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<meta name="keywords" content="C4310707, bardet-biedl syndrome 20, bbs20, disease or syndrome, ift172, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Bardet-Biedl syndrome-20 (BBS20), a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with ciliary dysfunction, is characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, truncal obesity, renal anomalies, and learning disability, as well as hypogonadism in males and genital abnormalities in females (Saida et al., 2014).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Bardet-Biedl syndrome, see BBS1 (209900)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Bardet-Biedl syndrome 20 (Concept Id: C4310707)
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<!--
UID=934674
ConceptID=C4310707
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Bardet-Biedl syndrome 20<span class="h1sub">(BBS20)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934674</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C4310707</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME 20; BBS20</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="IFT172 - ID: 26160 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/26160" class="medgenPMinfo">IFT172</a> (2p23.3)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0023670" target="_blank">MONDO:0023670</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/619471" target="_blank">619471</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Bardet-Biedl syndrome-20 (BBS20), a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with ciliary dysfunction, is characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, truncal obesity, renal anomalies, and learning disability, as well as hypogonadism in males and genital abnormalities in females (Saida et al., 2014).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Bardet-Biedl syndrome, see BBS1 (209900). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10976"><div><strong>Proteinuria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10976</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0033687</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased levels of protein in the urine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10976">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Proteinuria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010976%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96568"><div><strong>Bilateral cryptorchidism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96568</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431663</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Absence of both testes from the scrotum owing to failure of the testis or testes to descend through the inguinal canal to the scrotum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96568">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bilateral%20cryptorchidism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096568%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1633603"><div><strong>Micropenis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1633603</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551492</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1633603">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Micropenis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201633603%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_67394"><div><strong>Postaxial polydactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>67394</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0220697</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Polydactyly refers to the occurrence of supernumerary digits and is the most frequent of congenital hand and foot deformities. Based on the location of the extra digits, polydactyly can be classified into preaxial, involving the thumb or great toe; postaxial, affecting the fifth digit; and central, involving the 3 central digits. Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is further subclassified into 2 types: in type A, a well-formed extra digit articulates with the fifth or a sixth metacarpal, whereas in type B, a rudimentary, poorly developed extra digit is present (summary by Umm-e-Kalsoom et al., 2012).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Postaxial Polydactyly&#13; Other forms of postaxial polydactyly type A include PAPA2 (602085) on chromosome 13q21; PAPA3 (607324) on chromosome 19p13; PAPA4 (608562) on chromosome 7q22; PAPA5 (263450) on chromosome 13q13; PAPA6 (615226), caused by mutation in the ZNF141 gene (194648) on chromosome 4p16; PAPA7 (617642), caused by mutation in the IQCE gene (617631) on chromosome 7p22; PAPA8 (618123), caused by mutation in the GLI1 gene (165220) on chromosome 12q13; PAPA9 (618219), caused by mutation in the CIBAR1 gene (617273) on chromosome 8q22; and PAPA10 (618498), caused by mutation in the KIAA0825 gene (617266) on chromosome 5q15.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/67394">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Postaxial%20polydactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2067394%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_609221"><div><strong>Postaxial hand polydactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>609221</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431904</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Supernumerary digits located at the ulnar side of the hand (that is, on the side with the fifth finger).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/609221">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Postaxial%20hand%20polydactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20609221%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_389171"><div><strong>Preaxial foot polydactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>389171</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2112942</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Duplication of all or part of the first ray.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/389171">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Preaxial%20foot%20polydactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20389171%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1645640"><div><strong>2-3 toe syndactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1645640</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551570</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Syndactyly with fusion of toes two and three.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1645640">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%222-3%20toe%20syndactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201645640%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_6753"><div><strong>Atrial septal defect</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6753</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018817</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/6753">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Atrial%20septal%20defect%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%206753%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_18127"><div><strong>Obesity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>18127</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0028754</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Accumulation of substantial excess body fat.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/18127">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Obesity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2018127%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_507499"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, borderline</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>507499</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0006009</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Borderline intellectual disability is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 70-85.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/507499">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20borderline%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20507499%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_56241"><div><strong>Increased intracranial pressure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>56241</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151740</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increase of the pressure inside the cranium (skull) and thereby in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/56241">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Increased%20intracranial%20pressure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2056241%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105318"><div><strong>Delayed speech and language development</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105318</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0454644</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105318">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20speech%20and%20language%20development%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105318%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2109"><div><strong>Asthma</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2109</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0004096</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Asthma is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to multiple stimuli, leading to narrowing of the air passages with resultant dyspnea, cough, and wheezing.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2109">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Asthma%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202109%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_14586"><div><strong>Pancreatitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>14586</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0030305</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of inflammation in the pancreas.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/14586">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Pancreatitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2014586%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_5687"><div><strong>Hypercholesterolemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5687</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020443</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increased concentration of cholesterol in the blood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5687">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypercholesterolemia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%205687%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116013"><div><strong>Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116013</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235996</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Elevations of the levels of SGOT and SGPT in the serum. SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) are transaminases primarily found in the liver and heart and are released into the bloodstream as the result of liver or heart damage. SGOT and SGPT are used clinically mainly as markers of liver damage.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116013">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Elevated%20circulating%20hepatic%20transaminase%20concentration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116013%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57480"><div><strong>Male hypogonadism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57480</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151721</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial male hypogonadism is a highly heterogeneous category from which some disorders such as Reifenstein syndrome (312300), Kallmann syndrome (see 308700), isolated gonadotropin deficiency, and some other entities can be separated. The presence of an autosomal recessive form is suggested by the occurrence of parental consanguinity (Nowakowski and Lenz, 1961).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57480">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Male%20hypogonadism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057480%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2473"><div><strong>Astigmatism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2473</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0004106</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2473">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Astigmatism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202473%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_42391"><div><strong>Hemeralopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>42391</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018975</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A visual defect characterized by the inability to see as clearly in bright light as in dim light. The word hemeralopia literally means day blindness.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/42391">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hemeralopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2042391%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43780"><div><strong>Hypermetropia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43780</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020490</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43780">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypermetropia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043780%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10349"><div><strong>Night blindness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10349</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0028077</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inability to see well at night or in poor light.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10349">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Night%20blindness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010349%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10565"><div><strong>Optic papillitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10565</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0030353</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Papilledema refers to edema (swelling) of the optic disc secondary to any factor which increases cerebral spinal fluid pressure.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10565">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20papillitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010565%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_68613"><div><strong>Constriction of peripheral visual field</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235095</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An absolute or relative decrease in retinal sensitivity extending from edge (periphery) of the visual field in a concentric pattern. The visual field is the area that is perceived simultaneously by a fixating eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/68613">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Constriction%20of%20peripheral%20visual%20field%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2068613%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_349827"><div><strong>Retinal vascular tortuosity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>349827</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1860475</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an increased number of twists and turns of the retinal blood vessels.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/349827">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Retinal%20vascular%20tortuosity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20349827%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1632921"><div><strong>Rod-cone dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1632921</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551714</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An inherited retinal disease subtype in which the rod photoreceptors appear to be more severely affected than the cone photoreceptors. Typical presentation is with nyctalopia (due to rod dysfunction) followed by loss of mid-peripheral field of vision, which gradually extends and leaves many patients with a small central island of vision due to the preservation of macular cones.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1632921">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Rod-cone%20dystrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201632921%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1645640" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">2-3 toe syndactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_609221" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Postaxial hand polydactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_67394" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Postaxial polydactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_389171" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Preaxial foot polydactyly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116013" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_5687" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypercholesterolemia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_6753" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Atrial septal defect</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the endocrine system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57480" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Male hypogonadism</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2473" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Astigmatism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_68613" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Constriction of peripheral visual field</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_42391" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hemeralopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43780" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypermetropia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10349" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Night blindness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10565" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic papillitis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_349827" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal vascular tortuosity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1632921" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rod-cone dystrophy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96568" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bilateral cryptorchidism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1633603" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Micropenis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10976" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proteinuria</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the immune system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2109" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Asthma</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_14586" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pancreatitis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105318" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed speech and language development</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_56241" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Increased intracranial pressure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_507499" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability, borderline</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_18127" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Obesity</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38383825">Bardet-Biedl syndrome: A clinical overview focusing on diagnosis, outcomes and best-practice management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shoemaker A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes Obes Metab</span>
2024 Apr;26 Suppl 2:25-33.
Epub 2024 Feb 21
doi: 10.1111/dom.15494.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38383825" target="_blank">38383825</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29478043">Prenatal Diagnosis of Hydro(metro)colpos: A Series of 20 Cases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mallmann MR,
Reutter H,
Mack-Detlefsen B,
Gottschalk I,
Geipel A,
Berg C,
Boemers TM,
Gembruch U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Fetal Diagn Ther</span>
2019;45(1):62-68.
Epub 2018 Feb 23
doi: 10.1159/000486781.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29478043" target="_blank">29478043</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22410627">Genotype-phenotype correlations in Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Daniels AB,
Sandberg MA,
Chen J,
Weigel-DiFranco C,
Fielding Hejtmancic J,
Berson EL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Ophthalmol</span>
2012 Jul;130(7):901-7.
doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.89.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22410627" target="_blank">22410627</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(bardet-biedl%20syndrome%2020)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (8)</a></div></div>
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<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38927698">The Clinical and Mutational Spectrum of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome in Saudi Arabia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Milibari D,
Nowilaty SR,
Ba-Abbad R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2024 Jun 11;15(6)
doi: 10.3390/genes15060762.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38927698" target="_blank">38927698</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11202873" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32700463">Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Weight patterns and genetics in a rare obesity syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pomeroy J,
Krentz AD,
Richardson JG,
Berg RL,
VanWormer JJ,
Haws RM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Obes</span>
2021 Feb;16(2):e12703.
Epub 2020 Jul 22
doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12703.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32700463" target="_blank">32700463</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7816264" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29232001">Novel sequence variants in the MKKS gene cause Bardet-Biedl syndrome with intra- and inter-familial variable phenotypes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ullah A,
Khalid M,
Umair M,
Khan SA,
Bilal M,
Khan S,
Ahmad W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Congenit Anom (Kyoto)</span>
2018 Sep;58(5):173-175.
Epub 2017 Dec 22
doi: 10.1111/cga.12264.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29232001" target="_blank">29232001</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29106859">Sleep disordered breathing in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yeung JC,
Katwa UA,
Lee GS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol</span>
2017 Nov;102:127-132.
Epub 2017 Sep 12
doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29106859" target="_blank">29106859</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22353939">In search of triallelism in Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Abu-Safieh L,
Al-Anazi S,
Al-Abdi L,
Hashem M,
Alkuraya H,
Alamr M,
Sirelkhatim MO,
Al-Hassnan Z,
Alkuraya B,
Mohamed JY,
Al-Salem A,
Alrashed M,
Faqeih E,
Softah A,
Al-Hashem A,
Wali S,
Rahbeeni Z,
Alsayed M,
Khan AO,
Al-Gazali L,
Taschner PE,
Al-Hazzaa S,
Alkuraya FS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2012 Apr;20(4):420-7.
Epub 2012 Feb 22
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.205.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22353939" target="_blank">22353939</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3306854" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bardet-Biedl%20syndrome%2020%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (45)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38584252">Molecular and phenotypic characteristics of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in Chinese patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gao S,
Zhang Q,
Ding Y,
Wang L,
Li Z,
Hu F,
Yao RE,
Yu T,
Chang G,
Wang X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2024 Apr 8;19(1):149.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-024-03150-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38584252" target="_blank">38584252</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11000329" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38383825">Bardet-Biedl syndrome: A clinical overview focusing on diagnosis, outcomes and best-practice management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shoemaker A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabetes Obes Metab</span>
2024 Apr;26 Suppl 2:25-33.
Epub 2024 Feb 21
doi: 10.1111/dom.15494.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38383825" target="_blank">38383825</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32700463">Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Weight patterns and genetics in a rare obesity syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pomeroy J,
Krentz AD,
Richardson JG,
Berg RL,
VanWormer JJ,
Haws RM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Obes</span>
2021 Feb;16(2):e12703.
Epub 2020 Jul 22
doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12703.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32700463" target="_blank">32700463</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7816264" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29232001">Novel sequence variants in the MKKS gene cause Bardet-Biedl syndrome with intra- and inter-familial variable phenotypes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ullah A,
Khalid M,
Umair M,
Khan SA,
Bilal M,
Khan S,
Ahmad W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Congenit Anom (Kyoto)</span>
2018 Sep;58(5):173-175.
Epub 2017 Dec 22
doi: 10.1111/cga.12264.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29232001" target="_blank">29232001</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29106859">Sleep disordered breathing in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yeung JC,
Katwa UA,
Lee GS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol</span>
2017 Nov;102:127-132.
Epub 2017 Sep 12
doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29106859" target="_blank">29106859</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bardet-Biedl%20syndrome%2020%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (58)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34479901">Carbamazepine drug effect simulating biochemical central hypothyroidism in a patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kishlyansky D,
Kline G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2021 Sep 3;14(9)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34479901" target="_blank">34479901</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8420699" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29106859">Sleep disordered breathing in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yeung JC,
Katwa UA,
Lee GS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol</span>
2017 Nov;102:127-132.
Epub 2017 Sep 12
doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29106859" target="_blank">29106859</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16387110">Primary central nervous system lymphoma in a renal transplant recipient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ersoy A,
Kahvecioglu S,
Bekar A,
Aker S,
Akdag I,
Dilek K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Transplant Proc</span>
2005 Dec;37(10):4323-5.
doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.10.121.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16387110" target="_blank">16387110</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bardet-Biedl%20syndrome%2020%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38189974">Genetic profile of syndromic retinitis pigmentosa in Portugal.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cortinhal T,
Santos C,
Vaz-Pereira S,
Marta A,
Duarte L,
Miranda V,
Costa J,
Sousa AB,
Peter VG,
Kaminska K,
Rivolta C,
Carvalho AL,
Saraiva J,
Soares CA,
Silva R,
Murta J,
Santos LC,
Marques JP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</span>
2024 Jun;262(6):1883-1897.
Epub 2024 Jan 8
doi: 10.1007/s00417-023-06360-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38189974" target="_blank">38189974</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11106148" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33075816">Variants in RABL2A causing male infertility and ciliopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ding X,
Fragoza R,
Singh P,
Zhang S,
Yu H,
Schimenti JC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mol Genet</span>
2020 Dec 18;29(20):3402-3411.
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa230.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33075816" target="_blank">33075816</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7749704" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29106859">Sleep disordered breathing in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yeung JC,
Katwa UA,
Lee GS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol</span>
2017 Nov;102:127-132.
Epub 2017 Sep 12
doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29106859" target="_blank">29106859</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11673413">Exploring the molecular basis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Katsanis N,
Lupski JR,
Beales PL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mol Genet</span>
2001 Oct 1;10(20):2293-9.
doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.20.2293.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11673413" target="_blank">11673413</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9663233">Alström syndrome. Report of 22 cases and literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Russell-Eggitt IM,
Clayton PT,
Coffey R,
Kriss A,
Taylor DS,
Taylor JF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmology</span>
1998 Jul;105(7):1274-80.
doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)97033-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9663233" target="_blank">9663233</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bardet-Biedl%20syndrome%2020%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (18)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38953718">Refractive errors in patients with Bardet Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yavuz Saricay L,
Baldwin G,
Moulton EA,
Gonzalez E,
Rajabi F,
Hunter DG,
Fulton AB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmic Genet</span>
2024 Oct;45(5):435-440.
Epub 2024 Jul 2
doi: 10.1080/13816810.2024.2357296.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38953718" target="_blank">38953718</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35791150">Retinitis pigmentosa in Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome in India: Electronic medical records driven big data analytics: Report II.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Parameswarappa DC,
Das AV,
Thakur PS,
Takkar B,
Multani PK,
Padhy SK,
Doctor MB,
Agarwal K,
Jalali S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2022 Jul;70(7):2533-2538.
doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2268_21.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35791150" target="_blank">35791150</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9426086" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32700463">Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Weight patterns and genetics in a rare obesity syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pomeroy J,
Krentz AD,
Richardson JG,
Berg RL,
VanWormer JJ,
Haws RM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Obes</span>
2021 Feb;16(2):e12703.
Epub 2020 Jul 22
doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12703.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32700463" target="_blank">32700463</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7816264" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29106859">Sleep disordered breathing in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yeung JC,
Katwa UA,
Lee GS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol</span>
2017 Nov;102:127-132.
Epub 2017 Sep 12
doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29106859" target="_blank">29106859</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22353939">In search of triallelism in Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Abu-Safieh L,
Al-Anazi S,
Al-Abdi L,
Hashem M,
Alkuraya H,
Alamr M,
Sirelkhatim MO,
Al-Hassnan Z,
Alkuraya B,
Mohamed JY,
Al-Salem A,
Alrashed M,
Faqeih E,
Softah A,
Al-Hashem A,
Wali S,
Rahbeeni Z,
Alsayed M,
Khan AO,
Al-Gazali L,
Taschner PE,
Al-Hazzaa S,
Alkuraya FS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2012 Apr;20(4):420-7.
Epub 2012 Feb 22
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.205.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22353939" target="_blank">22353939</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3306854" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bardet-Biedl%20syndrome%2020%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (29)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310707%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (9)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310707%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (11)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310707%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (6)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310707%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (11)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=619471" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Bardet-Biedl%20syndrome%2020" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(bardet-biedl%20syndrome%2020)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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