1545 lines
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Saving Lives by Making Upholstered Furniture More Resistant to Fire</h1>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2022-02-09T12:00:00Z">February 9, 2022</time>
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<span>By: </span>
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/mauro-zammarano" hreflang="en">Mauro Zammarano</a>
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2022/02/07/IMG_9262.JPG?itok=OTs_cRCH" data-media-id="634001">
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<img alt="A couch is in flames in a mocked-up room inside a large fire testing facility. " height="4000" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/2022/02/07/IMG_9262.JPG" typeof="foaf:Image" width="6000">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Inside a NIST fire research laboratory, an upholstered couch burns while sensors track the heat and smoke produced. <div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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NIST
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<p>Fires that begin on upholstered furniture such as sofas are the leading cause of home fire fatalities in the United States, accounting for about <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2874">600 deaths per year</a>. They are not as frequent as cooking fires, but they are about 14 times more likely to result in death than other home fires. </p><p>Since my days as a graduate student, I have devoted my research life to the cutting-edge science that can help reduce these fires and make our homes safer.</p><p>I grew up in Italy. One night when I was 5 years old, lightning struck the antenna atop my condo building and a fire started in the kitchen. In Italy, fire alarms were not widely in use at the time. Luckily, however, a neighbor noticed the smoke coming out from the door in the middle of the night and woke up my parents. My parents were able to extinguish the fire just before it reached the liquid propane cylinder in the kitchen. This frightening experience drew me toward fire research.</p><p>Almost two decades later, in 2003, I was a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Trieste in Italy visiting the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the first time. What was supposed to be a few months of enriching experience as a guest scientist became a long-lasting career at NIST, which has a major program in fire safety research.</p><h2>Setting Up Barriers to Fire</h2><p>When I first visited NIST in 2003 as a Ph.D. student, I was investigating the use of fire retardants based on what are known as non-halogenated chemicals. In this realm, I pioneered the preparation of self-extinguishing materials, which were polymer nanocomposites containing a material called layered double hydroxides (LDHs). LDHs are a family of layered crystals whose individual layers are less than 1 nanometer thick. Inorganic hydroxides and nanocomposite materials already have excellent fire-retardant properties, and we modified the LDH surface chemically so that it also became intumescent, meaning that it swelled up when heated, further suppressing the spread of fire.</p><p>As I made the transformation from guest researcher to NIST staff member, I found other areas of professional satisfaction beyond fire research. I enjoyed working in an international and multiethnic environment. I joined and then became the president of NIST’s guest researcher association, an association promoting networking between national and foreign guest scientists at NIST.</p><p>Fast forward a few years, and I became the leader of a project aiming to reduce the flammability of upholstered furniture. The majority of deadly furniture fires start with smoldering ignition, often from cigarettes. To help prevent these fires from occurring, regulators have historically focused on tests designed to assess and improve the ability of upholstered residential furniture to resist ignition from cigarettes. NIST has had a leading role in developing smoldering tests since the 1970s, beginning with the pioneering work of researcher J.J. Loftus, who developed miniature mock-ups of furniture to investigate smoldering in upholstered items. </p><p>Independent of ignition source, most furniture fire deaths occur because of flaming fires, often after there is a transition from smoldering to flaming. Unfortunately, there is no U.S. regulation that limits furniture flammability. This is in part due to a strong public backlash against chemical flame retardants, which have been used to reduce upholstered furniture’s flammability. Certain types of fire retardants have shown possible adverse effects on human health and the environment. As a result, several states in the U.S. have introduced regulations limiting the use of flame retardants in furniture. </p><p>To prevent furniture fires, I have been investigating a different kind of technology, known as fire-barrier fabrics. They aren’t based on chemicals or nanoparticles. Instead, as their name indicates, they are fabrics, usually intrinsically fire-resistant fibers, specifically designed to protect
|
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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<div data-copyright="Yes" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2022/02/07/Picture%20%28002%29.png?itok=D0pDCXO5" data-media-id="634006">
|
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<img alt="Three photos show the Cube testing process for an upholstered furniture sample." height="1611" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/2022/02/07/Picture%20%28002%29.png" typeof="foaf:Image" width="2343">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Snapshots of a representative upholstered furniture sample displaying some characteristic stages of combustion in the Cube test: wide view of the test setup few seconds after ignition (A); bottom view of the test setup about 50 seconds after the appearance of liquid products percolating through the fire barrier (B); bottom view of the test setup after the formation of a pool fire underneath the specimen (C).<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
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NIST
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<p>Preliminary testing comparing the performance of fire barriers at full scale and in the Cube test showed that the Cube test was a <a href="/publications/fire-performance-upholstery-materials-correlation-between-cube-test-and-full-scale" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fb06ffcd-67a9-4023-a666-dab099b37db7" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Fire Performance of Upholstery Materials: Correlation between Cube Test and Full-Scale Chair Mock-Ups">good simulation</a> of a full-scale fire. Currently, the Cube test is being standardized by ASTM International.</p><p>I look forward to when fire barriers are used in residential upholstered furniture. I think they will make a difference in reducing residential home fires. I’m glad to have had the opportunity to participate in creating them, and I hope our new test method makes it easier for manufacturers to consider incorporating them into upholstered furniture. I believe this new test, and my fire research activities in general, have the potential to save lives. This is what makes my work at NIST so special and gratifying.</p>
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248586">Fire</a>,
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2746901">Fire dynamics and science</a>,
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248606">Fire risk reduction</a>,
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248611">Materials flammability</a>,
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248946">Materials</a> and
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249461">Public safety</a></div>
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<h2
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>About the author</h2>
|
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<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden entity-reference">
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<article
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/mauro-zammarano" class="nist-teaser"
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/mauro-zammarano" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/02/07/HeadShot.JPG?itok=2oAfAasF" width="86" height="100" alt="Mauro Zammarano poses outdoors for a head shot. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
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<header>
|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/mauro-zammarano"><span>Mauro Zammarano</span>
|
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</a></h3>
|
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</header>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
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<div class="text-with-summary"><p>Mauro Zammarano is a materials research engineer in the Fire Research Division at NIST. Before permanently joining NIST, he received a Ph.D. in engineering and materials science from University of Trieste in Italy, was a postdoc at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, and was an assistant professor at American University. He is currently the leader of the Reduced Flammability Furniture Project at NIST. Outside of NIST, Mauro enjoys traveling, photography and growing “deadly” carnivorous plants.</p></div>
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class="views-element-container nist-block no-print"
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>
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<h2
|
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class="nist-block__title"
|
|||
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>Related posts</h2>
|
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<div><div class="js-view-dom-id-4002bf927e2e176d7a17f74586fc250c2b82b06be47984d6ed12646c2eaea224">
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<article
|
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/drones-disaster-zones-how-advanced-3d-mapping-technology-can-help-first" class="nist-teaser"
|
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/drones-disaster-zones-how-advanced-3d-mapping-technology-can-help-first" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2025/01/06/judges_watching_drone_compeition_012925.jpg?itok=2msUHID6" width="100" height="67" alt="Four men are protected by a net structure as they look away from the camera toward a drone flying in a large high-ceilinged room with street signs on the walls." typeof="foaf:Image" />
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</a>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
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<header>
|
|||
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/drones-disaster-zones-how-advanced-3d-mapping-technology-can-help-first"><span>Drones in Disaster Zones: How Advanced 3D Mapping Technology Can Help First Responders Save Lives</span>
|
|||
|
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</a></h3>
|
|||
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-01-29T12:00:00Z">January 29, 2025</time>
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</div>
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</div>
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</header>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
|||
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<div class="text-with-summary"> NIST is working to help emergency workers have more information in a crisis by encouraging the development of advanced drones at an affordable price.
|
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</div>
|
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<article
|
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/speeding-wheels-justice-how-nist-resources-can-help-crime-labs-work-faster" class="nist-teaser"
|
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>
|
|||
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/speeding-wheels-justice-how-nist-resources-can-help-crime-labs-work-faster" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/12/04/briana_lab_table_web_ready_111824jpg.jpg?itok=bgbOWjEm" width="100" height="76" alt="Briana Capistran wears safety glasses as she poses smiling in the lab with computers and other equipment in the background. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
|
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</a>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
|
|||
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<header>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/speeding-wheels-justice-how-nist-resources-can-help-crime-labs-work-faster"><span>Speeding Up the Wheels of Justice: How NIST Resources Can Help Crime Labs Work Faster</span>
|
|||
|
|
</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-01-08T12:00:00Z">January 8, 2025</time>
|
|||
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</div>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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</header>
|
|||
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="text-with-summary"> Forensic science is not as easy as it looks on TV. But NIST resources are helping crime labs examine evidence more efficiently — so the justice system can work
|
|||
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|
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</div>
|
|||
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|
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</article>
|
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|
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<div>
|
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|
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<article
|
|||
|
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life" class="nist-teaser"
|
|||
|
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>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/12/12/2024_EndofYearBlogPost_960x600_v1.png?itok=qqCEC65E" width="100" height="63" alt="Photos of everyday objects like an iron, a gas can and a laptop along with high-tech items like an atomic clock and a mass balance. Label reads: 10 Ways NIST Impacts Your Daily Life. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
|
|||
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|
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</a>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
|
|||
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<header>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life"><span>From Safer Skies to Fewer Fires: 10 Ways NIST Impacts Your Daily Life</span>
|
|||
|
|
</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-12-19T12:00:00Z">December 19, 2024</time>
|
|||
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|
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|
|||
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</header>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="text-with-summary"> If you’ve ever had a medical test, flown on an airplane, or needed to check the time, NIST’s work affects your life every day.
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|||
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<h2
|
|||
|
|
class="nist-block__title"
|
|||
|
|
>Comments</h2>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<section>
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
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|
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|
|||
|
|
<article data-comment-user-id="0" id="comment-105771" class="nist-comment js-comment">
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<footer class="nist-comment__info">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="submitted">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">tom ohlemiller</span></span>
|
|||
|
|
on
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__date">February 9, 2022 12:33 PM</span>
|
|||
|
|
<mark class="hidden nist-comment__new" data-comment-timestamp="1644436751"></mark>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<div class="nist-comment__permalink"><a href="#comment-105771">Permalink</a></div>
|
|||
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|
|||
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</footer>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-comment__content">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="text-long"><p>Mauro:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>I enjoyed your article. Keep up the good work and hopefully the furniture industry will become as receptive as was the mattress industry.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<ul class="links inline nist-comment__links">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="comment-reply nist-comment__link">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/comment/reply/node/1695081/comment_node_blog/105771">Reply</a></li></ul>
|
|||
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|
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|
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
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<article data-comment-user-id="0" id="comment-105986" class="nist-comment js-comment">
|
|||
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|
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|
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|
|||
|
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<p class="submitted">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Mauro Zammarano</span></span>
|
|||
|
|
on
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__date">February 21, 2022 10:32 AM</span>
|
|||
|
|
<mark class="hidden nist-comment__new" data-comment-timestamp="1645554201"></mark>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__parent">| Replied to <a href="/comment/105771#comment-105771" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" hreflang="en">Mauro:
|
|||
|
|
I enjoyed your…</a></span>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-comment__permalink"><a href="#comment-105986">Permalink</a></div>
|
|||
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|
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|
|||
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|
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|
|||
|
|
<div class="text-long"><p>Hello Tom,<br />
|
|||
|
|
thanks for your feedback.<br />
|
|||
|
|
Hopefully, we will have soon a voluntary standard to help furniture industry moving towards less flammable products.</p>
|
|||
|
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|
|||
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|
|||
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<ul class="links inline nist-comment__links">
|
|||
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<li class="comment-reply nist-comment__link">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="/comment/reply/node/1695081/comment_node_blog/105986">Reply</a></li></ul>
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
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|
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|
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|
<article data-comment-user-id="0" id="comment-105841" class="nist-comment js-comment">
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<footer class="nist-comment__info">
|
|||
|
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<p class="submitted">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">William Herderich</span></span>
|
|||
|
|
on
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__date">February 15, 2022 12:58 PM</span>
|
|||
|
|
<mark class="hidden nist-comment__new" data-comment-timestamp="1699544382"></mark>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<div class="nist-comment__permalink"><a href="#comment-105841">Permalink</a></div>
|
|||
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|
|||
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</footer>
|
|||
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|
|||
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<div class="nist-comment__content">
|
|||
|
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<div class="text-long"><p>Might want to look at FAA regs, policy, & guidance for fire safety for aircraft.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<ul class="links inline nist-comment__links">
|
|||
|
|
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|
|||
|
|
<a href="/comment/reply/node/1695081/comment_node_blog/105841">Reply</a></li></ul>
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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<div class="indented">
|
|||
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|
|||
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<article data-comment-user-id="0" id="comment-105996" class="nist-comment js-comment">
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<footer class="nist-comment__info">
|
|||
|
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<p class="submitted">
|
|||
|
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Mauro Zammarano</span></span>
|
|||
|
|
on
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__date">February 21, 2022 11:42 AM</span>
|
|||
|
|
<mark class="hidden nist-comment__new" data-comment-timestamp="1645554193"></mark>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nist-comment__parent">| Replied to <a href="/comment/105841#comment-105841" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" hreflang="en">Might want to look at FAA…</a></span>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
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|
|||
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<div class="nist-comment__permalink"><a href="#comment-105996">Permalink</a></div>
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
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<div class="text-long"><p>Hello William, thank you for your comment. Yes, fire barriers have been used for decades in aircraft seat cushions and FAA regulated their flammability in 1986 with AC 25.853-1 - Flammability Requirements for Aircraft Seat Cushions. This provides further strong supporting evidence that fire barriers are effective even in very severe test conditions.</p>
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Tina</span></span>
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on
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<span class="nist-comment__date">February 15, 2022 4:21 PM</span>
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<div class="text-long"><p>People could just buy furniture that is made from wool. It is very difficult to light wool and fire.</p>
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Mauro Zammarano</span></span>
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<span class="nist-comment__date">February 21, 2022 10:35 AM</span>
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<span class="nist-comment__parent">| Replied to <a href="/comment/105846#comment-105846" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" hreflang="en">People could just buy…</a></span>
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<div class="text-long"><p>Hello Tina,<br />
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wool is definitely harder to ignite than most natural and synthetic fibers but generally does not provide enough protection of the padding material when larger ignition sources are present.</p>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248531">Energy</option>
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