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<meta name="keywords" content="C4748003, intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 57, intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 57, mental or behavioral dysfunction, mental retardation, autosomal dominant 57, mrd57, tlk2, tlk2-related neurodevelopmental disorder, tlk2-related syndrome, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="MRD57 is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder with a highly variable phenotype. Most affected individuals have delayed psychomotor development apparent in infancy or early childhood, language delay, and behavioral abnormalities. Additional features may include hypotonia, feeding problems, gastrointestinal issues, and dysmorphic facial features (summary by Reijnders et al., 2018)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 57 (Concept Id: C4748003)
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<!--
UID=1648280
ConceptID=C4748003
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 57<span class="h1sub">(MRD57)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648280</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C4748003</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 57; MENTAL RETARDATION, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 57</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="TLK2 - ID: 11011 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/11011" class="medgenPMinfo">TLK2</a> (17q23.2)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0054837" target="_blank">MONDO:0054837</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/618050" target="_blank">618050</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">MRD57 is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder with a highly variable phenotype. Most affected individuals have delayed psychomotor development apparent in infancy or early childhood, language delay, and behavioral abnormalities. Additional features may include hypotonia, feeding problems, gastrointestinal issues, and dysmorphic facial features (summary by Reijnders et al., 2018). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_42034"><div><strong>Pes planus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>42034</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0016202</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A foot where the longitudinal arch of the foot is in contact with the ground or floor when the individual is standing; or, in a patient lying supine, a foot where the arch is in contact with the surface of a flat board pressed against the sole of the foot by the examiner with a pressure similar to that expected from weight bearing; or, the height of the arch is reduced.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/42034">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Pes%20planus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2042034%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_67454"><div><strong>Brachydactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>67454</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0221357</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/67454">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Brachydactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2067454%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867261"><div><strong>Absent fourth finger distal interphalangeal crease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867261</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021621</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Absence of the distal interphalangeal flexion creases of the fourth finger.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867261">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Absent%20fourth%20finger%20distal%20interphalangeal%20crease%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867261%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_746019"><div><strong>Failure to thrive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>746019</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2315100</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/746019">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Failure%20to%20thrive%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20746019%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1101"><div><strong>Constipation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1101</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009806</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1101">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Constipation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201101%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8360"><div><strong>Diarrhea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8360</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011991</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally increased frequency (usually defined as three or more) loose or watery bowel movements a day.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8360">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diarrhea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208360%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65429"><div><strong>Feeding difficulties</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65429</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0232466</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65429">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Feeding%20difficulties%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065429%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66782"><div><strong>Intermittent diarrhea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66782</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0239181</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Repeated episodes of diarrhea separated by periods without diarrhea.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66782">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intermittent%20diarrhea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066782%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96566"><div><strong>Posteriorly rotated ears</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96566</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431478</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96566">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Posteriorly%20rotated%20ears%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096566%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1613"><div><strong>Anxiety</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0003467</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intense feelings of nervousness, tension, or panic often arise in response to interpersonal stresses. There is worry about the negative effects of past unpleasant experiences and future negative possibilities. Individuals may feel fearful, apprehensive, or threatened by uncertainty, and they may also have fears of falling apart or losing control.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1613">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Anxiety%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201613%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98104"><div><strong>Tip-toe gait</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98104</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0427144</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal gait pattern characterized by the failure of the heel to contact the floor at the onset of stance during gait.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98104">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Tip-toe%20gait%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098104%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105318"><div><strong>Delayed speech and language development</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105318</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0454644</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105318">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20speech%20and%20language%20development%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105318%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_109373"><div><strong>Compulsive behaviors</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>109373</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0600104</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Behavior that consists of repetitive acts, characterized by the feeling that one "has to" perform them, while being aware that these acts are not in line with one's overall goal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/109373">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Compulsive%20behaviors%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20109373%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_163547"><div><strong>Autistic behavior</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>163547</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0856975</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/163547">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Autistic%20behavior%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20163547%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_220387"><div><strong>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>220387</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1263846</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.\n\nIn people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.\n\nHyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.\n\nImpulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.\n\nMore than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.\n\nIn most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/220387">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Attention%20deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20220387%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_381392"><div><strong>Motor delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>381392</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854301</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/381392">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Motor%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20381392%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1369702"><div><strong>Frequent temper tantrums</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1369702</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4476626</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Temper tantrums that occur more frequently compared to the temper tantrums that are a part of the normal developmental process.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1369702">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Frequent%20temper%20tantrums%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201369702%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1163"><div><strong>Craniosynostosis syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1163</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0010278</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Craniosynostosis refers to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Primary craniosynostosis refers to the closure of one or more sutures due to abnormalities in skull development, and secondary craniosynostosis results from failure of brain growth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1163">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Craniosynostosis%20syndrome%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201163%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44042"><div><strong>Kyphosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44042</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0022821</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44042">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Kyphosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044042%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11348"><div><strong>Scoliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11348">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Scoliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011348%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_336793"><div><strong>Joint hypermobility</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>336793</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844820</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/336793">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Joint%20hypermobility%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20336793%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346841"><div><strong>Generalized hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346841</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858120</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346841">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Generalized%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346841%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867145"><div><strong>Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 4th finger</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867145</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021503</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic loss of joint motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 4th finger due to structural changes in non-bony tissue. That is, the PIP joint of a fourth finger is bent (flexed) and cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867145">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Contracture%20of%20the%20proximal%20interphalangeal%20joint%20of%20the%204th%20finger%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867145%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9377"><div><strong>Hyperventilation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9377</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020578</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperventilation refers to an increased pulmonary ventilation rate that is faster than necessary for the exchange of gases. Hyperventilation can result from increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or both, and leads to an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9377">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperventilation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209377%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_45253"><div><strong>Otitis media</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45253</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029882</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation or infection of the middle ear.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45253">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Otitis%20media%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2045253%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_5602"><div><strong>Hoarse voice</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5602</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0019825</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hoarseness refers to a change in the pitch or quality of the voice, with the voice sounding weak, very breathy, scratchy, or husky.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5602">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hoarse%20voice%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%205602%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2670"><div><strong>Blepharophimosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2670</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0005744</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A fixed reduction in the vertical distance between the upper and lower eyelids with short palpebral fissures.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2670">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Blepharophimosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202670%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44435"><div><strong>Narrow mouth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44435</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026034</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44435">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Narrow%20mouth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044435%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66814"><div><strong>High palate</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66814</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240635</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66814">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22High%20palate%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066814%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98390"><div><strong>Upslanted palpebral fissure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98390</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423109</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, the inclination of the palpebral fissure is greater than typical for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98390">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Upslanted%20palpebral%20fissure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098390%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_140836"><div><strong>Telecanthus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140836</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423113</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the inner canthi more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparently increased distance between the inner canthi.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140836">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Telecanthus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20140836%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98424"><div><strong>Broad nasal tip</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98424</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0426429</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increase in width of the nasal tip.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98424">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Broad%20nasal%20tip%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098424%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_151862"><div><strong>Epicanthus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>151862</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0678230</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/151862">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Epicanthus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20151862%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324419"><div><strong>Long face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324419</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836047</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Facial height (length) is more than 2 standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, an apparent increase in the height (length) of the face (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324419">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Long%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324419%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_336193"><div><strong>Pointed chin</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>336193</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844505</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A marked tapering of the lower face to the chin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/336193">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Pointed%20chin%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20336193%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_339938"><div><strong>Midface retrusion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>339938</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853242</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/339938">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Midface%20retrusion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20339938%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_343051"><div><strong>Prominent nasal bridge</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343051</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854113</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Anterior positioning of the nasal root in comparison to the usual positioning for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343051">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Prominent%20nasal%20bridge%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20343051%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_355352"><div><strong>Thin upper lip vermilion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355352</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865017</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355352">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Thin%20upper%20lip%20vermilion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20355352%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867496"><div><strong>Tall chin</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867496</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021875</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased vertical distance from the vermillion border of the lower lip to the inferior-most point of the chin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867496">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Tall%20chin%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867496%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43787"><div><strong>Hypertrichosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43787</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020555</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypertrichosis is increased hair growth that is abnormal in quantity or location.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43787">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertrichosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043787%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_278026"><div><strong>Single umbilical artery</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>278026</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1384670</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries surrounding the fetal bladder and in the fetal umbilical cord.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/278026">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Single%20umbilical%20artery%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20278026%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2287"><div><strong>Ptosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2287</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0005745</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2287">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ptosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202287%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9373"><div><strong>Hypertelorism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9373</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020534</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9373">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertelorism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209373%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44558"><div><strong>Myopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44558</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0027092</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44558">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044558%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21337"><div><strong>Strabismus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21337</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0038379</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21337">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Strabismus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021337%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2670" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Blepharophimosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98424" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Broad nasal tip</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_151862" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epicanthus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66814" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">High palate</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324419" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_339938" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Midface retrusion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44435" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Narrow mouth</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_336193" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pointed chin</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_343051" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Prominent nasal bridge</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867496" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tall chin</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_140836" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Telecanthus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_355352" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thin upper lip vermilion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98390" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Upslanted palpebral fissure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867261" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Absent fourth finger distal interphalangeal crease</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_67454" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brachydactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_42034" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pes planus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of prenatal development or birth</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_278026" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Single umbilical artery</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1101" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Constipation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8360" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diarrhea</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65429" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Feeding difficulties</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66782" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intermittent diarrhea</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9373" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertelorism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44558" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2287" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ptosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21337" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Strabismus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the immune system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_45253" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Otitis media</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the integument</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43787" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertrichosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867145" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 4th finger</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1163" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Craniosynostosis syndrome</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346841" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Generalized hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_336793" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Joint hypermobility</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44042" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Kyphosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11348" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Scoliosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1613" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anxiety</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_220387" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_163547" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autistic behavior</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_109373" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Compulsive behaviors</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105318" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed speech and language development</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1369702" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Frequent temper tantrums</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_381392" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Motor delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98104" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tip-toe gait</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9377" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperventilation</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the voice</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_5602" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hoarse voice</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96566" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Posteriorly rotated ears</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_746019" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Failure to thrive</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35604690">Association of Alzheimer Disease With Life Expectancy in People With Down Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iulita MF,
Garzón Chavez D,
Klitgaard Christensen M,
Valle Tamayo N,
Plana-Ripoll O,
Rasmussen SA,
Roqué Figuls M,
Alcolea D,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Benejam B,
Altuna M,
Padilla C,
Pegueroles J,
Fernandez S,
Belbin O,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Blesa R,
Lleó A,
Bejanin A,
Fortea J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Netw Open</span>
2022 May 2;5(5):e2212910.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12910.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35604690" target="_blank">35604690</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9127560" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34358384">Clinical experience with non-invasive prenatal screening for single-gene disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohan P,
Lemoine J,
Trotter C,
Rakova I,
Billings P,
Peacock S,
Kao CY,
Wang Y,
Xia F,
Eng CM,
Benn P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</span>
2022 Jan;59(1):33-39.
doi: 10.1002/uog.23756.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34358384" target="_blank">34358384</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9302116" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33783954">Expanding the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in a diverse cohort of 104 individuals with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sheppard SE,
Campbell IM,
Harr MH,
Gold N,
Li D,
Bjornsson HT,
Cohen JS,
Fahrner JA,
Fatemi A,
Harris JR,
Nowak C,
Stevens CA,
Grand K,
Au M,
Graham JM Jr,
Sanchez-Lara PA,
Campo MD,
Jones MC,
Abdul-Rahman O,
Alkuraya FS,
Bassetti JA,
Bergstrom K,
Bhoj E,
Dugan S,
Kaplan JD,
Derar N,
Gripp KW,
Hauser N,
Innes AM,
Keena B,
Kodra N,
Miller R,
Nelson B,
Nowaczyk MJ,
Rahbeeni Z,
Ben-Shachar S,
Shieh JT,
Slavotinek A,
Sobering AK,
Abbott MA,
Allain DC,
Amlie-Wolf L,
Au PYB,
Bedoukian E,
Beek G,
Barry J,
Berg J,
Bernstein JA,
Cytrynbaum C,
Chung BH,
Donoghue S,
Dorrani N,
Eaton A,
Flores-Daboub JA,
Dubbs H,
Felix CA,
Fong CT,
Fung JLF,
Gangaram B,
Goldstein A,
Greenberg R,
Ha TK,
Hersh J,
Izumi K,
Kallish S,
Kravets E,
Kwok PY,
Jobling RK,
Knight Johnson AE,
Kushner J,
Lee BH,
Levin B,
Lindstrom K,
Manickam K,
Mardach R,
McCormick E,
McLeod DR,
Mentch FD,
Minks K,
Muraresku C,
Nelson SF,
Porazzi P,
Pichurin PN,
Powell-Hamilton NN,
Powis Z,
Ritter A,
Rogers C,
Rohena L,
Ronspies C,
Schroeder A,
Stark Z,
Starr L,
Stoler J,
Suwannarat P,
Velinov M,
Weksberg R,
Wilnai Y,
Zadeh N,
Zand DJ,
Falk MJ,
Hakonarson H,
Zackai EH,
Quintero-Rivera F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2021 Jun;185(6):1649-1665.
Epub 2021 Mar 30
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62124.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33783954" target="_blank">33783954</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8631250" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8305963">Phenotypic correlations of ocular coloboma without known cause.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leppig KA,
Pagon RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Dysmorphol</span>
1993 Oct;2(4):322-31.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8305963" target="_blank">8305963</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2047327">Genetic influences in autism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Smalley SL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Psychiatr Clin North Am</span>
1991 Mar;14(1):125-39.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2047327" target="_blank">2047327</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20autosomal%20dominant%2057%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (10)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35604690">Association of Alzheimer Disease With Life Expectancy in People With Down Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iulita MF,
Garzón Chavez D,
Klitgaard Christensen M,
Valle Tamayo N,
Plana-Ripoll O,
Rasmussen SA,
Roqué Figuls M,
Alcolea D,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Benejam B,
Altuna M,
Padilla C,
Pegueroles J,
Fernandez S,
Belbin O,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Blesa R,
Lleó A,
Bejanin A,
Fortea J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Netw Open</span>
2022 May 2;5(5):e2212910.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12910.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35604690" target="_blank">35604690</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9127560" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34358384">Clinical experience with non-invasive prenatal screening for single-gene disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohan P,
Lemoine J,
Trotter C,
Rakova I,
Billings P,
Peacock S,
Kao CY,
Wang Y,
Xia F,
Eng CM,
Benn P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</span>
2022 Jan;59(1):33-39.
doi: 10.1002/uog.23756.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34358384" target="_blank">34358384</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9302116" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34374989">Spectrum of neuro-genetic disorders in the United Arab Emirates national population.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saleh S,
Beyyumi E,
Al Kaabi A,
Hertecant J,
Barakat D,
Al Dhaheri NS,
Al-Gazali L,
Al Shamsi A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
2021 Nov;100(5):573-600.
Epub 2021 Aug 19
doi: 10.1111/cge.14044.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34374989" target="_blank">34374989</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33783954">Expanding the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in a diverse cohort of 104 individuals with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sheppard SE,
Campbell IM,
Harr MH,
Gold N,
Li D,
Bjornsson HT,
Cohen JS,
Fahrner JA,
Fatemi A,
Harris JR,
Nowak C,
Stevens CA,
Grand K,
Au M,
Graham JM Jr,
Sanchez-Lara PA,
Campo MD,
Jones MC,
Abdul-Rahman O,
Alkuraya FS,
Bassetti JA,
Bergstrom K,
Bhoj E,
Dugan S,
Kaplan JD,
Derar N,
Gripp KW,
Hauser N,
Innes AM,
Keena B,
Kodra N,
Miller R,
Nelson B,
Nowaczyk MJ,
Rahbeeni Z,
Ben-Shachar S,
Shieh JT,
Slavotinek A,
Sobering AK,
Abbott MA,
Allain DC,
Amlie-Wolf L,
Au PYB,
Bedoukian E,
Beek G,
Barry J,
Berg J,
Bernstein JA,
Cytrynbaum C,
Chung BH,
Donoghue S,
Dorrani N,
Eaton A,
Flores-Daboub JA,
Dubbs H,
Felix CA,
Fong CT,
Fung JLF,
Gangaram B,
Goldstein A,
Greenberg R,
Ha TK,
Hersh J,
Izumi K,
Kallish S,
Kravets E,
Kwok PY,
Jobling RK,
Knight Johnson AE,
Kushner J,
Lee BH,
Levin B,
Lindstrom K,
Manickam K,
Mardach R,
McCormick E,
McLeod DR,
Mentch FD,
Minks K,
Muraresku C,
Nelson SF,
Porazzi P,
Pichurin PN,
Powell-Hamilton NN,
Powis Z,
Ritter A,
Rogers C,
Rohena L,
Ronspies C,
Schroeder A,
Stark Z,
Starr L,
Stoler J,
Suwannarat P,
Velinov M,
Weksberg R,
Wilnai Y,
Zadeh N,
Zand DJ,
Falk MJ,
Hakonarson H,
Zackai EH,
Quintero-Rivera F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2021 Jun;185(6):1649-1665.
Epub 2021 Mar 30
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62124.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33783954" target="_blank">33783954</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8631250" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32593336">Clinical and biomarker changes of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fortea J,
Vilaplana E,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Benejam B,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Fernández S,
Altuna M,
Pegueroles J,
Montal V,
Valldeneu S,
Giménez S,
González-Ortiz S,
Muñoz L,
Estellés T,
Illán-Gala I,
Belbin O,
Camacho V,
Wilson LR,
Annus T,
Osorio RS,
Videla S,
Lehmann S,
Holland AJ,
Alcolea D,
Clarimón J,
Zaman SH,
Blesa R,
Lleó A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2020 Jun 27;395(10242):1988-1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30689-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32593336" target="_blank">32593336</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7322523" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20autosomal%20dominant%2057%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (13)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35604690">Association of Alzheimer Disease With Life Expectancy in People With Down Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iulita MF,
Garzón Chavez D,
Klitgaard Christensen M,
Valle Tamayo N,
Plana-Ripoll O,
Rasmussen SA,
Roqué Figuls M,
Alcolea D,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Benejam B,
Altuna M,
Padilla C,
Pegueroles J,
Fernandez S,
Belbin O,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Blesa R,
Lleó A,
Bejanin A,
Fortea J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Netw Open</span>
2022 May 2;5(5):e2212910.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12910.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35604690" target="_blank">35604690</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9127560" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32593336">Clinical and biomarker changes of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fortea J,
Vilaplana E,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Benejam B,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Fernández S,
Altuna M,
Pegueroles J,
Montal V,
Valldeneu S,
Giménez S,
González-Ortiz S,
Muñoz L,
Estellés T,
Illán-Gala I,
Belbin O,
Camacho V,
Wilson LR,
Annus T,
Osorio RS,
Videla S,
Lehmann S,
Holland AJ,
Alcolea D,
Clarimón J,
Zaman SH,
Blesa R,
Lleó A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2020 Jun 27;395(10242):1988-1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30689-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32593336" target="_blank">32593336</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7322523" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24874887">Severe ipsilateral musculoskeletal involvement in a Cornelia de Lange patient with a novel NIPBL mutation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Baquero-Montoya C,
Gil-Rodríguez MC,
Hernández-Marcos M,
Teresa-Rodrigo ME,
Vicente-Gabas A,
Bernal ML,
Casale CH,
Bueno-Lozano G,
Bueno-Martínez I,
Queralt E,
Villa O,
Hernando-Davalillo C,
Armengol L,
Gómez-Puertas P,
Puisac B,
Selicorni A,
Ramos FJ,
Pié J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Med Genet</span>
2014 Sep;57(9):503-9.
Epub 2014 May 27
doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24874887" target="_blank">24874887</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22883468">Autism in siblings with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miyajima T,
Kumada T,
Saito K,
Fujii T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain Dev</span>
2013 Feb;35(2):155-7.
Epub 2012 Aug 9
doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.07.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22883468" target="_blank">22883468</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15249611">A novel mutation in KCNQ2 associated with BFNC, drug resistant epilepsy, and mental retardation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Borgatti R,
Zucca C,
Cavallini A,
Ferrario M,
Panzeri C,
Castaldo P,
Soldovieri MV,
Baschirotto C,
Bresolin N,
Dalla Bernardina B,
Taglialatela M,
Bassi MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2004 Jul 13;63(1):57-65.
doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000132979.08394.6d.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15249611" target="_blank">15249611</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20autosomal%20dominant%2057%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36757831">The clinical and genetic spectrum of autosomal-recessive TOR1A-related disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saffari A,
Lau T,
Tajsharghi H,
Karimiani EG,
Kariminejad A,
Efthymiou S,
Zifarelli G,
Sultan T,
Toosi MB,
Sedighzadeh S,
Siu VM,
Ortigoza-Escobar JD,
AlShamsi AM,
Ibrahim S,
Al-Sannaa NA,
Al-Hertani W,
Sandra W,
Tarnopolsky M,
Alavi S,
Li C,
Day-Salvatore DL,
Martínez-González MJ,
Levandoski KM,
Bedoukian E,
Madan-Khetarpal S,
Idleburg MJ,
Menezes MJ,
Siddharth A,
Platzer K,
Oppermann H,
Smitka M,
Collins F,
Lek M,
Shahrooei M,
Ghavideldarestani M,
Herman I,
Rendu J,
Faure J,
Baker J,
Bhambhani V,
Calderwood L,
Akhondian J,
Imannezhad S,
Mirzadeh HS,
Hashemi N,
Doosti M,
Safi M,
Ahangari N,
Torbati PN,
Abedini S,
Salpietro V,
Gulec EY,
Eshaghian S,
Ghazavi M,
Pascher MT,
Vogel M,
Abicht A,
Moutton S,
Bruel AL,
Rieubland C,
Gallati S,
Strom TM,
Lochmüller H,
Mohammadi MH,
Alvi JR,
Zackai EH,
Keena BA,
Skraban CM,
Berger SI,
Andrew EH,
Rahimian E,
Morrow MM,
Wentzensen IM,
Millan F,
Henderson LB,
Dafsari HS,
Jungbluth H,
Gomez-Ospina N,
McRae A,
Peter M,
Veltra D,
Marinakis NM,
Sofocleous C,
Ashrafzadeh F,
Pehlivan D,
Lemke JR,
Melki J,
Benezit A,
Bauer P,
Weis D,
Lupski JR,
Senderek J,
Christodoulou J,
Chung WK,
Goodchild R,
Offiah AC,
Moreno-De-Luca A,
Suri M,
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Houlden H,
Maroofian R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Aug 1;146(8):3273-3288.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad039.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36757831" target="_blank">36757831</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10393417" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35933106">A chromoanagenesis-driven ultra-complex t(5;7;21)dn truncates neurodevelopmental genes in a disabled boy as revealed by whole-genome sequencing.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Córdova-Fletes C,
Rivera H,
Aguayo-Orozco TA,
Martínez-Jacobo LA,
Garza-González E,
Robles-Espinoza CD,
Basurto-Lozada P,
Avalos-Gómez HG,
Esparza-García E,
Domínguez-Quezada MG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Med Genet</span>
2022 Oct;65(10):104579.
Epub 2022 Aug 3
doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104579.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35933106" target="_blank">35933106</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35604690">Association of Alzheimer Disease With Life Expectancy in People With Down Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iulita MF,
Garzón Chavez D,
Klitgaard Christensen M,
Valle Tamayo N,
Plana-Ripoll O,
Rasmussen SA,
Roqué Figuls M,
Alcolea D,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Benejam B,
Altuna M,
Padilla C,
Pegueroles J,
Fernandez S,
Belbin O,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Blesa R,
Lleó A,
Bejanin A,
Fortea J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Netw Open</span>
2022 May 2;5(5):e2212910.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12910.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35604690" target="_blank">35604690</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9127560" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32593336">Clinical and biomarker changes of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fortea J,
Vilaplana E,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Benejam B,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Fernández S,
Altuna M,
Pegueroles J,
Montal V,
Valldeneu S,
Giménez S,
González-Ortiz S,
Muñoz L,
Estellés T,
Illán-Gala I,
Belbin O,
Camacho V,
Wilson LR,
Annus T,
Osorio RS,
Videla S,
Lehmann S,
Holland AJ,
Alcolea D,
Clarimón J,
Zaman SH,
Blesa R,
Lleó A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2020 Jun 27;395(10242):1988-1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30689-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32593336" target="_blank">32593336</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7322523" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20autosomal%20dominant%2057%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36757831">The clinical and genetic spectrum of autosomal-recessive TOR1A-related disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saffari A,
Lau T,
Tajsharghi H,
Karimiani EG,
Kariminejad A,
Efthymiou S,
Zifarelli G,
Sultan T,
Toosi MB,
Sedighzadeh S,
Siu VM,
Ortigoza-Escobar JD,
AlShamsi AM,
Ibrahim S,
Al-Sannaa NA,
Al-Hertani W,
Sandra W,
Tarnopolsky M,
Alavi S,
Li C,
Day-Salvatore DL,
Martínez-González MJ,
Levandoski KM,
Bedoukian E,
Madan-Khetarpal S,
Idleburg MJ,
Menezes MJ,
Siddharth A,
Platzer K,
Oppermann H,
Smitka M,
Collins F,
Lek M,
Shahrooei M,
Ghavideldarestani M,
Herman I,
Rendu J,
Faure J,
Baker J,
Bhambhani V,
Calderwood L,
Akhondian J,
Imannezhad S,
Mirzadeh HS,
Hashemi N,
Doosti M,
Safi M,
Ahangari N,
Torbati PN,
Abedini S,
Salpietro V,
Gulec EY,
Eshaghian S,
Ghazavi M,
Pascher MT,
Vogel M,
Abicht A,
Moutton S,
Bruel AL,
Rieubland C,
Gallati S,
Strom TM,
Lochmüller H,
Mohammadi MH,
Alvi JR,
Zackai EH,
Keena BA,
Skraban CM,
Berger SI,
Andrew EH,
Rahimian E,
Morrow MM,
Wentzensen IM,
Millan F,
Henderson LB,
Dafsari HS,
Jungbluth H,
Gomez-Ospina N,
McRae A,
Peter M,
Veltra D,
Marinakis NM,
Sofocleous C,
Ashrafzadeh F,
Pehlivan D,
Lemke JR,
Melki J,
Benezit A,
Bauer P,
Weis D,
Lupski JR,
Senderek J,
Christodoulou J,
Chung WK,
Goodchild R,
Offiah AC,
Moreno-De-Luca A,
Suri M,
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Houlden H,
Maroofian R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Aug 1;146(8):3273-3288.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad039.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36757831" target="_blank">36757831</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10393417" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34358384">Clinical experience with non-invasive prenatal screening for single-gene disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohan P,
Lemoine J,
Trotter C,
Rakova I,
Billings P,
Peacock S,
Kao CY,
Wang Y,
Xia F,
Eng CM,
Benn P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</span>
2022 Jan;59(1):33-39.
doi: 10.1002/uog.23756.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34358384" target="_blank">34358384</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9302116" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33783954">Expanding the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in a diverse cohort of 104 individuals with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sheppard SE,
Campbell IM,
Harr MH,
Gold N,
Li D,
Bjornsson HT,
Cohen JS,
Fahrner JA,
Fatemi A,
Harris JR,
Nowak C,
Stevens CA,
Grand K,
Au M,
Graham JM Jr,
Sanchez-Lara PA,
Campo MD,
Jones MC,
Abdul-Rahman O,
Alkuraya FS,
Bassetti JA,
Bergstrom K,
Bhoj E,
Dugan S,
Kaplan JD,
Derar N,
Gripp KW,
Hauser N,
Innes AM,
Keena B,
Kodra N,
Miller R,
Nelson B,
Nowaczyk MJ,
Rahbeeni Z,
Ben-Shachar S,
Shieh JT,
Slavotinek A,
Sobering AK,
Abbott MA,
Allain DC,
Amlie-Wolf L,
Au PYB,
Bedoukian E,
Beek G,
Barry J,
Berg J,
Bernstein JA,
Cytrynbaum C,
Chung BH,
Donoghue S,
Dorrani N,
Eaton A,
Flores-Daboub JA,
Dubbs H,
Felix CA,
Fong CT,
Fung JLF,
Gangaram B,
Goldstein A,
Greenberg R,
Ha TK,
Hersh J,
Izumi K,
Kallish S,
Kravets E,
Kwok PY,
Jobling RK,
Knight Johnson AE,
Kushner J,
Lee BH,
Levin B,
Lindstrom K,
Manickam K,
Mardach R,
McCormick E,
McLeod DR,
Mentch FD,
Minks K,
Muraresku C,
Nelson SF,
Porazzi P,
Pichurin PN,
Powell-Hamilton NN,
Powis Z,
Ritter A,
Rogers C,
Rohena L,
Ronspies C,
Schroeder A,
Stark Z,
Starr L,
Stoler J,
Suwannarat P,
Velinov M,
Weksberg R,
Wilnai Y,
Zadeh N,
Zand DJ,
Falk MJ,
Hakonarson H,
Zackai EH,
Quintero-Rivera F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2021 Jun;185(6):1649-1665.
Epub 2021 Mar 30
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62124.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33783954" target="_blank">33783954</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8631250" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32593336">Clinical and biomarker changes of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fortea J,
Vilaplana E,
Carmona-Iragui M,
Benejam B,
Videla L,
Barroeta I,
Fernández S,
Altuna M,
Pegueroles J,
Montal V,
Valldeneu S,
Giménez S,
González-Ortiz S,
Muñoz L,
Estellés T,
Illán-Gala I,
Belbin O,
Camacho V,
Wilson LR,
Annus T,
Osorio RS,
Videla S,
Lehmann S,
Holland AJ,
Alcolea D,
Clarimón J,
Zaman SH,
Blesa R,
Lleó A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2020 Jun 27;395(10242):1988-1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30689-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32593336" target="_blank">32593336</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7322523" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10353782">X linked mental retardation and infantile spasms in a family: new clinical data and linkage to Xp11.4-Xp22.11.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Strømme P,
Sundet K,
Mørk C,
Cassiman JJ,
Fryns JP,
Claes S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Med Genet</span>
1999 May;36(5):374-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10353782" target="_blank">10353782</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1734364" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20autosomal%20dominant%2057%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (9)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4748003%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (4)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4748003%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (5)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4748003%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (2)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4748003%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (5)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=618050" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Intellectual%20disability,%20autosomal%20dominant%2057" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=608439" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=11011[geneid]" target="_blank">View TLK2 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=618050" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/intellectual_developmental_disorder_autosomal_dominant_57" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Intellectual%20disability,%20autosomal%20dominant%2057" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li></ul></div>
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<a href="/pubmed?term=Intellectual%20disability,%20autosomal%20dominant%2057%20AND%20humans[mesh]%20AND%20review[publication%20type]" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=2&amp;linkpostotal=2" target="_blank">Reviews in PubMed</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">ClinVar</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related medical variations</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gene?LinkName=medgen_gene_diseases&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">Gene</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in NCBI Gene</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C4748003[DISCUI]" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in GTR</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C4748003[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR(Clinical)</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/omim?LinkName=medgen_omim&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">OMIM</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/omim?LinkName=medgen_omim_gene&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">OMIM(Genes)</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">OMIM records containing genes associated with phenotypes registered in MedGen</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pmc?LinkName=medgen_pmc&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC Articles</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in PubMed Central Links</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related literature resources in PubMed</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed_omim&amp;from_uid=1648280" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed (OMIM)</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related literature resources in PubMed</div>
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