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</div><div><span>Shigellosis</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Shigellosis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Shigellosis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the intestines. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>There are several types of Shigella bacteria, including:</p><ul><li><em>Shigella sonnei</em>, also called "group D" Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States.</li><li><em>Shigella flexneri</em>, or "group B" Shigella, causes almost all other cases.</li><li><em>Shigella dysenteriae,</em> or "group A" Shigella is rare in the United States. However, it can lead to deadly outbreaks in developing countries. </li></ul><p>People infected with the bacteria release it into their stool. They can spread the bacteria to water or food, or directly to another person. Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection.</p><p>Outbreaks of shigellosis are linked to poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, and crowded living conditions.</p><p>Shigellosis is common among travelers in developing countries and workers or residents in refugee camps.</p><p>In the United States, the condition is most commonly seen in daycare centers and places where groups of people live, such as nursing homes.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms often develop about 1 to 7 days (average 3 days) after coming into contact with the bacteria.</p><p>Symptoms include:</p><ul><li>Acute (sudden) <a test="test" href="./003120.htm">abdominal pain</a> or cramping</li><li>Acute fever</li><li><a test="test" href="./003130.htm">Blood, mucus, or pus in the stool</a></li><li>Crampy rectal pain</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li>Watery and bloody diarrhea</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>If you have symptoms of shigellosis, your health care provider will check for:</p><ul><li>Dehydration (not enough fluids in your body) with a fast heart rate and low blood pressure</li><li>Abdominal tenderness</li><li>Elevated level of white blood cells in the blood</li><li><a test="test" href="./003758.htm">Stool culture</a>
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to check for the presence of the bacteria</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The goal of treatment is to replace fluids and <a test="test" href="./002350.htm">electrolytes</a> (salt and minerals) that are lost in diarrhea and stop the infection with antibiotics.</p><p>Medicines that stop diarrhea are generally not given because they can cause the infection to take longer to go away.</p><p>Self-care measures to avoid <a test="test" href="./000982.htm">dehydration</a> include drinking electrolyte solutions to replace the fluids lost by diarrhea. Several types of electrolyte solutions are available over-the-counter (without a prescription).</p><p>Antibiotics can help shorten the length of the illness. These medicines also help prevent the illness from spreading to others in group living or daycare settings. They may also be prescribed for people with severe symptoms.</p><p>If you have diarrhea and cannot drink fluids by mouth because of severe nausea, you may need medical care and <a test="test" href="./002383.htm">intravenous</a> (IV) fluids. This is more common in small children who have shigellosis.</p><p>People who take diuretics ("water pills") may need to stop taking these medicines if they have <a test="test" href="./002215.htm">acute</a> Shigella enteritis. Never stop taking any medicine without first talking to your provider.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>The infection can be mild and goes away on its own. Most people, except malnourished children and those with weakened immune systems, typically recover fully.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include: </p><ul><li>Dehydration, severe</li><li><a test="test" href="./000510.htm">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a> (HUS), a form of kidney failure with anemia and clotting problems</li><li><a test="test" href="./000440.htm">Reactive arthritis</a></li></ul><p>About 1 in 10 children (under age 15) with severe Shigella enteritis develop nervous system problems. These may include <a test="test" href="./000980.htm">febrile seizures</a> (also called a "fever fit") when body temperature rises quickly and the child has seizures. A brain disease (encephalopathy) with headache, <a test="test" href="./003088.htm">lethargy</a>, <a test="test" href="./003205.htm">confusion</a>, and stiff neck can also develop.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if diarrhea does not improve, if there is blood in the stool, or if there are signs of dehydration.</p><p>Go to the emergency room if these symptoms occur in a person with shigellosis:</p><ul><li><div>Confusion</div></li><li><div>Headache with stiff neck</div></li><li><div>Lethargy</div></li><li><div>Seizures</div></li></ul><p>These symptoms are most common in children.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Prevention includes properly handling, storing, and preparing food, and good personal hygiene. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent shigellosis. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Shigella gastroenteritis; Shigella enteritis; Enteritis - shigella; Gastroenteritis - shigella; Traveler's diarrhea - shigellosis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Fleckenstein JM. Approach to the patient with suspected enteric infection. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 262.</p><p>Kotloff KL. Acute gastroenteritis in children. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 387.</p><p>Lima AAM, Warren CA, Guerrant RL. Acute dysentery syndromes (diarrhea with fever). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 99.</p><p>MacLennan CA. Shigellosis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 285.</p><p>Melia JMP, Sears CL. Infectious enteritis and proctocolitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 110.</p></div></div></section>
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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