850 lines
39 KiB
HTML
850 lines
39 KiB
HTML
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!doctype html>
|
||
<html lang="en">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
|
||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
|
||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/>
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
||
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@100;300;400;500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.0.10/css/all.css" integrity="sha384-+d0P83n9kaQMCwj8F4RJB66tzIwOKmrdb46+porD/OvrJ+37WqIM7UoBtwHO6Nlg" crossorigin="anonymous">
|
||
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" title="The Dublin Core metadata Element Set" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/home_assets/uswds/css/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
<title>Number of Authors per MEDLINE/PubMed Citation</title>
|
||
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" title="The Dublin Core metadata Element Set" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Number of Authors per MEDLINE®/PubMed® Citation" />
|
||
|
||
<meta name="DC.Subject.Keyword" content="medline author statistics" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="U.S. National Library of Medicine" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="2002-07-02" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="2024-05-17" />
|
||
<meta name="NLMDC.Date.LastReviewed" content="2023-05-27" />
|
||
<meta name="NLM.Contact.Email" content="NLMUSCDHDSCVSWeb@mail.nih.gov" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Procedures" />
|
||
<meta name="NLM.Permanence.Level" content="Permanence Not Guaranteed" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Public Domain" />
|
||
<meta name="DC.Language" content="eng" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style type ="text/css">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
p.my_style
|
||
|
||
{
|
||
|
||
text-align: center;
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Google Tag Manager --><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push(
|
||
{'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}
|
||
);var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MT6MLL');</script>
|
||
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
|
||
<noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MT6MLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="googletagmanager"></iframe></noscript>
|
||
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
|
||
<!-- TOP NAV -->
|
||
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner site-banner" aria-label="Official government website">
|
||
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
||
<header class="usa-banner__header">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__inner">
|
||
<div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"/> </div>
|
||
<div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto">
|
||
<p class="usa-banner__header-text"> An official website of the United States government </p>
|
||
<p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true"> Here’s how you know </p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner">
|
||
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"/>
|
||
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
|
||
<p> <strong> Official websites use .gov </strong> <br />
|
||
A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government
|
||
organization in the United States. </p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"/>
|
||
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
|
||
<p> <strong> Secure .gov websites use HTTPS </strong> <br />
|
||
A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewBox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title-default banner-lock-description-default" focusable="false">
|
||
<title id="banner-lock-title-default">Lock</title>
|
||
<desc id="banner-lock-description-default">A locked padlock</desc>
|
||
<path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- HEADER -->
|
||
<header id="siteheader" class="usa-header usa-header--basic">
|
||
<div class="usa-nav-container tablet:padding-x-4 mobile-lg:padding-x-2 padding-y-1">
|
||
<div class="grid-row padding-y-105">
|
||
<div class="grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-4 tablet-lg:grid-col-4 tablet:grid-col-6"> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/"> <img src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/NLM_White.png" alt="NLM logo" class="logo margin-top-1"> </a> </div>
|
||
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 desktop:grid-offset-4 tablet-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-offset-2 tablet:grid-col-6 grid-col-12">
|
||
<form class="usa-search desktop:margin-top-2 tablet:margin-top-2 mobile:margin-top-1" role="search" data-gtm-form-interact-id="0" method="get" action="//vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta" target="_self" name="searchForm" id="searchForm2">
|
||
<input class="usa-input ui-autocomplete-input" aria-label="Search" type="search" name="query" data-gtm-form-interact-field-id="0" id="search2" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search NLM" >
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="nlm-main-website">
|
||
<button class="usa-button border border-top border-bottom border-right border-white" role="button" aria-label="Search" type="submit"> <span class="usa-search__submit-text"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </span> </button>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="bg-secondary insertCOOP">
|
||
<div class="usa-nav-container">
|
||
<div class="usa-navbar ">
|
||
<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
|
||
<button class="usa-nav__close"><img src="https://assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/img/close.svg" alt="close"></button>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion insertNav">
|
||
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
|
||
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-one"> <span>Products and Services <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i> </span> </button>
|
||
<ul id="basic-nav-section-one" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//eresources.nlm.nih.gov/nlm_eresources/"><span>All Products and Services</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//clinicaltrials.gov/"><span>ClinicalTrials.gov</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//collections.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>Digital Collections</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//catalog.nlm.nih.gov"><span>LocatorPlus Catalog</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search"><span>Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//medlineplus.gov/"><span>MedlinePlus</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>PubMed/MEDLINE</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts/"><span>Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)</span></a> </li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
|
||
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-two"> <span> Resources for You <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i></span> </button>
|
||
<ul id="basic-nav-section-two" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/researchers.html"><span>For Researchers</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/publishers.html "><span>For Publishers</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/librarians.html"><span>For Librarians</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/training.html "><span>For Educators/Trainers </span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/healthcare.html"><span>For Health care Professionals</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/portals/public.html "><span>For the Public</span></a> </li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
|
||
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-three"> <span>Explore NLM <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i> </span> </button>
|
||
<ul id="basic-nav-section-three" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/about/index.html"><span>About the Library</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/about/visitor.html"><span>Visit the Library</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/hmd/index.html"><span>History of Medicine</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/about/org.html"><span>NLM by Organization</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/news/newsandevents.html"><span>News, Events, and Updates</span></a> </li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item desktop-lg:margin-x-5 desktop:margin-x-3 tablet:margin-x-0">
|
||
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-nav-section-four"> <span> Grants and Research <i class="fas fa-caret-down margin-left-05"></i> </span> </button>
|
||
<ul id="basic-nav-section-four" class="usa-nav__submenu bg-secondary" hidden="">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/ep/index.html"><span>NLM Extramural Programs</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/research/index.html"><span>NLM Intramural Research Program</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>National Center for Biotechnology Information</span></a> </li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="//lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/"><span>Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications</span></a> </li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- End of TOP NAV -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Breadcrumbs -->
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
<nav class="usa-breadcrumb usa-breadcrumb--wrap padding-top-1" aria-label="Breadcrumbs">
|
||
<ol class="usa-breadcrumb__list">
|
||
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"><a href="/index.html" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Home</span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"><a href="/bsd/pmresources.html" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>MEDLINE/PubMed Resources</span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- End Breadcrumbs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<main class="padding-bottom-5" id="main">
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-col">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="h1">Number of Authors per MEDLINE®/PubMed® Citation</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div style="float: right; width: 18%;">
|
||
<figure><a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/"><img style="width: 100%;" src="/bsd/pubmed_logo.png" alt="PubMed logo" /></a>
|
||
<figcaption style="font-size: small; text-align: center;"><a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">Go to PubMed</a></figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p>Citations may contain personal author and/or collective (group or corporate) author names*. As illustrated by the following graph, the number of personal authors per citation has risen steadily since 1950.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="my_style"><img src="stats/auth1.png" alt="Graph of personal and corporate author number trends from 1950 to 2023" /></p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
|
||
<h5>
|
||
*The data presented on this Web page were extracted from the 2023 <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/baselinestats.html" target="_blank">Statistical Reports on MEDLINE<span class="registered">®</span>/PubMed<span class="registered">®</span> Baseline Data</a> (choose the Baseline Including OLDMEDLINE Records Excel option), which include detailed statistics on all data elements in the baseline database. The baseline contains all completed records in PubMed at the end of the NLM 2022 production year, which occurred in January, after the global updating for the new year of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings).
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--**removed this section per Sara's request to reflect stats data retrieved not limited to MEDLINE [sb] **
|
||
|
||
Publication Year 2016 is not yet complete and fewer than three dozen citations with Publication Year 2017 are included in the All category. The baseline files exclude PubMed records identified as "in process" or "as supplied by publisher" (approx. 4% of the total).
|
||
|
||
**-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
Note that very few citations from 1966-2000 contain collective author data (see #<a href="#collective">3</a>, below).
|
||
</h5>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2>Personal Author Counts</h2>
|
||
|
||
<table class="usa-table">
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Publication Dates</th>
|
||
<th>Total Number Records</th>
|
||
<th>Records with Personal Author Information</th>
|
||
<th>Personal Author Occurrences</th>
|
||
<th>Average # Personal Author Occurrence</th>
|
||
<th>Maximum # Personal Author Occurrence</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>All </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,960,700</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,218,945</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">150,368,250</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4.39</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;"> 5,154</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2020-2023*</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,581,533</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,537,573</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">28,972,185</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">6.38</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,959</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2015-2019</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,734,130</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,659,731</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">33,319,720</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5.89</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,154</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2010-2014</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,682,383</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,635,593</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">24,036,330</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5.19</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,172</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2005-2009 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,589,706</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,543,064</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">16,287,408</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4.60</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">926</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2000-2004 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,838,537</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,784,353</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">11,434,849</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4.11</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">900</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1995-1999 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,332,909</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,280,869</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">8,550,588</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3.75</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;"> 631</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1990-1994 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,106,745</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,057,851</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">6,973,436</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3.39</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">108</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1985-1989 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,842,845</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,797,053</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,619,463</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3.13</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">77</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1980-1984 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,487,474</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,450,157</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,081,520</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2.81</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1975-1979 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,321,033</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,281,032</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,181,150</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2.48</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>pre-1975 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,443,132</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,191,669</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">7,911,601</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.89</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">37<br /></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Collective Name (Group or Corporate Author) Counts</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table class="usa-table">
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Publication Dates</th>
|
||
<th>Total Number Records</th>
|
||
<th>Records with Collective Name Information</th>
|
||
<th>Collective Name Occurrences</th>
|
||
<th>Average # Collective Name Occurrence</th>
|
||
<th>Maximum # Collective Name Occurrence</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>All </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,960,700</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">268,896</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">294,238</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.09</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,152
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2020-2023*</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,581,533</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">36,730</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">40,463</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.10</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1152</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2015-2019</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,734,130</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">71,959</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">77,698</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.08</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">163</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2010-2014</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,682,383</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">56,159</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">61,924</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.10</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">17</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2005-2009 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,589,706</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">43,266</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">47,935</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.11</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">29</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>2000-2004 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,838,537</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">27,367</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">29,588</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.08</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1995-1999 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,332,909</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,011</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;"> 2,060</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.02</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1990-1994 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,106,745</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,108<br /></td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,147<br /></td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.02</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">16</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1985-1989 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,842,845</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,335</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,389</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.02</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1980-1984 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,487,747</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,776</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,821</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.03</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>1975-1979 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,321,033</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">915</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">919</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.00</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>pre-1975 </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">4,443,132</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,813</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2,817</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1.00</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">2<br /></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2>Summary</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table class="usa-table">
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th style="text-align:center;">Summary of Personal Author and Collective Name Counts</th>
|
||
<th style="text-align:center;">Total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,960,700</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Personal Author</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,218,945</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Collective Name</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">268,896</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Personal Author and/or Collective Name</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,260,427</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with no Personal Author</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">741,755</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with no Collective Name</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34,691,804</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Personal Author(s), no Collective Name</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">33,991,531</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Collective Name(s), no Personal Author</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">41,482</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Personal Authors Occurrences</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">150,368,250</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Largest Personal Authors Count (PMID 27770180)</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,154</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Collective Names Occurrences</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">294,238</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Largest Collective Names Count (PMID 30236235)</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">1,152</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Personal Author and/or Collective Name Occurrences</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">150,662,488</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Largest Combined Personal Author/Collective Name Count (PMID 27770180)</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">5,156</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Author Identifiers</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,016,878</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td> ORCID</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">3,016,878</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Personal Authors Occurrences with Author Identifiers</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">6,846,668</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td> ORCID</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">6,846,710</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Number of Citations with Investigator Identifiers</td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:right;">34</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p></p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- **per Lou, 4/12/2012, this paragraph being replaced by paragraph below**
|
||
|
||
<p>The data in the charts and summary above were extracted from the 2012 <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/baselinestats.html">Statistical Reports on MEDLINE/PubMed Baseline Data</a>, which include detailed statistics on number of occurrences and byte size of all data elements in the baseline database.</p>
|
||
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<font size="1"><strong>
|
||
*The data presented on this Web page were extracted from the 2012 <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/baselinestats.html">Statistical Reports on MEDLINE<span class="registered">®</span>/PubMed<span class="registered">®</span> Baseline Data</a> (choose the Baseline Including OLDMEDLINE Records Excel option), which include detailed statistics on all data elements in the baseline database. The baseline contains all completed records in PubMed at the end of the NLM 2011 production year, which occurred in mid-November, after the global updating for the new year of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Publication Year 2011 is not yet complete and a few hundred citations with Publication Year 2012 are included. The baseline files exclude PubMed records identified as "in process" or "as supplied by publisher" (approx. 4% of the total). Note that very few citations from 1966-2000 contain collective author data (see #8, below).</strong></font>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Please note that the policy related to author names in MEDLINE has changed over time:</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Number of personal authors:
|
||
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>For citations created from 1966-1983 October, NLM included all authors.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>For citations created from October 29, 1983, personal authors were limited to a maximum of 10.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Effective with 1996 date of publication, the personal author limit was raised to a maximum of 25 (i.e., the first 24 and the last author; author #25 up to the last author were omitted).<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Effective with 2000 date of publication, the personal author limit was removed.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Beginning in mid-2005, the various policy restrictions on number of authors entered in past years were lifted so that, on an individual basis, a record may be edited to include all author names present in the published article, regardless of the limitations in effect at the time the record was first created.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Format of personal author names:
|
||
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Until about 2002 date of publication, author forenames (first and middle names) are initials only. See the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/jf01/jf01_pubmed_2001.html"><em>January-February 2001</em></a> and <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd01/nd01_2002_medline_data_changes.html"><em>November-December 2001 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a> articles.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Effective with 2002 date of publication, full personal author names (including full first and middle names) are routinely included in the records. Some NLM data creation partners entered full personal author names prior to this date as well. See the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/mj05/mj05_full_author.html"><em>May-June 2005 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a> article.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a name="collective"></a>Collective Names (also known as corporate names or group names):
|
||
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Until the 2001 indexing year (that started in mid-November 2000), collective (group or corporate) author information was added to the end of the article title where it remains for those retrospective records. As encountered, these records may be maintained to move the collective name to the collective author field. Note: Citations prior to 1966, in general, have no indication of collective author unless they were created by NLM data creation partners. Citations from 1966-2000 with collective author field data are generally those created by NLM data creation partners, and are very few in number and typically in the population or ethics subject areas.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>From 2001 to April 2006, the collective (group or corporate) name was the last occurrence in the author field, as a separate data element after any personal authors. See the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ma03/ma03_2003_pubmed_changes.html"><em>March-April 2003 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a> article.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Effective May 2006, the collective author is retained in the order of all authors found in the byline of the published article. See the <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/mj06/mj06_corp_author.html"><em>May-June 2006 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a> article for details.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Collaborators (also known as investigators):
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Effective in late March 2008 for 2008 date of publication, NLM introduced the individual names associated with group authors. These study collaborators (investigators) had a role in the research but were not necessarily authors. See the <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ma08/ma08_collaborators.html"><em>March-April 2008 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a> article.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Identifiers for authors (both personal and collective) and for collaborators:
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Effective for 2010, NLM defined an element to contain a unique identifier associated with a name. This Identifier element began to be used by XML citation suppliers in 2013, largely for <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#auid">personal authors</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Transliterations of author names:
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Until 1990, NLM transliterated up to five authors' Cyrillic or Japanese names to the Roman alphabet.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Since 1990 to 2015, the first ten Cyrillic or Japanese names are transliterated. Chinese ideograms are not transliterated by NLM, but if transliterations of the authors' names are available in the journal article or table of contents, they are included in the citation, even if that includes only one author in a multi-author article.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>As of 2016, author names are published in Roman characters in all MEDLINE journals, and NLM is no longer required to transliterate Cyrillic or Japanese names. All author names are included as published.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Letters and author replies:
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Effective with 1992 date of publication, letters are indexed individually with authors rather than as an anonymous group.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Effective for 2013 date of publication, NLM cites author replies to comments separately. See the <em><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/so12/so12_author_replies.html"><em>September-October 2012 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a></em> article.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Interviews:
|
||
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
|
||
<li>Effective for the 2015 indexing year, the interviewee becomes the first author and the interviewer is the second author on citations with Interview as the Publication Type [pt]. Previously only the interviewee was cited as the author.<br /></li>
|
||
<li>Effective 2016, authorship of interviews reflects the published record – an author is included if published in the article byline. Interviewees are not added as authors.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<!-- **** Per Lou 4/16/12, add a new numbered note 13 next year that explains the new policy for author replies being treated as separate citations effective Spring 2012. ****
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>For citations created from 1966-1983 October, NLM included all authors.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>For citations created from October 29, 1983, personal authors were limited to a maximum of 10.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective with 1992 date of publication, letters are indexed individually with authors rather than as an anonymous group.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective with 1996 date of publication, the personal author limit was raised to a maximum of 25 (i.e., the first 24 and the last author; author #25 up to the last author were omitted).</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective with 2000 date of publication, the personal author limit was removed.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Until 1990, NLM transliterated up to five authors' Cyrillic or Japanese names to the Roman alphabet.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Since 1990, the first ten Cyrillic or Japanese names are transliterated. Chinese ideograms are not transliterated by NLM, but if transliterations of the authors' names are available in the journal article or table of contents, they are included in the citation, even if that includes only one author in a multi-author article.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Until 2001, collective (group or corporate) author information was added to the end of the article title where it remains for those retrospective records. As encountered, these records may be maintained to move the collective name to the collective author field. Note: Citations prior to 1966, in general, have no indication of collective author unless they were created by NLM data creation partners. Citations from 1966-2000 with collective author field data are generally those created by NLM data creation partners, and are very few in number and typically in the population or ethics subject areas.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>From 2001 to April 2006, the collective (group or corporate) name was the last occurrence in the author field, as a separate data element after any personal authors. Effective May 2006, the collective author is retained in the order of all authors found in the byline of the published article. See the <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/mj06/mj06_corp_author.html">May-June 2006 NLM Technical Bulletin</a> article for details.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective with 2002 date of publication, full personal author names (including full first and middle names) are routinely included in the records. Some NLM data creation partners entered full personal author names prior to this date as well.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Beginning in mid-2005, the various policy restrictions on number of authors entered in past years were lifted so that, on an individual basis, a record may be edited to include all author names present in the published article, regardless of the limitations in effect at the time the record was first created.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective in late March 2008 for 2008 date of publication, NLM introduced the individual names associated with group authors. These study collaborators (investigators) had a role in the research but were not necessarily authors. See the <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ma08/ma08_collaborators.html"><em>March-April 2008 NLM Technical Bulletin</em></a> article for details. </li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective for 2010, NLM defined an element to contain a unique identifier associated with a name. This Identifier element began to be used by XML citation suppliers in 2013.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective for 2013 date of publication, NLM cites <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/so12/so12_author_replies.html">author replies</a> to comments separately.</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Effective for the 2015 indexing year, the interviewee becomes the first author and the interviewer is the second author on citations with Interview as the Publication Type [pt]. Previously only the interviewee was cited as the author.</li>
|
||
|
||
</ol>
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<p>Current practices and policies on how authorship is reflected in MEDLINE are described in the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/policy/authorship.html"> Authorship in MEDLINE</a>. See also more information about the MEDLINE <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#au">author</a>, <a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#cn">corporate author</a>, <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#ir">investigator</a>, and <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#auid">author identifier</a> fields.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class=”margin-top-5”><small>Last Reviewed: May 27, 2023</small></p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</main>
|
||
|
||
<!-- FOOTER -->
|
||
<footer class="usa-footer__primary-section padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 insertfooter">
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6"> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">
|
||
<p class="text-white margin-bottom-1">Connect with NLM</p>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<ul class="social_media add-list-reset">
|
||
<li class="margin-right-05"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"><img class="bg-secondary" src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook"></a></li>
|
||
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-library-of-medicine-nlm/"><img class="bg-secondary" src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn"></a></li>
|
||
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH"><img src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/twitter.svg" class="padding-1 bg-secondary" alt="Twitter"></a></li>
|
||
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH"><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/youtube.svg" class="bg-secondary" alt="You Tube"></a></li>
|
||
<li class="margin-right-05"><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMOCPL/subscriber/new?preferences=true"><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/mail.svg" class=" bg-secondary" alt="Government Delivery"></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6">
|
||
<p class="address_footer text-white"> National Library of Medicine <br>
|
||
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white"> 8600 Rockville Pike <br>
|
||
Bethesda, MD 20894 </a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6">
|
||
<p><a href="/web_policies.html" class="text-white"> Web Policies </a><br>
|
||
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white"> FOIA </a><br>
|
||
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="desktop:grid-col-3 grid-col-6">
|
||
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="//support.nlm.nih.gov?from="> NLM Support Center </a> <br>
|
||
<a href="/accessibility.html" class="text-white"> Accessibility </a><br>
|
||
<a href="/careers/careers.html" class="text-white"> Careers </a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="grid-col-12">
|
||
<p class="text-center text-white"> <a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a> | <a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</footer>
|
||
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/uswds/js/uswds.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/jquery/jquery-latest.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/jquery/jquery-migrate-latest.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="/scripts/nlm_autocomplete.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="/scripts/nlm_uswds.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
|