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</div><div><span>Chronic granulomatous disease</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Chronic granulomatous disease</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder in which certain immune system cells do not function properly. This leads to repeated and severe infections.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>In CGD, immune system cells called phagocytes are unable to kill some types of bacteria and fungi. This disorder leads to long-term (<a test="test" href="./002312.htm">chronic</a>) and repeated (recurrent) infections. The condition is often discovered very early in childhood. Milder forms may be diagnosed during the teenage years, or even in adulthood.</p><p>Risk factors include a family history of recurrent or chronic infections.</p><p>About half of CGD cases are passed down through families as a <a test="test" href="./002051.htm">sex-linked recessive trait</a>. This means that boys are more likely to get the disorder than girls. The defective gene is carried on the X chromosome. Boys have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome. If a boy has an X chromosome with the defective gene, he may inherit this condition. Girls have 2 X chromosomes. If a girl has 1 X chromosome with the defective gene, the other X chromosome may have a working gene to make up for it. A girl must inherit the defective X gene from each parent in order to have the disease.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>CGD can cause many types of skin infections that are hard to treat, including:</p><ul><li>Blisters or sores on the face (impetigo)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000853.htm">Eczema</a></li><li>Growths filled with pus (abscesses)</li><li>Pus-filled lumps in the skin (boils)</li></ul><p>CGD can also cause:</p><ul><li>Persistent diarrhea</li><li><a test="test" href="./003097.htm">Swollen lymph nodes</a> in the neck</li><li>Lung infections, such as pneumonia or lung <a test="test" href="./001353.htm">abscess</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>The health care provider will do an examination and may find:</p><ul><li>Liver swelling</li><li>Spleen swelling</li><li>Swollen lymph nodes</li></ul><p>There may be signs of a bone infection, which may affect many bones.</p><p>Tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003833.htm">Bone scan</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003804.htm">Chest x-ray</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</li><li>Flow cytometry tests to help confirm the disease</li><li>Genetic testing to confirm the diagnosis</li><li>Test of white blood cell function</li><li>Tissue <a test="test" href="./003416.htm">biopsy</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by this condition. Chronic use of antibiotics may prevent infections. A medicine called interferon-gamma may also help reduce the number of severe infections. Surgery may be needed to treat some abscesses.</p><p>The only cure for CGD is a bone marrow or stem cell transplant.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Long-term antibiotic treatments may help reduce infections, but early death can occur from repeated lung infections.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>CGD may cause these complications: </p><ul><li>Bone damage and infections</li><li>Chronic infections in the nose</li><li>Pneumonia that keeps coming back and is hard to cure</li><li>Lung damage</li><li>Skin damage</li><li>Swollen lymph nodes that stay swollen, occur often, or form abscesses that need surgery to drain them</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>If you or your child has this condition and you suspect pneumonia or another infection, contact your provider right away.</p><p>Tell your provider if a lung, skin, or other infection does not respond to treatment.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p><a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000510.htm">Genetic counseling</a> is recommended if you are planning to have children and you have a family history of this disease. Advances in genetic screening and increasing use of <a test="test" href="./003406.htm">chorionic villus sampling</a> (a test that may be done during a woman's 10th to 12th week of pregnancy) have made early detection of CGD possible.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>CGD; Fatal granulomatosis of childhood; Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood; Progressive septic granulomatosis; Phagocyte deficiency - chronic granulomatous disease</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Cunningham-Rundles C. Primary immunodeficiency diseases. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 236.</p><p>Holland SM, Uzel G. Neutrophils and neutrophil disorders. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Schroeder HW, Weyand CM, Corry DB, Puck JM, eds. <em>Clinical Immunology</em>. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 39.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 12/4/2022</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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