of mathematical functions which were needed for hand computation. The project was located in New York City. Thirty-seven volumes of tables for trigonometric functions, exponentials, logarithms, and so on were produced.</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f9ef6206-96ae-45da-a856-83a4f648f3de" href="/mathematics-statistics/prehistory-math-tables-project" title="Prehistory: The Math Tables Project">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1947 - 1954</h2>
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group">
<div>
<img alt="Picture of Mina Rees, John Curtiss, Olga Tausky" height="220" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/11/rees-curtiss-tausky.gif?itok=hMtbY_zB" typeof="foaf:Image" width="167">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
From John Todd’s collection. Used by permission.
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<p><strong>Beginnings: The National Applied Mathematics Laboratory</strong></p>
<p><em>NBS inaugurated its National Applied Mathematics Lab on July 1, 1947, marking the first mathematical and statistical unit on its organization chart. Mathematics and statistics have remained an important part of NIST research to today</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0967dc4e-ab22-4844-a82f-8c448407b783" href="/mathematics-statistics/beginnings-national-applied-mathematics-laboratory" title="Beginnings: The National Applied Mathematics Laboratory">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1947-1954</h2>
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<img alt="INA Staff Members" height="189" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/14/INA-staff-members.png?itok=7vX-ardx" typeof="foaf:Image" width="220">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
From John Todd’s collection. Used by permission.
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
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<p><strong>INA Pioneers the Field of Numerical Analysis</strong></p>
<p><em>The NBS Institute for Numerical Analysis helped establish the field of numerical analysis, i.e., the development and analysis of techniques for the solution to complex mathematical problems using computers, as an important new field of study and application</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c5c57ff9-ec26-4a08-9798-43e566caac37" href="/mathematics-statistics/ina-pioneers-field-numerical-analysis" title="INA Pioneers the Field of Numerical Analysis">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1950</h2>
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/centennial/seacsm.jpg?itok=MJ--iYKl" data-media-id="139136">
<img alt="SEAC computer" height="152" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/centennial/seacsm.jpg?itok=s70FXMmb" typeof="foaf:Image" width="194">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST Digital Archives
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
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<p><strong>Standards Eastern Automatic Computer</strong></p>
<p><em>The first fully operational stored-program electronic computer in the United States was built at NBS.</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fee754b6-8326-428b-a1f6-3704c675f135" href="/mathematics-statistics/standards-eastern-automatic-computer" title="Standards Eastern Automatic Computer">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1952</h2>
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<div>
<img alt="Image: Magnus Hestenes" height="220" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/14/magnus-hestenes.png?itok=HJgmijno" typeof="foaf:Image" width="158">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Magnus Hestenes<div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
From John Todd’s collection. Used by permission.
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
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<p><strong>NBS Discovers One of the Century’s Top 10 Algorithms</strong></p>
<p><em>In 1952 NBS researchers published an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations which would only come to prominence two decades later as a standard method for solving very large sparse systems on supercomputers. It’s impact has been so great that in 1999 one magazine listed it as one of the Top 10 Algorithms of the Century</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="49773432-60a5-4419-bf65-1ee6acae4055" href="/mathematics-statistics/nbs-discovers-one-centurys-top-10-algorithms" title="NBS Discovers One of the Century’s Top 10 Algorithms">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1957</h2>
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/08/30/5940462465_bca0791f6d_o.jpg?itok=saY4jV5B" data-media-id="381371">
<img alt="First digital image" height="220" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2017/08/30/5940462465_bca0791f6d_o.jpg?itok=Ha6-95ia" typeof="foaf:Image" width="172">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
R. Kirsch/NIST
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>First Digital Image</strong></p>
<p><em>The field of image processing was kickstarted at NBS in 1957 when staff member Russell Kirsch created the first ever digital image</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="aab01c69-a69a-45ac-944a-0eb2d6136548" href="/mathematics-statistics/first-digital-image" title="First Digital Image">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1960-1980</h2>
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group">
<div>
<img alt="Staff members Christoph Witzgall and Judith Gilsinn with Alan Goldman, leader of the NBS Operations Research Section. " height="417" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/05/24/1960-1980-image.png?itok=_1WwMnh3" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
Douglas Shier
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
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<p><strong>Operations Research: Responding to National Needs</strong></p>
<p><em>NBS mathematicians answered many calls from government agencies, including DOD, IRS, DOT, FAA, and HUD, for help with challenging national problems.&nbsp;</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0eac5e96-eb1a-4e4d-9cea-417eda43d322" href="/mathematics-statistics/operations-research-responding-national-needs" title="Operations Research: Responding to National Needs">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1964</h2>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-3">
<figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group">
<div>
<img alt="Image: handbook of mathematical functions book cover" height="220" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/14/handbook-of-mathematical-functions.jpg?itok=VqMdhGoQ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="178">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST/R. Boisvert
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>Handbook of Mathematical Functions: Abramowitz and Stegun</strong></p>
<p><em>Originally conceived as a compendium of mathematical tables for hand computation, the&nbsp;</em>Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables&nbsp;<em>became the most widely distributed and most highly cited NIST publication of all time</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6f64a30c-5435-4669-92b2-0b83648baa8a" href="/mathematics-statistics/handbook-mathematical-functions-abramowitz-and-stegun" title="Handbook of Mathematical Functions: Abramowitz and Stegun">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1965</h2>
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<div class="grid-col-3">
<figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group">
<div>
<img alt="Image: Jack Edmonds" height="198" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/14/jack-edmonds.jpg?itok=_ykaaGo_" typeof="foaf:Image" width="220">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Jack Edmonds<div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>First Mathematical Theory of Efficient Combinatorial Algorithms: Jack Edmonds</strong></p>
<p><em>One of the creators of the fields of combinatorial optimization, polyhedral combinatorics, and computational complexity theory, NIST’s Jack Edmonds helped identify what is perhaps the most sought-after question in computer science research today: Is P=NP</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8a3a78e4-1355-487a-8731-d7c7ecc1bc45" href="/mathematics-statistics/first-mathematical-theory-efficient-combinatorial-algorithms-jack-edmonds" title="First Mathematical Theory of Efficient Combinatorial Algorithms: Jack Edmonds">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1972</h2>
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<img alt="Image of Morris Newman" height="220" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/04/01/morris-newman_0.png?itok=sF4pd_CH" typeof="foaf:Image" width="173">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Morris Newman<div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST/R. Boisvert
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>Integral Matrices: Morris Newman</strong></p>
<p><em>NBS’ Morris Newman was a pioneer in computational number theory, which has deep connections to cryptography.</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1de22778-79c3-4c43-a84a-7ec92dfd8ea1" href="/mathematics-statistics/integral-matrices-morris-newman" title="Integral Matrices: Morris Newman">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">1999-2022</h2>
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-copyright="Yes" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2022/05/31/micromagnetic-simulation.png?itok=xyKTGBRF" data-media-id="645036">
<img alt="Donald Porter (left) and Michael Donahue (center) discuss a micromagnetic simulation with NIST physicist Robert McMichael. Photo credit: NIST " height="631" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2022/05/31/micromagnetic-simulation.png?itok=ZWV7LkXS" typeof="foaf:Image" width="960">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>NIST Micromagnetic Modeling Project Enables Research Advancements Worldwide</strong></p>
<p><em>Efforts of NIST mathematicians have greatly improved the state-of-the-art in computational modeling of magnetic phenomena at the nanoscale. OOMMF.</em>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6179b839-ee07-4478-b634-f02f82655f1f" href="/itl/nist-micromagnetic-modeling-project-enables-research-advancements-worldwide" title="NIST Micromagnetic Modeling Project Enables Research Advancements Worldwide ">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">2001-2022</h2>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-3">
<div class="align-center nist-image">
<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202022-06-08%20at%205.19.45%20PM.png?itok=Ggm-MVVM" width="480" height="218" alt="Dr. Carl Miller, a mathematician in the NIST Computer Security Division and a Fellow of the Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, discusses quantum algorithms with QuICS students and postdocs. " typeof="foaf:Image">
<div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
Courtesy of the University of Maryland.&nbsp;
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>Quantum Information Theory</strong></p>
<p><em>NIST mathematicians and statisticians have made fundamental contributions to the development of techniques to exploit the counter-intuitive properties of quantum mechanics for performing information technology tasks impossible for classical computers.&nbsp;</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="64523626-b599-4024-96a8-1ba533a26221" href="/mathematics-statistics/quantum-information-theory" title="Quantum Information Theory">Read More</a></p>
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<h2 class="text-align-center">2010</h2>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-3">
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<div>
<img alt="Image: Digital Library of Mathematical Functions Team" height="173" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/03/14/dlmf.jpg?itok=JiHUxg_5" typeof="foaf:Image" width="220">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__credit">
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
NIST
</div></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-6">
<p><strong>Digital Library of Mathematical Functions</strong></p>
<p><em>In 2010, NIST released the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF), an online successor to the classic Abramowitz and Stegun Handbook of Mathematical Functions.&nbsp;</em></p>
<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ae3a2d6c-032f-400e-b775-09d9b0c2c246" href="/mathematics-statistics/digital-library-mathematical-functions" title="Digital Library of Mathematical Functions">Read More</a></p>
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Created March 11, 2022, Updated June 8, 2022
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