1322 lines
103 KiB
Text
1322 lines
103 KiB
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A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock">
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<desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg>
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</span>
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) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">When Neon Was New: How NIST Researchers Helped America Discover the Iconic Neon Sign</h1>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-04-26T12:00:00Z">April 26, 2023</time>
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<figure class="nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/03/23/Las_Vegas_sign_f11photo_shutterstock_497449417.jpg?itok=BD_6Lcxd" data-media-id="668651" data-copyright="Stock Photo">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2023/03/23/Las_Vegas_sign_f11photo_shutterstock_497449417.jpg?itok=9H-7NVjd" width="960" height="640" alt="A neon sign that reads Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas is lit up in neon in front of a sunset scene. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<p>The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is the “quintessential neon road sign and a staple of American culture,” according to the Neon Museum of Las Vegas.</p>
|
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</div>
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<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
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f11photo/Shutterstock
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<p>After Scottish scientist Sir William Ramsay discovered neon and several other gases, he sent samples to NIST — then called the National Bureau of Standards — for further study.</p><p>Ramsay won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for this discovery in 1904. The gases Ramsay identified — neon, argon, helium, krypton and xenon — are known as <a href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/noble-gas.html">noble gases</a> because they’re a bit snobby and won’t readily combine with other gases. </p><p>NIST physicist <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/bulletin/01/nbsbulletinv1n1p95_A2b.pdf">Perley G. Nutting</a> was charged with studying the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter, known as spectroscopy, with these noble gases. Nutting designed glass electric discharge tubes to hold the gases at a low pressure. When an electric charge was applied, they gave off a bright light. </p><p>During this time, NIST was also planning to show the public its research at the World’s Fair in St. Louis, which opened on April 30, 1904. NIST’s Edward O. Sperling blew the glass tubes into the names of the four gases that were in those tubes — argon, helium, hydrogen and neon. Fair attendees were fascinated by the glowing signs. These signs are still on display at NIST’s campus in Gaithersburg, Maryland.</p><p>The four gases featured in our signs all have Greek-derived names. With a pure electric charge, they each produce a distinct color, though the noble gases can be combined to create other colors. </p>
|
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<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2022/09/29/4LuminousScriptSigns.png?itok=NTGya9b2" data-media-id="654876">
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<img alt="Photographs of Argon, Helium, Hydrogen, and Neon luminous script signs designed by Perley G. Nutting and fabricated by Edward O. Sperling of NBS in 1904." height="236" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/09/29/4LuminousScriptSigns.png?itok=Z6bEtyU6" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Argon, helium, hydrogen, and neon luminous script signs designed by Perley G. Nutting and fabricated by Edward O. Sperling of NBS in 1904. They are on display at NIST's campus in Gaithersburg, Maryland. <div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
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NIST Museum Collection
|
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</div></figcaption>
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<ul><li>Argon makes a blue color. Its name stems from the word for idle, lazy or inactive. Argon got this name because it’s<a href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/18/argon"> inert to other substances</a>. </li><li>Helium makes a pale yellow color, and its name comes from the word for the Sun. </li><li>Hydrogen is a pink-red in color. The name comes from a term for water forming. </li><li>Neon makes an orange-red color. Its name means “new” in Greek. </li></ul><p>Although our researchers enlightened the American public on these signs for the first time, what we now know as the neon sign was previously invented by a French engineer named <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1125476A/en">Georges Claude</a> in 1902. </p><p>While NIST researcher Nutting was not the official inventor of the neon sign, his work was a <a href="https://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15421coll3/search/searchterm/Neon sign!image%252Fjpeg/field/all!all/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/cosuppress/">predecessor of the neon signs</a> and florescent lamps that became available to the public beginning around 1930 and remained popular for a few decades. Additionally, the signs were one of NIST’s first <a href="/nist-museum/luminous-script-signs-origins-neon-sign" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0b06cb7e-76e8-4cf0-b875-1e7134a4f02e" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Luminous Script Signs: The Origins of the 'Neon Sign'">notable lab accomplishments</a>. </p>
|
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<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2022/09/29/Nutting%20and%20Sperling%20Portraits.png?itok=GI2CwTJl" data-media-id="654856">
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<img alt="Portraits of Perley G. Nutting in 1917 and Edward O. Sperling in 1918." height="216" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/09/29/Nutting%20and%20Sperling%20Portraits.png?itok=vWY_Yhd2" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Perley G. Nutting (left) in 1917 and Edward O. Sperling (right) in 1918. Their collaboration at NBS produced a prototype for an entirely new industry.<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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NIST Archives
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</div></figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>With their bright colors, noble gas-filled signs, commonly called neon signs, became iconic in the U.S. The first neon sign in the U.S. was built in 1923 in Los Angeles to advertise a <a href="https://www.lamag.com/askchris/displa-case-27-las-first-neon-sign">car dealership</a>. </p><p>Perhaps no place in America is more synonymous with neon signs than the Las Vegas Strip. (It even has a museum dedicated to them, as does St. Louis and a handful of other U.S. cities.) As the Strip was built up in the post-World War II boom, its <a href="https://www.neonmuseum.org/education/the-las-vegas-strip">massive neon signs</a> became famous. </p><p>Today, neon signs’ influence has mostly dimmed. LED is a <a href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/neon-signs-dying-irpt/index.html">less expensive and more energy efficient</a> alternative that is increasingly being used in signage. In Las Vegas, the famous “Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas” sign is believed to be the only<a href="https://nevadamagazine.com/issue/may-june-2019/10253/"> major neon sign</a> still in use. </p><p>While neon signs have mostly faded into history, one bright spot of this story is that NIST is still supporting <a href="/news-events/news/2020/08/light-bright-and-tiny-nist-scientists-build-better-nanoscale-led" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1efdd3f2-da43-4637-81d0-481ea37f3e59" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="A Light Bright and Tiny: NIST Scientists Build a Better Nanoscale LED ">innovations in lighting</a>, including the <a href="/feature-stories/why-you-need-standards/standards-success-stories" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1b4d7da0-d8ac-4502-8c54-cbc98ffc606a" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Standards Success Stories">standardization and calibration of modern lighting technologies</a>. </p>
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<div class="nist-tags">
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248416">Chemistry</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248421">Analytical chemistry</a>,
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249241">Physics</a> and
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249291">Spectroscopy</a></div>
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<h2
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class="nist-block__title"
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>Related posts</h2>
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<div><div class="js-view-dom-id-ff2ddaec2134ef40b8965f98229c0876a12437f5f609783e3e2dd3402d9d467e">
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<article
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/robots-and-ai-are-working-together-bring-you-better-medicines-shampoo-and-more" class="nist-teaser"
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/robots-and-ai-are-working-together-bring-you-better-medicines-shampoo-and-more" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/12/18/peter_beaucage_afl_equipment_121024.jpg?itok=CdxapNjs" width="100" height="67" alt="Peter Beaucage wears safety glasses as he stands in the lab, holding a piece of equipment on display. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<header>
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/robots-and-ai-are-working-together-bring-you-better-medicines-shampoo-and-more"><span>Robots and AI Are Working Together to Bring You Better Medicines, Shampoo and More</span>
|
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</a></h3>
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-01-15T12:00:00Z">January 15, 2025</time>
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</header>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Products you use every day are carefully formulated in a lab. Experts at NIST are now working to revolutionize how those products are made.
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<article
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/talk-nisty-me-when-everyday-words-take-different-meanings-measurement-science" class="nist-teaser"
|
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/talk-nisty-me-when-everyday-words-take-different-meanings-measurement-science" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/07/03/DSC_5319_web.jpg?itok=BmpD3FoJ" width="100" height="67" alt="A researcher wearing a lab coat uses tongs to place a silvery sphere into a large scientific device as another researcher looks on. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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</a>
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<header>
|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/talk-nisty-me-when-everyday-words-take-different-meanings-measurement-science"><span>Talk NISTy to Me: When Everyday Words Take On Different Meanings in Measurement Science</span>
|
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</a></h3>
|
|||
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-12-04T12:00:00Z">December 4, 2024</time>
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</div>
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</header>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Words that have common meanings have different definitions in the world of measurement science.
|
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</div>
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<article
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/nist-researchers-measure-greenhouse-gases-during-solar-eclipse" class="nist-teaser"
|
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/nist-researchers-measure-greenhouse-gases-during-solar-eclipse" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/05/09/NIST_researchers_solar_eclipse%20%281%29.jpg?itok=MUO1yqfR" width="100" height="75" alt="Four people sitting outside on a green tarp wear eclipse glasses as they peer up into the sky. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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</a>
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<header>
|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/nist-researchers-measure-greenhouse-gases-during-solar-eclipse"><span>NIST Researchers Measure Greenhouse Gases During the Solar Eclipse</span>
|
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|
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</a></h3>
|
|||
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|
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
|||
|
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-06-05T12:00:00Z">June 5, 2024</time>
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</header>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
|||
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Check out some of the things happening at NIST during the past few months through the lens of social media.
|
|||
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</div>
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<h2
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class="nist-block__title"
|
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>Comments</h2>
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