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<span>What are the uses of genetic testing?</span>
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<h1>What are the uses of genetic testing?</h1>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Genetic testing can provide information about a person's genetic background. The uses of genetic testing include:</p>
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<dl><dt><strong>Newborn screening</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Newborn screening is used just after birth to identify genetic disorders that can be treated early in life. Millions of babies are tested each year in the United States. The U.S. Health Services and Resource Administration recommends that states screen for a set of 35 conditions, which many states exceed. </p></dd>
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<dt><strong>Diagnostic testing</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Diagnostic testing is used to identify or rule out a specific genetic or chromosomal condition. In many cases, genetic testing is used to confirm a <a data-pid="20215" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/diagnosis/">diagnosis </a>when a particular condition is suspected based on physical signs and symptoms. Diagnostic testing can be performed before birth or at any time during a person's life, but is not available for all genes or all genetic conditions. The results of a diagnostic test can influence a person's choices about health care and the <a data-pid="20217" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/treatment/">management </a>of the disorder.</p></dd>
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<dt><strong>Carrier testing</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Carrier testing is used to identify people who carry one copy of a gene mutation that, when present in two copies, causes a genetic disorder. This type of testing is offered to individuals who have a <a data-pid="20161" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/familyhistory/">family history</a> of a genetic disorder and to people in <a data-pid="20175" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/ethnicgroup/">certain ethnic groups</a> with an increased risk of specific genetic conditions. If both parents are tested, the test can provide information about a couple's risk of having a child with a genetic condition.</p></dd>
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<dt><strong>Prenatal testing</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Prenatal testing is used to detect changes in a fetus's genes or chromosomes before birth. This type of testing is offered during pregnancy if there is an increased risk that the baby will have a genetic or chromosomal disorder. In some cases, prenatal testing can lessen a couple's uncertainty or help them make decisions about a pregnancy. It cannot identify all possible inherited disorders and birth defects, however.</p></dd>
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<dt><strong>Preimplantation testing</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Preimplantation testing, also called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is a specialized technique that can reduce the risk of having a child with a particular genetic or chromosomal disorder. It is used to detect genetic changes in embryos that were created using assisted reproductive techniques (ART) such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF). In-vitro fertilization involves removing egg cells from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm cells outside the body. To perform preimplantation testing, a small number of cells are taken from these embryos and tested for certain genetic changes. Only embryos without these changes are implanted in the uterus to initiate a pregnancy.</p></dd>
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<dt><strong>Predictive and presymptomatic testing</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Predictive and presymptomatic types of testing are used to detect gene mutations associated with disorders that appear after birth, often later in life. These tests can be helpful to people who have a family member with a genetic disorder, but who have no features of the disorder themselves at the time of testing. Predictive testing can identify mutations that increase a person's risk of developing disorders with a genetic basis, such as certain types of cancer. Presymptomatic testing can determine whether a person will develop a genetic disorder, such as <a data-pid="14423" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hereditary-hemochromatosis/">hereditary hemochromatosis</a> (an iron overload disorder), before any signs or symptoms appear. The results of predictive and presymptomatic testing can provide information about a person’s risk of developing a specific disorder and help with making decisions about medical care.</p></dd>
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<dt><strong>Forensic testing</strong></dt>
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<dd><p>Forensic testing uses DNA sequences to identify an individual for legal purposes. Unlike the tests described above, forensic testing is not used to detect gene mutations associated with disease. This type of testing can identify crime or catastrophe victims, rule out or implicate a crime suspect, or establish biological relationships between people (for example, paternity).</p></dd></dl></div>
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<h2>For more information about the uses of genetic testing:</h2>
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<p>Johns Hopkins Medicine provides additional information about <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gynecology_obstetrics/specialty_areas/fertility-center/infertility-services/genetic-screening.html" target="_blank">genetic carrier screening</a>.
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</p>
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<p>The Centre for Genetics Education offers an <a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Prenatal-testing-overview.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">overview of prenatal testing</a>, as well as fact sheets about <a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Screening-tests-during-pregnancy.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">screening tests during pregnancy,</a> and <a href="https://www.genetics.edu.au/SitePages/Diagnostic-tests-during-pregnancy.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">diagnostic tests during pregnancy</a>.
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<p>The University of Pennsylvania offers an explanation of <a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/find-a-program-or-service/penn-fertility-care/embryo-screening" target="_blank">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a>.
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<p><a href="https://www.babysfirsttest.org/newborn-screening/screening-101">Baby's First Test</a> offers detailed information about newborn screening.
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<p>For information about forensic DNA testing, refer to a page about <a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/forensics/" target="_blank">forensic DNA analysis</a> from the Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah.</p>
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<section><div class="mp-exp mp-content"><h2>Topics in the Genetic Testing chapter</h2>
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<ul><li><a data-pid="20219" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/genetictesting/">What is genetic testing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="31121" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/types/">What are the different types of genetic tests?</a></li><li>What are the uses of genetic testing?</li><li><a data-pid="20223" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/procedure/">How is genetic testing done?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20225" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/informedconsent/">What is informed consent?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20227" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/validtest/">How can I be sure a genetic test is valid and useful?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20229" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/interpretingresults/">What do the results of genetic tests mean?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20231" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/costresults/">What is the cost of genetic testing, and how long does it take to get the results?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20233" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/insurancecoverage/">Will health insurance cover the costs of genetic testing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20235" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/benefits/">What are the benefits of genetic testing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20237" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/riskslimitations/">What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20239" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/discrimination/">What is genetic discrimination?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20241" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/genepatents/">Can genes be patented?</a></li><li><a data-pid="31501" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/differenttests/">How are genetic screening tests different from genetic diagnostic tests?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20243" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/researchtesting/">How does genetic testing in a research setting differ from clinical genetic testing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20245" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/sequencing/">What are whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20247" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/secondaryfindings/">What are secondary findings from genetic testing?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20249" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/nipt/">What is noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and what disorders can it screen for?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20251" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/circulatingtumordna/">What is circulating tumor DNA and how is it used to diagnose and manage cancer?</a></li></ul>
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<p><a data-pid="20081" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/">Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics</a></p></div>
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