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<meta name="keywords" content="C5394312, adarb1, disease or syndrome, nedhyms, neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, microcephaly, and seizures, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, microcephaly, and seizures (NEDHYMS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by global developmental delay with axial hypotonia, inability to sit or walk, and severely impaired intellectual development with absent language. Most patients develop early-onset intractable seizures that prevent normal development. Additional features include feeding difficulties with poor overall growth and microcephaly. Some patients may have spastic quadriplegia, poor eye contact due to cortical blindness, variable dysmorphic features, and nonspecific abnormalities on brain imaging (summary by Tan et al., 2020)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=1710110
ConceptID=C5394312
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, microcephaly, and seizures<span class="h1sub">(NEDHYMS)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1710110</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C5394312</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>NEDHYMS</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="ADARB1 - ID: 104 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/104" class="medgenPMinfo">ADARB1</a> (21q22.3)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0030025" target="_blank">MONDO:0030025</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/618862" target="_blank">618862</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, microcephaly, and seizures (NEDHYMS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by global developmental delay with axial hypotonia, inability to sit or walk, and severely impaired intellectual development with absent language. Most patients develop early-onset intractable seizures that prevent normal development. Additional features include feeding difficulties with poor overall growth and microcephaly. Some patients may have spastic quadriplegia, poor eye contact due to cortical blindness, variable dysmorphic features, and nonspecific abnormalities on brain imaging (summary by Tan et al., 2020). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98467"><div><strong>Unilateral cryptorchidism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98467</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431664</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Absence of a testis from the scrotum on one side owing to failure of the testis or testes to descend through the inguinal canal to the scrotum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98467">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Unilateral%20cryptorchidism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098467%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65429"><div><strong>Feeding difficulties</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65429</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0232466</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65429">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Feeding%20difficulties%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065429%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_7753"><div><strong>Spasticity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7753</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026838</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7753">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spasticity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%207753%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66034"><div><strong>Delayed ability to walk</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66034</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0241726</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66034">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20ability%20to%20walk%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066034%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_138005"><div><strong>Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>138005</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/138005">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoplasia%20of%20the%20corpus%20callosum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20138005%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_381392"><div><strong>Motor delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>381392</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854301</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/381392">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Motor%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20381392%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_340737"><div><strong>Absent speech</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340737</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854882</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340737">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Absent%20speech%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20340737%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867393"><div><strong>Delayed CNS myelination</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867393</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Delayed myelination in the central nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867393">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20CNS%20myelination%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867393%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_869073"><div><strong>Interictal epileptiform activity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>869073</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4023491</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Epileptiform activity refers to distinctive EEG waves or complexes distinguished from background activity found in in a proportion of human subjects with epilepsy, but which can also be found in subjects without seizures. Interictal epileptiform activity refers to such activity that occurs in the absence of a clinical or subclinical seizure.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/869073">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Interictal%20epileptiform%20activity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20869073%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_870489"><div><strong>Temporal cortical atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>870489</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4024936</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy of the temporal cortex.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/870489">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Temporal%20cortical%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20870489%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_113165"><div><strong>Brachycephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>113165</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0221356</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a decreased anterior-posterior diameter. That is, a cephalic index greater than 81%. Alternatively, an apparently shortened anteroposterior dimension (length) of the head compared to width.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/113165">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Brachycephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20113165%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_78562"><div><strong>Plagiocephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78562</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265529</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Asymmetric head shape, which is usually a combination of unilateral occipital flattening with ipsilateral frontal prominence, leading to rhomboid cranial shape.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78562">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Plagiocephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2078562%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_892680"><div><strong>Muscular atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>892680</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0541794</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of skeletal muscular atrophy (which is also known as amyotrophy).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/892680">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Muscular%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20892680%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_342959"><div><strong>Axial hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>342959</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853743</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/342959">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Axial%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20342959%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_387953"><div><strong>Prominent metopic ridge</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>387953</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857949</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Vertical bony ridge positioned in the midline of the forehead.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/387953">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Prominent%20metopic%20ridge%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20387953%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346841"><div><strong>Generalized hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346841</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858120</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346841">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Generalized%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346841%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_120500"><div><strong>Congenital laryngomalacia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120500</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0264303</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Laryngomalacia is a congenital abnormality of the laryngeal cartilage in which the cartilage is floppy and prolapses over the larynx during inspiration.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120500">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Congenital%20laryngomalacia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20120500%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116087"><div><strong>Round face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116087</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0239479</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The facial appearance is more circular than usual as viewed from the front.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116087">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Round%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116087%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66814"><div><strong>High palate</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66814</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240635</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66814">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22High%20palate%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066814%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98390"><div><strong>Upslanted palpebral fissure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98390</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423109</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, the inclination of the palpebral fissure is greater than typical for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98390">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Upslanted%20palpebral%20fissure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098390%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_336480"><div><strong>Oval face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>336480</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1849025</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A face with a rounded and slightly elongated outline.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/336480">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Oval%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20336480%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_355352"><div><strong>Thin upper lip vermilion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355352</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865017</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355352">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Thin%20upper%20lip%20vermilion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20355352%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_477667"><div><strong>High anterior hairline</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>477667</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3276036</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the hairline (trichion) and the glabella (the most prominent point on the frontal bone above the root of the nose), in the midline, more than two SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between the hairline and the glabella.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/477667">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22High%20anterior%20hairline%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20477667%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_6936"><div><strong>Polyhydramnios</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6936</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020224</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of excess amniotic fluid in the uterus during pregnancy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/6936">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Polyhydramnios%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%206936%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_869253"><div><strong>Increased nuchal translucency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>869253</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4023676</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nuchal translucency is the sonographic appearance of subcutaneous accumulation of liquid in the back of the fetal neck in the first trimester of pregnancy (11-14 gestational weeks of pregnancy).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/869253">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Increased%20nuchal%20translucency%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20869253%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4613"><div><strong>Exotropia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0015310</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of strabismus with one or both eyes deviated outward.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4613">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Exotropia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204613%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_890568"><div><strong>Cerebral visual impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>890568</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4048268</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of loss of vision caused by damage to the visual cortex rather than a defect in the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/890568">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20visual%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20890568%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_477667" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">High anterior hairline</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66814" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">High palate</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_336480" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Oval face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116087" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Round face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_355352" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thin upper lip vermilion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98390" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Upslanted palpebral fissure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of prenatal development or birth</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_869253" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Increased nuchal translucency</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_6936" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Polyhydramnios</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65429" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Feeding difficulties</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_890568" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral visual impairment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4613" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Exotropia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98467" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Unilateral cryptorchidism</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_342959" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Axial hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_113165" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brachycephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346841" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Generalized hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_892680" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_78562" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Plagiocephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_387953" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Prominent metopic ridge</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_340737" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Absent speech</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66034" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed ability to walk</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867393" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed CNS myelination</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_138005" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_869073" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Interictal epileptiform activity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_381392" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Motor delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_7753" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spasticity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_870489" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Temporal cortical atrophy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_120500" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital laryngomalacia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38703411">ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (ALG13-CDG): Updated clinical and molecular review and clinical management guidelines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah R,
Eklund EA,
Radenkovic S,
Sadek M,
Shammas I,
Verberkmoes S,
Ng BG,
Freeze HH,
Edmondson AC,
He M,
Kozicz T,
Altassan R,
Morava E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Genet Metab</span>
2024 Jun;142(2):108472.
Epub 2024 Apr 23
doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108472.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38703411" target="_blank">38703411</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11402470" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37344571">BRAT1-related disorders: phenotypic spectrum and phenotype-genotype correlations from 97 patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Engel C,
Valence S,
Delplancq G,
Maroofian R,
Accogli A,
Agolini E,
Alkuraya FS,
Baglioni V,
Bagnasco I,
Becmeur-Lefebvre M,
Bertini E,
Borggraefe I,
Brischoux-Boucher E,
Bruel AL,
Brusco A,
Bubshait DK,
Cabrol C,
Cilio MR,
Cornet MC,
Coubes C,
Danhaive O,
Delague V,
Denommé-Pichon AS,
Di Giacomo MC,
Doco-Fenzy M,
Engels H,
Cremer K,
Gérard M,
Gleeson JG,
Heron D,
Goffeney J,
Guimier A,
Harms FL,
Houlden H,
Iacomino M,
Kaiyrzhanov R,
Kamien B,
Karimiani EG,
Kraus D,
Kuentz P,
Kutsche K,
Lederer D,
Massingham L,
Mignot C,
Morris-Rosendahl D,
Nagarajan L,
Odent S,
Ormières C,
Partlow JN,
Pasquier L,
Penney L,
Philippe C,
Piccolo G,
Poulton C,
Putoux A,
Rio M,
Rougeot C,
Salpietro V,
Scheffer I,
Schneider A,
Srivastava S,
Straussberg R,
Striano P,
Valente EM,
Venot P,
Villard L,
Vitobello A,
Wagner J,
Wagner M,
Zaki MS,
Zara F,
Lesca G,
Yassaee VR,
Miryounesi M,
Hashemi-Gorji F,
Beiraghi M,
Ashrafzadeh F,
Galehdari H,
Walsh C,
Novelli A,
Tacke M,
Sadykova D,
Maidyrov Y,
Koneev K,
Shashkin C,
Capra V,
Zamani M,
Van Maldergem L,
Burglen L,
Piard J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2023 Sep;31(9):1023-1031.
Epub 2023 Jun 21
doi: 10.1038/s41431-023-01410-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37344571" target="_blank">37344571</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10474045" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18932224">Update on the clinical features and natural history of Wolf-Hirschhorn (4p-) syndrome: experience with 87 patients and recommendations for routine health supervision.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Battaglia A,
Filippi T,
Carey JC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet</span>
2008 Nov 15;148C(4):246-51.
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30187.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18932224" target="_blank">18932224</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38703411">ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (ALG13-CDG): Updated clinical and molecular review and clinical management guidelines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah R,
Eklund EA,
Radenkovic S,
Sadek M,
Shammas I,
Verberkmoes S,
Ng BG,
Freeze HH,
Edmondson AC,
He M,
Kozicz T,
Altassan R,
Morava E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Genet Metab</span>
2024 Jun;142(2):108472.
Epub 2024 Apr 23
doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108472.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38703411" target="_blank">38703411</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11402470" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38450883">Providing quality care for people with CDKL5 deficiency disorder: A European expert panel opinion on the patient journey.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Amin S,
Møller RS,
Aledo-Serrano A,
Arzimanoglou A,
Bager P,
Jóźwiak S,
Kluger GJ,
López-Cabeza S,
Nabbout R,
Partridge CA,
Schubert-Bast S,
Specchio N,
Kälviäinen R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia Open</span>
2024 Jun;9(3):832-849.
Epub 2024 Mar 7
doi: 10.1002/epi4.12914.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38450883" target="_blank">38450883</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11145618" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37344571">BRAT1-related disorders: phenotypic spectrum and phenotype-genotype correlations from 97 patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Engel C,
Valence S,
Delplancq G,
Maroofian R,
Accogli A,
Agolini E,
Alkuraya FS,
Baglioni V,
Bagnasco I,
Becmeur-Lefebvre M,
Bertini E,
Borggraefe I,
Brischoux-Boucher E,
Bruel AL,
Brusco A,
Bubshait DK,
Cabrol C,
Cilio MR,
Cornet MC,
Coubes C,
Danhaive O,
Delague V,
Denommé-Pichon AS,
Di Giacomo MC,
Doco-Fenzy M,
Engels H,
Cremer K,
Gérard M,
Gleeson JG,
Heron D,
Goffeney J,
Guimier A,
Harms FL,
Houlden H,
Iacomino M,
Kaiyrzhanov R,
Kamien B,
Karimiani EG,
Kraus D,
Kuentz P,
Kutsche K,
Lederer D,
Massingham L,
Mignot C,
Morris-Rosendahl D,
Nagarajan L,
Odent S,
Ormières C,
Partlow JN,
Pasquier L,
Penney L,
Philippe C,
Piccolo G,
Poulton C,
Putoux A,
Rio M,
Rougeot C,
Salpietro V,
Scheffer I,
Schneider A,
Srivastava S,
Straussberg R,
Striano P,
Valente EM,
Venot P,
Villard L,
Vitobello A,
Wagner J,
Wagner M,
Zaki MS,
Zara F,
Lesca G,
Yassaee VR,
Miryounesi M,
Hashemi-Gorji F,
Beiraghi M,
Ashrafzadeh F,
Galehdari H,
Walsh C,
Novelli A,
Tacke M,
Sadykova D,
Maidyrov Y,
Koneev K,
Shashkin C,
Capra V,
Zamani M,
Van Maldergem L,
Burglen L,
Piard J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2023 Sep;31(9):1023-1031.
Epub 2023 Jun 21
doi: 10.1038/s41431-023-01410-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37344571" target="_blank">37344571</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10474045" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35189806">Hypomyelination with Atrophy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (HABC) Due to UFM1 Mutation in Roma Patients - Severe Early Encephalopathy with Stridor and Severe Hearing and Visual Impairment. A Single Center Experience.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ivanov I,
Pacheva I,
Yordanova R,
Sotkova I,
Galabova F,
Gaberova K,
Panova M,
Gheneva I,
Tsvetanova T,
Noneva K,
Dimitrova D,
Markov S,
Sapundzhiev N,
Bichev S,
Savov A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets</span>
2023;22(2):207-214.
doi: 10.2174/1871527321666220221100704.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35189806" target="_blank">35189806</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27545675">Variants in HNRNPH2 on the X Chromosome Are Associated with a Neurodevelopmental Disorder in Females.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bain JM,
Cho MT,
Telegrafi A,
Wilson A,
Brooks S,
Botti C,
Gowans G,
Autullo LA,
Krishnamurthy V,
Willing MC,
Toler TL,
Ben-Zev B,
Elpeleg O,
Shen Y,
Retterer K,
Monaghan KG,
Chung WK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hum Genet</span>
2016 Sep 1;99(3):728-734.
Epub 2016 Aug 18
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.028.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27545675" target="_blank">27545675</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5011042" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (22)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38859706">Re-analysis of whole genome sequencing ends a diagnostic odyssey: Case report of an RNU4-2 related neurodevelopmental disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schot R,
Ferraro F,
Geeven G,
Diderich KEM,
Barakat TS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
2024 Oct;106(4):512-517.
Epub 2024 Jun 11
doi: 10.1111/cge.14574.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38859706" target="_blank">38859706</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38821540">Mutations in the U4 snRNA gene RNU4-2 cause one of the most prevalent monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Greene D,
Thys C,
Berry IR,
Jarvis J,
Ortibus E,
Mumford AD,
Freson K,
Turro E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Med</span>
2024 Aug;30(8):2165-2169.
Epub 2024 May 31
doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03085-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38821540" target="_blank">38821540</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11333284" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38703411">ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (ALG13-CDG): Updated clinical and molecular review and clinical management guidelines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah R,
Eklund EA,
Radenkovic S,
Sadek M,
Shammas I,
Verberkmoes S,
Ng BG,
Freeze HH,
Edmondson AC,
He M,
Kozicz T,
Altassan R,
Morava E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Genet Metab</span>
2024 Jun;142(2):108472.
Epub 2024 Apr 23
doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108472.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38703411" target="_blank">38703411</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11402470" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36004946">Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, ataxia, and seizures syndrome: expansion of the clinical spectrum.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Karaer K,
Karaer D,
Yüksel Z,
Işikay S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Dysmorphol</span>
2022 Oct 1;31(4):167-173.
Epub 2022 Jul 14
doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000426.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36004946" target="_blank">36004946</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30755392">A semiautomated whole-exome sequencing workflow leads to increased diagnostic yield and identification of novel candidate variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ji J,
Shen L,
Bootwalla M,
Quindipan C,
Tatarinova T,
Maglinte DT,
Buckley J,
Raca G,
Saitta SC,
Biegel JA,
Gai X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud</span>
2019 Apr;5(2)
Epub 2019 Apr 1
doi: 10.1101/mcs.a003756.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30755392" target="_blank">30755392</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6549575" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (56)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18947005">Terminal deletion of chromosome 6q.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Su PH,
Chen JY,
Chen SJ,
Yang KC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neonatol</span>
2008 Jun;49(3):88-93.
doi: 10.1016/S1875-9572(08)60019-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18947005" target="_blank">18947005</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14605501">GLUT-1 deficiency without epilepsy--an exceptional case.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Overweg-Plandsoen WC,
Groener JE,
Wang D,
Onkenhout W,
Brouwer OF,
Bakker HD,
De Vivo DC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
2003;26(6):559-63.
doi: 10.1023/a:1025999914822.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14605501" target="_blank">14605501</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10961793">Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency: importance of early diagnosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fattal-Valevski A,
Bassan H,
Korman SH,
Lerman-Sagie T,
Gutman A,
Harel S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
2000 Aug;15(8):539-43.
doi: 10.1177/088307380001500808.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10961793" target="_blank">10961793</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8745381">Neurologic and ophthalmologic findings in children exposed to cocaine in utero.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tsay CH,
Partridge JC,
Villarreal SF,
Good WV,
Ferriero DM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
1996 Jan;11(1):25-30.
doi: 10.1177/088307389601100106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8745381" target="_blank">8745381</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1692663">Function of vitamin B12 in the central nervous system as revealed by congenital defects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hall CA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hematol</span>
1990 Jun;34(2):121-7.
doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830340208.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1692663" target="_blank">1692663</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34021018">Neurodevelopmental phenotypes in individuals with pathogenic variants in CHAMP1.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garrity M,
Kavus H,
Rojas-Vasquez M,
Valenzuela I,
Larson A,
Reed S,
Bellus G,
Mignot C,
Munnich A,
Isidor B,
Chung WK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud</span>
2021 Aug;7(4)
Epub 2021 Aug 2
doi: 10.1101/mcs.a006092.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34021018" target="_blank">34021018</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8327885" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30982612">Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gorman KM,
Meyer E,
Grozeva D,
Spinelli E,
McTague A,
Sanchis-Juan A,
Carss KJ,
Bryant E,
Reich A,
Schneider AL,
Pressler RM,
Simpson MA,
Debelle GD,
Wassmer E,
Morton J,
Sieciechowicz D,
Jan-Kamsteeg E,
Paciorkowski AR,
King MD,
Cross JH,
Poduri A,
Mefford HC,
Scheffer IE,
Haack TB,
McCullagh G;
Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study;
UK10K Consortium;
NIHR BioResource,
Millichap JJ,
Carvill GL,
Clayton-Smith J,
Maher ER,
Raymond FL,
Kurian MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hum Genet</span>
2019 May 2;104(5):948-956.
Epub 2019 Apr 11
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30982612" target="_blank">30982612</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6507039" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30275004">Biallelic variants in VARS in a family with two siblings with intellectual disability and microcephaly: case report and review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Okur V,
Ganapathi M,
Wilson A,
Chung WK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud</span>
2018 Oct;4(5)
Epub 2018 Oct 1
doi: 10.1101/mcs.a003301.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30275004" target="_blank">30275004</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6169829" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28343629">Biallelic Variants in OTUD6B Cause an Intellectual Disability Syndrome Associated with Seizures and Dysmorphic Features.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Santiago-Sim T,
Burrage LC,
Ebstein F,
Tokita MJ,
Miller M,
Bi W,
Braxton AA,
Rosenfeld JA,
Shahrour M,
Lehmann A,
Cogné B,
Küry S,
Besnard T,
Isidor B,
Bézieau S,
Hazart I,
Nagakura H,
Immken LL,
Littlejohn RO,
Roeder E;
EuroEPINOMICS RES Consortium Autosomal Recessive working group, S. Hande Caglayan,
Kara B,
Hardies K,
Weckhuysen S,
May P,
Lemke JR,
Elpeleg O,
Abu-Libdeh B,
James KN,
Silhavy JL,
Issa MY,
Zaki MS,
Gleeson JG,
Seavitt JR,
Dickinson ME,
Ljungberg MC,
Wells S,
Johnson SJ,
Teboul L,
Eng CM,
Yang Y,
Kloetzel PM,
Heaney JD,
Walkiewicz MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hum Genet</span>
2017 Apr 6;100(4):676-688.
Epub 2017 Mar 23
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.03.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28343629" target="_blank">28343629</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5384096" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27545675">Variants in HNRNPH2 on the X Chromosome Are Associated with a Neurodevelopmental Disorder in Females.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bain JM,
Cho MT,
Telegrafi A,
Wilson A,
Brooks S,
Botti C,
Gowans G,
Autullo LA,
Krishnamurthy V,
Willing MC,
Toler TL,
Ben-Zev B,
Elpeleg O,
Shen Y,
Retterer K,
Monaghan KG,
Chung WK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hum Genet</span>
2016 Sep 1;99(3):728-734.
Epub 2016 Aug 18
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.06.028.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27545675" target="_blank">27545675</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5011042" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (21)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38054405">Biallelic variants in SLC4A10 encoding a sodium-dependent bicarbonate transporter lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maroofian R,
Zamani M,
Kaiyrzhanov R,
Liebmann L,
Karimiani EG,
Vona B,
Huebner AK,
Calame DG,
Misra VK,
Sadeghian S,
Azizimalamiri R,
Mohammadi MH,
Zeighami J,
Heydaran S,
Toosi MB,
Akhondian J,
Babaei M,
Hashemi N,
Schnur RE,
Suri M,
Setzke J,
Wagner M,
Brunet T,
Grochowski CM,
Emrick L,
Chung WK,
Hellmich UA,
Schmidts M,
Lupski JR,
Galehdari H,
Severino M,
Houlden H,
Hübner CA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genet Med</span>
2024 Mar;26(3):101034.
Epub 2023 Dec 3
doi: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101034.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38054405" target="_blank">38054405</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11157690" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37802085">Electroclinical Features of Epilepsy in Kleefstra Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Giacomini T,
Cordani R,
Bagnasco I,
Vercellino F,
Giordano L,
Milito G,
Ferrero GB,
Mandrile G,
Scala M,
Meli M,
Falsaperla R,
Luria G,
De Grandis E,
Canale E,
Amadori E,
Striano P,
Nobili L,
Siri L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropediatrics</span>
2023 Dec;54(6):433-438.
Epub 2023 Oct 6
doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1775977.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37802085" target="_blank">37802085</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35438214">DNAH14 variants are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Li J,
Yuan Y,
Liu C,
Xu Y,
Xiao N,
Long H,
Luo Z,
Meng S,
Wang H,
Xiao B,
Mao X,
Long L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mutat</span>
2022 Jul;43(7):940-949.
Epub 2022 Apr 28
doi: 10.1002/humu.24386.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35438214" target="_blank">35438214</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34021018">Neurodevelopmental phenotypes in individuals with pathogenic variants in CHAMP1.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garrity M,
Kavus H,
Rojas-Vasquez M,
Valenzuela I,
Larson A,
Reed S,
Bellus G,
Mignot C,
Munnich A,
Isidor B,
Chung WK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud</span>
2021 Aug;7(4)
Epub 2021 Aug 2
doi: 10.1101/mcs.a006092.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34021018" target="_blank">34021018</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8327885" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26686679">Sleep disturbance in Mowat-Wilson syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Evans E,
Mowat D,
Wilson M,
Einfeld S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2016 Mar;170(3):654-60.
Epub 2015 Dec 21
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37502.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26686679" target="_blank">26686679</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (28)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20hypotonia%2C%20microcephaly%2C%20and%20seizures%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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