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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/highs-and-lows-studying-aftermath-one-turkeys-deadliest-earthquakes</p>
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<a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
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<a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
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<a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">The Highs and Lows of Studying the Aftermath of One of Turkey’s Deadliest Earthquakes</h1>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-11-15T12:00:00Z">November 15, 2023</time>
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<span>By: </span>
|
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/matthew-speicher" hreflang="en">Matthew Speicher</a>
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<div class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/10/16/turkey_earthquake_response_scene_092823%20%281%29.jpg?itok=QfzXXpS9" data-media-id="690246">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/2023/10/16/turkey_earthquake_response_scene_092823%20%281%29.jpg" width="2000" height="465" alt="Wide-angle photo shows two rubble-filled streets lined with damaged buildings that once housed coffeeshops and other businesses." typeof="foaf:Image">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
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|||
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M. Speicher/NIST
|
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<p>We stood at the end of an alleyway filled with large blocks of rubble. I snapped a photograph, then slid my camera back into my pocket and continued down the seemingly vacant street. </p><p>A man perched introspectively on a motorbike across the way peered in our direction with glazed eyes. </p><p>We walked by and exchanged somber greetings. He told us the alleyway was the place where his brother had died, over a month earlier, when the ground shook. </p><p>This was his first time returning to the site to pay his respects. </p><p>The photo I took a few moments before weighed heavily in my pocket. There were no words to adequately express my condolences. </p><p>This was a low. </p><p>This was day two. </p>
|
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<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/10/16/alley_in_turkey_092823.JPG.jpg?itok=_sL_j5Dx" data-media-id="690256">
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<img alt="A narrow alley, open to blue sky above, is blocked with rubble and broken iron gates." height="480" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/10/16/alley_in_turkey_092823.JPG.jpg?itok=vVKVjCp_" typeof="foaf:Image" width="360">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">This is the photo Matthew Speicher was taking when he met a man whose brother had died during the earthquake weeks earlier, in the historic old town of Antakya, Turkey. It was the first time the man had return to the site.<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
|||
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
M. Speicher/NIST
|
|||
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|
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</div></figcaption>
|
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</figure>
|
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<p>Weeks earlier, on Feb. 6, 2023, a sequence of deadly earthquakes struck south-central Turkey. More than 50,000 people died, and 100,000 buildings were damaged. </p><p>As NIST earthquake engineering researchers, Amin Hariri and I joined a team from the American Concrete Institute (ACI) to document the aftermath and collect data. It’s a different part of the world, a long flight, and a new culture. But it was an opportunity to learn something new and see how the information gathered may help better prepare for future earthquakes. </p><p>Soon after we arrived, the extent of the damage became evident. Even though we had seen the news reports, it was hard to comprehend the scale of the disaster. It felt a bit like a scene from an apocalyptic movie. </p><p>It was almost two months after the earthquake, and it seemed the recovery had only just begun. Damaged buildings filled street after street in town after town. </p><p>Some buildings stood as hollow shells of their former selves. Other buildings lay in piles of rubble. Empty lots where buildings once stood butted up against buildings that were waiting to be demolished. Many buildings had already been torn down and hauled away to ever-expanding landfills that were scattered throughout the countryside. </p><p>Workers were putting up tents and containers for temporary shelter on seemingly every piece of open land. </p><h2>Seeing Disasters Up Close </h2><p>As part of a team of researchers at NIST who deploy to collect data after disasters, I was a bit too familiar with the feeling of a heavy heart. </p><p>A few years earlier, I was in South Florida tagging broken building components after they were lifted off the pile created by the sudden and tragic partial collapse of the <a href="/disaster-failure-studies/champlain-towers-south-collapse" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ea7045d8-7824-4369-b3d3-167935b16bf7" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Champlain Towers South Collapse">Champlain Towers South</a> condominium. About 10 years before that, I was walking through the streets of Christchurch, New Zealand, after a major earthquake that would effectively shut down the central business district for years to come. </p><p>For an earthquake engineer and a researcher, the need to collect data and learn from disasters beckons. </p>
|
|||
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<figure class=" nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
|||
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/10/16/matthew%20speicher%20at%20earthquake%20scene%20092823.JPG?itok=_nDvCPg9" data-media-id="690251">
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<img alt="A man in safety gear crouches to examine a damaged wall inside a building after an earthquake. " height="662" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2023/10/16/matthew%20speicher%20at%20earthquake%20scene%20092823.JPG?itok=RjU7DgjA" typeof="foaf:Image" width="960">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Matthew Speicher inspects earthquake damage in Turkey weeks after the deadly earthquake in February 2023. <div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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NIST
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</div></figcaption>
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<p>Disaster after disaster, data is collected. Failures are studied. Reports are written. </p><p>But, as pointed out by professor, inventor and author Michael Bruneau in his 2022 book <em>The Blessings of Disaster,</em> “Countless reports ‘rest in peace’ on library shelves … [and] less fortunate others are ‘filed’ away in bankers boxes buried in archives.” </p><p>Our goal at NIST is to not only document and learn from disasters, but to also spur innovation and make recommendations that impact construction practices and help lessen the impact of the next disaster. And we have a record of doing just that.</p><p>One such example is the work done investigating the collapse of <a href="/world-trade-center-investigation/study-faqs/wtc-7-investigation" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="29975574-bf88-4689-ac40-b57d23e0ff17" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="FAQs - NIST WTC 7 Investigation">World Trade Center 7</a>. As a result of this work, NIST helped create a standard that provides guidance to keep small failures in a structure from bringing down large portions of the building. This is known as <a href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784415931">disproportionate collapse</a>. </p><p>Another example is our investigation into the impacts of the 2011 tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri, which <a href="/disaster-failure-studies/joplin-tornado-investigation-publications" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="94a7ac7f-8d97-4f38-9272-30c3035739e3" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Joplin Tornado Investigation Publications">led to improvements</a> in building codes and emergency communications. </p><p>At NIST, there is a conscientious goal to bridge the gap between research and practice — a report should not die on a shelf. </p><h2>Our Mission in Turkey</h2><p>The main focus of the ACI team was to collect building data to test an assessment methodology known as the Hassan Index. </p><p>This methodology was developed in the 1990s by Mete A. Sözen, a world-renowned Turkish-born earthquake engineering professor, and his Ph.D. student, Ahmed Hassan. Their goal was to “help identify buildings with a high probability of <a href="https://www.oas.org/CDMP/document/schools/vulnasst/aci.htm">severe damage</a>.” In other words, this methodology attempts to identify the worst of the worst. It also offers the potential to set boundaries on typical building designs in terms of minimum amount of seismic force-resisting structural walls, known as shear walls, and glean other general observations. </p><p>The ACI team had more than 40 members, including a cadre of Turkish college students. The Turkish students helped us get access to buildings, served as translators, and collected important data. </p><p>The team collected Hassan Index data from more than 240 buildings, ranging from two-story schoolhouses to 16-story residential buildings. The data collected consisted of the amount of building damage and the building’s structural properties. Generally, the more walls and columns a building had, the better it fared. </p><h2>Gathering Data on Post-Earthquake Functionality</h2><p>Each disaster is different, but they all offer lessons and reminders. </p><p>A few months after the 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake, I joined an American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) team to survey the damage. Christchurch’s downtown was closed off due to extensive damage. Even a few years later, large portions remained cordoned. Among numerous takeaways from that disaster was the importance of returning buildings to their normal function as soon as possible, known as functional recovery.</p><p>What good is a residential building if people cannot live in it? How do business centers survive and prosper if office buildings and restaurants are closed? Discussions involving resilience and functional recovery began to permeate many areas of research, practice and public policy. </p><p>The Christchurch earthquake was a remind
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<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/10/16/researchers_in_turkey_092823.JPG.jpg?itok=TPrvynKA" data-media-id="690261">
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<img alt="Two people wearing safety gear and backpacks and holding tape measures face away from the camera toward a wall with an X-shaped damaged area. " height="788" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/2023/10/16/researchers_in_turkey_092823.JPG.jpg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="1050">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">NIST researchers Amin Hariri (left) and Matthew Speicher (right) inspect shear-wall damage in Hassa, Turkey. The goal of their trip was to help prepare for future earthquakes by building resilient buildings.<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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NIST
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</div></figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>Before we left for the trip, we collaborated with our NIST colleagues Jarrod Loerzel and Siamak Sattar to develop a survey tool on our phones. This app enabled us to take photos, record audio notes, make sketches and take other notes regarding the seismic performance and recovery of a building. We collected this type of data for critical buildings, such as schools and hospitals, as well as buildings generally considered non-critical (commercial and residential). The goal was to test this new tool and gather preliminary data that may lead to recommendations for expanded studies on post-earthquake functionality. </p><p>It did not take us long to figure out that collecting functional recovery data is challenging and a bit nuanced. It often requires visiting a site over the course of weeks, months or even years and interviewing people who have knowledge of the recovery details. </p><p>In other words, you can’t just take a photo and walk around and inspect damage yourself to glean the information needed. It takes time and money to visit a site multiple times, and this earthquake reconnaissance trip was just one data point on the timeline. </p><p>We had varying success finding the right people to talk to. Not everyone who talked to us could confidently answer questions such as, “When will your business reopen?” Add in the fact that our conversations were being translated, and it was like a game of telephone. </p><p>An important takeaway was that to effectively collect building functional recovery data, local partnerships are key. For example, if a local researcher could visit a site over and over again for a period of years, they could learn valuable information we couldn’t get in one visit. This information could help do a better job of creating buildings that recover more quickly following the next big earthquake. </p><h2>The Pursuit of Better Building Codes and Practice</h2><p>In the wake of such tragedy, it seems nearly certain Turkey will have to update its policies, building codes, and design and construction practices to try to prevent such loss of life in future earthquakes. Our main focus is to improve U.S. building codes and practice, but we hope to make an impact on the international community as well. </p><p>We found instances where buildings that had no visible structural damage were slated to be demolished. How can this be? One rational reason is that Turkish buildings are typically built with unreinforced masonry infill walls. These walls are used to divide rooms and are not considered load bearing in the building’s overall structural design. For the most part, these walls did not fare well during the earthquake. Seeing damaged infill walls may have given people the impression that a building has structural damage, when in fact, this was not true. </p><p>So, while this damage was technically considered nonstructural, the result seems to be to tear it down and start over. It’s an understandable but sad outcome, given the environmental implications of buildings going into landfills and the societal implications of people losing their homes. </p><p>This gets back to some of the sentiments of the Hassan Index. This simple index promotes the idea that more walls (and columns to lesser degree) lead to better building performance. A corollary is that reduced drift (a measure of building movement) results in better performance. It’s not surprising that the less a building moves during an earthquake, the less damage it receives. </p><p>Other building materials could be the answer. Light-frame construction (cold-formed steel or wood) is used widely in the U.S. to create partition walls and facades. These types of partitions weigh substantially less than masonry infill and present less of a falling hazard. </p><p>Whether different materials are used in the rebuilding process in Turkey is yet to be seen. These concepts of using the Hassan Index to quickly identify vulnerable buildings, reducing drifts via more walls and columns, and
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<div class="nist-tags">
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248371">Buildings and Construction</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248376">Building codes and standards</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248386">Building damage and repair</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248396">Building materials</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248411">Structural engineering</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2748236">Infrastructure</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248946">Materials</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248961">Concrete / cement</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249456">Resilience</a> and
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248466">Earthquake risk reduction</a></div>
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<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden entity-reference">
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<article
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/matthew-speicher" class="nist-teaser"
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>
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/matthew-speicher" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/04/19/Headshot_Speicher.jpg?itok=uj1nJ0wn" width="75" height="100" alt="Speicher" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
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<header>
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/matthew-speicher"><span>Matthew Speicher</span>
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</a></h3>
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</header>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
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<div class="text-with-summary"><p>Matthew Speicher is a research structural engineer in the Earthquake Engineering Group at NIST. His research seeks to advance earthquake resilience through improved building codes and standards. Prior to joining NIST in 2010, Matthew earned his Ph.D. from Georgia Institute of Technology investigating the use of shape memory alloys in buildings.</p></div>
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>Related posts</h2>
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<div><div class="js-view-dom-id-bea9cd5040cc44b3d2d1f892e17a14d8bb1bdf87628d114d538d84b9d0a3a7af">
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<article
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/insulation-melts-your-walls-and-could-reduce-your-energy-costs" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2025/01/30/jae_hyun_kim_portrait_012125.JPG?itok=JlrBhtoT" width="100" height="67" alt="A researcher in a lab coat and safety glasses poses next to a large piece of lab equipment." typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/insulation-melts-your-walls-and-could-reduce-your-energy-costs"><span>The Insulation That Melts in Your Walls — and Could Reduce Your Energy Costs</span>
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</a></h3>
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-02-26T12:00:00Z">February 26, 2025</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Wherever humans go, we take some form of insulation with us to keep us at just the right temperature. But just because the idea is old doesn’t mean that there
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<article
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/drones-disaster-zones-how-advanced-3d-mapping-technology-can-help-first" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2025/01/06/judges_watching_drone_compeition_012925.jpg?itok=2msUHID6" width="100" height="67" alt="Four men are protected by a net structure as they look away from the camera toward a drone flying in a large high-ceilinged room with street signs on the walls." typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/drones-disaster-zones-how-advanced-3d-mapping-technology-can-help-first"><span>Drones in Disaster Zones: How Advanced 3D Mapping Technology Can Help First Responders Save Lives</span>
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</a></h3>
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-01-29T12:00:00Z">January 29, 2025</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> NIST is working to help emergency workers have more information in a crisis by encouraging the development of advanced drones at an affordable price.
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<article
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life" class="nist-teaser"
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/12/12/2024_EndofYearBlogPost_960x600_v1.png?itok=qqCEC65E" width="100" height="63" alt="Photos of everyday objects like an iron, a gas can and a laptop along with high-tech items like an atomic clock and a mass balance. Label reads: 10 Ways NIST Impacts Your Daily Life. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life"><span>From Safer Skies to Fewer Fires: 10 Ways NIST Impacts Your Daily Life</span>
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</a></h3>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-12-19T12:00:00Z">December 19, 2024</time>
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<div class="text-with-summary"> If you’ve ever had a medical test, flown on an airplane, or needed to check the time, NIST’s work affects your life every day.
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<h2
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|
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>Comments</h2>
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<option>-- Choose --</option>
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249466">Advanced communications</option>
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|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248561">Environment</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248586">Fire</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248616">Forensic Science</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248651">Health</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249421">Information technology</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2748236">Infrastructure</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248866">Manufacturing</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248946">Materials</option>
|
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|
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|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249126">Nanotechnology</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249451">Neutron research</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249426">Performance excellence</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249241">Physics</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249461">Public safety</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249456">Resilience</option>
|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249341">Standards</option>
|
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|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2813456">Technology transfer</option>
|
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|
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<option data-url="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/249396">Transportation</option>
|
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</select>
|
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</div>
|
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</section>
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