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<meta name="keywords" content="C1865695, axial smd, axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, cfap410, disease or syndrome, smd axial, smd, axial, smdax, spondylometaphyseal dysplasia axial type, spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, axial, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMDAX) is characterized by postnatal growth failure, including rhizomelic short stature in early childhood that evolves into short trunk in late childhood, and thoracic hypoplasia that may cause mild to moderate respiratory problems in the neonatal period and later susceptibility to airway infection. Impaired visual acuity comes to medical attention in early life and vision rapidly deteriorates. Retinal changes are diagnosed as retinitis pigmentosa or pigmentary retinal degeneration on funduscopic examination and as cone-rod dystrophy on electroretinogram. Radiologic hallmarks include short ribs with flared and cupped anterior ends, mild spondylar dysplasia, lacy iliac crests, and metaphyseal irregularities essentially confined to the proximal femora (summary by Suzuki et al., 2011)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (Concept Id: C1865695)
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<!--
UID=356065
ConceptID=C1865695
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia<span class="h1sub">(SMDAX)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>356065</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1865695</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>AXIAL SMD</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (771301002)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="CFAP410 - ID: 755 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/755" class="medgenPMinfo">CFAP410</a> (21q22.3)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0011211" target="_blank">MONDO:0011211</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/602271" target="_blank">602271</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=168549">ORPHA168549</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMDAX) is characterized by postnatal growth failure, including rhizomelic short stature in early childhood that evolves into short trunk in late childhood, and thoracic hypoplasia that may cause mild to moderate respiratory problems in the neonatal period and later susceptibility to airway infection. Impaired visual acuity comes to medical attention in early life and vision rapidly deteriorates. Retinal changes are diagnosed as retinitis pigmentosa or pigmentary retinal degeneration on funduscopic examination and as cone-rod dystrophy on electroretinogram. Radiologic hallmarks include short ribs with flared and cupped anterior ends, mild spondylar dysplasia, lacy iliac crests, and metaphyseal irregularities essentially confined to the proximal femora (summary by Suzuki et al., 2011). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_907698"><div><strong>Reduced sperm motility</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>907698</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4082176</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal reduction in the mobility of ejaculated sperm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/907698">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Reduced%20sperm%20motility%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20907698%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_357122"><div><strong>Rhizomelia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>357122</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1866730</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Disproportionate shortening of the proximal segment of limbs (i.e. the femur and humerus).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/357122">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Rhizomelia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20357122%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1790477"><div><strong>Coxa vara</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1790477</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5551440</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Coxa vara includes all forms of decrease of the femoral neck shaft angle (the angle between the neck and the shaft of the femur) to less than 120 degrees.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1790477">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Coxa%20vara%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201790477%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11348"><div><strong>Scoliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11348">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Scoliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011348%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96528"><div><strong>Narrow chest</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96528</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0426790</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced width of the chest from side to side, associated with a reduced distance from the sternal notch to the tip of the shoulder.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96528">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Narrow%20chest%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096528%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_154353"><div><strong>Narrow greater sciatic notch</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>154353</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0566888</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A narrowing of the sacrosciatic notch, i.e., the deep indentation in the posterior border of the hip bone at the point of union of the ilium and ischium.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/154353">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Narrow%20greater%20sciatic%20notch%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20154353%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_373033"><div><strong>Short femoral neck</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373033</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836184</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormally short femoral neck (which is the process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373033">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20femoral%20neck%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20373033%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324485"><div><strong>Proximal femoral metaphyseal irregularity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324485</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836320</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Irregularity of the normally smooth surface of the proximal metaphysis of the femur.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324485">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Proximal%20femoral%20metaphyseal%20irregularity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324485%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_373339"><div><strong>Thoracic hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373339</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373339">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Thoracic%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20373339%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_335010"><div><strong>Platyspondyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335010</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844704</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335010">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Platyspondyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20335010%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_337520"><div><strong>Anterior rib cupping</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337520</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846154</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Wide, concave anterior rib end.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337520">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Anterior%20rib%20cupping%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20337520%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_337580"><div><strong>Disproportionate short-trunk short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337580</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846435</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of disproportionate short stature characterized by a short trunk but a average-sized limbs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337580">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Disproportionate%20short-trunk%20short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20337580%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1674850"><div><strong>Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1674850</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4759767</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A heterogeneous group of disorders associated with walking and growth disturbances that become evident during the second year of life. Characteristics are platyspondyly (flattened vertebrae) and marked hip and knee metaphyseal lesions. The different forms of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia are distinguished by the localisation and severity of involvement of the affected metaphyses.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1674850">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spondylometaphyseal%20dysplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201674850%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_195802"><div><strong>Recurrent pneumonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>195802</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0694550</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increased susceptibility to pneumonia as manifested by a history of recurrent episodes of pneumonia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/195802">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Recurrent%20pneumonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20195802%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_478856"><div><strong>Restrictive ventilatory defect</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>478856</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3277226</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A functional defect characterized by reduced total lung capacity (TLC) not associated with abnormalities of expiratory airflow or airway resistance. Spirometrically, a restrictive defect is defined as FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) less than 80 per cent. Restrictive lung disease may be caused by alterations in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/478856">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Restrictive%20ventilatory%20defect%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20478856%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_52469"><div><strong>Splenomegaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>52469</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0038002</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormal increased size of the spleen.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/52469">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Splenomegaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2052469%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_45166"><div><strong>Nystagmus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45166</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0028738</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45166">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nystagmus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2045166%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_18180"><div><strong>Optic atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>18180</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029124</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/18180">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2018180%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_48432"><div><strong>Retinal degeneration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>48432</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0035304</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A nonspecific term denoting degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium and/or retinal photoreceptor cells.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/48432">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Retinal%20degeneration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2048432%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_896366"><div><strong>Cone-rod dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>896366</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4085590</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">There are more than 30 types of cone-rod dystrophy, which are distinguished by their genetic cause and their pattern of inheritance: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked. Additionally, cone-rod dystrophy can occur alone without any other signs and symptoms or it can occur as part of a syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body.\n\nThe first signs and symptoms of cone-rod dystrophy, which often occur in childhood, are usually decreased sharpness of vision (visual acuity) and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). These features are typically followed by impaired color vision (dyschromatopsia), blind spots (scotomas) in the center of the visual field, and partial side (peripheral) vision loss. Over time, affected individuals develop night blindness and a worsening of their peripheral vision, which can limit independent mobility. Decreasing visual acuity makes reading increasingly difficult and most affected individuals are legally blind by mid-adulthood. As the condition progresses, individuals may develop involuntary eye movements (nystagmus).\n\nCone-rod dystrophy is a group of related eye disorders that causes vision loss, which becomes more severe over time. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In people with cone-rod dystrophy, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/896366">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cone-rod%20dystrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20896366%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1632921"><div><strong>Rod-cone dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1632921</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551714</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An inherited retinal disease subtype in which the rod photoreceptors appear to be more severely affected than the cone photoreceptors. Typical presentation is with nyctalopia (due to rod dysfunction) followed by loss of mid-peripheral field of vision, which gradually extends and leaves many patients with a small central island of vision due to the preservation of macular cones.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1632921">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Rod-cone%20dystrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201632921%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1790477" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Coxa vara</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_357122" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rhizomelia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_896366" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cone-rod dystrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_45166" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nystagmus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_18180" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_48432" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal degeneration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1632921" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rod-cone dystrophy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_907698" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Reduced sperm motility</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the immune system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_52469" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Splenomegaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_337520" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anterior rib cupping</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_337580" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Disproportionate short-trunk short stature</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96528" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Narrow chest</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_154353" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Narrow greater sciatic notch</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_335010" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Platyspondyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324485" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proximal femoral metaphyseal irregularity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11348" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Scoliosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_373033" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short femoral neck</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1674850" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_373339" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thoracic hypoplasia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_195802" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Recurrent pneumonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_478856" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Restrictive ventilatory defect</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=CN043672[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=431606">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=431606">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=431606" ref="ncbi_uid=431606">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/431606" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=431606&amp;link_uid=431606" title="View MedGen record for 'Type II Collagenopathies'">Type II Collagenopathies</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0220685[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=66315">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=66315" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=66315">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=66315" ref="ncbi_uid=66315">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/66315" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=66315&amp;link_uid=66315" title="View MedGen record for 'Achondrogenesis type II'">Achondrogenesis type II</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4551562[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1639295">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1639295" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=1639295">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1639295" ref="ncbi_uid=1639295">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1639295" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1639295&amp;link_uid=1639295" title="View MedGen record for 'Avascular necrosis of femoral head, primary, 1'">Avascular necrosis of femoral head, primary, 1</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0265279[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=75559">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=75559" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=75559">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=75559" ref="ncbi_uid=75559">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/75559" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=75559&amp;link_uid=75559" title="View MedGen record for 'Kniest dysplasia'">Kniest dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0432214[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=609409">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=609409" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=609409">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=609409" ref="ncbi_uid=609409">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/609409" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=609409&amp;link_uid=609409" title="View MedGen record for 'Namaqualand hip dysplasia'">Namaqualand hip dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1835437[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=331974">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=331974" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=331974">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=331974" ref="ncbi_uid=331974">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/331974" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=331974&amp;link_uid=331974" title="View MedGen record for 'Platyspondylic dysplasia, Torrance type'">Platyspondylic dysplasia, Torrance type</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2745959[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=412530">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=412530" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=412530">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=412530" ref="ncbi_uid=412530">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/412530" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=412530&amp;link_uid=412530" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita'">Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4759767[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1674850">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1674850" target="_blank" href="/omim/184250">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=1674850">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1674850" ref="ncbi_uid=1674850">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1674850" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1674850&amp;link_uid=1674850" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia'">Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2750075[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=413221">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=413221" target="_blank" href="/omim/613320">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=413221" ref="ncbi_uid=413221">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/413221" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=413221&amp;link_uid=413221" title="View MedGen record for 'Autosomal recessive spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Megarbane type'">Autosomal recessive spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Megarbane type</a></span></li><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1865695[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=356065">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=356065" target="_blank" href="/omim/602271">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=356065" ref="ncbi_uid=356065">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1842763[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=375009">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=375009" target="_blank" href="/omim/171640">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=375009" ref="ncbi_uid=375009">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/375009" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=375009&amp;link_uid=375009" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondyloenchondrodysplasia with immune dysregulation'">Spondyloenchondrodysplasia with immune dysregulation</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0700635[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=147134">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=147134" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=147134">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=147134" ref="ncbi_uid=147134">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/147134" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=147134&amp;link_uid=147134" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type'">Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0432221[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=98146">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=98146" target="_blank" href="/omim/135600">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK555103/" ref="ncbi_uid=98146">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=98146" ref="ncbi_uid=98146">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98146" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=98146&amp;link_uid=98146" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia - Sutcliffe type'">Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia - Sutcliffe type</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0265280[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=82698">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=82698" target="_blank" href="/omim/184252">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK201366%20OR%20NBK540447)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=82698">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=82698" ref="ncbi_uid=82698">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/82698" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=82698&amp;link_uid=82698" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Kozlowski type'">Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Kozlowski type</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1855229[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=340816">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=340816" target="_blank" href="/omim/138322">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=340816" ref="ncbi_uid=340816">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/340816" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=340816&amp;link_uid=340816" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Sedaghatian type'">Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Sedaghatian type</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0796173[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=163223">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=163223" target="_blank" href="/omim/120140">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK540447/" ref="ncbi_uid=163223">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=163223" ref="ncbi_uid=163223">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/163223" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=163223&amp;link_uid=163223" title="View MedGen record for 'Spondyloperipheral dysplasia'">Spondyloperipheral dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2020284[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=810955">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=810955" target="_blank" href="/omim/108300">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1302%20OR%20NBK540447)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=810955">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=810955" ref="ncbi_uid=810955">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/810955" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=810955&amp;link_uid=810955" title="View MedGen record for 'Stickler syndrome type 1'">Stickler syndrome type 1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1763488" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867418" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the skeletal system">Abnormality of the skeletal system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868760" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal skeletal morphology">Abnormal skeletal morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98053" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Skeletal dysplasia">Skeletal dysplasia</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1674850" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia">Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=17768&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26974433">Axial Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia Is Caused by C21orf2 Mutations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wang Z,
Iida A,
Miyake N,
Nishiguchi KM,
Fujita K,
Nakazawa T,
Alswaid A,
Albalwi MA,
Kim OH,
Cho TJ,
Lim GY,
Isidor B,
David A,
Rustad CF,
Merckoll E,
Westvik J,
Stattin EL,
Grigelioniene G,
Kou I,
Nakajima M,
Ohashi H,
Smithson S,
Matsumoto N,
Nishimura G,
Ikegawa S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
2016;11(3):e0150555.
Epub 2016 Mar 14
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150555.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26974433" target="_blank">26974433</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4790905" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Axial%20spondylometaphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23371363">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with retinitis pigmentosa--a clinical report and diagnostic clues.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reinstein E,
Okenfuss EB,
Wadhawan I,
Wilnai Y,
Manning M,
Rimoin DL,
Lachman RS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Appl Genet</span>
2013 May;54(2):231-4.
Epub 2013 Jan 31
doi: 10.1007/s13353-013-0136-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23371363" target="_blank">23371363</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4068338" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21910225">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: additional reports.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Suzuki S,
Kim OH,
Makita Y,
Saito T,
Lim GY,
Cho TJ,
Al-Swaid A,
Alrasheed S,
Sadoon E,
Miyazaki O,
Nishina S,
Superti-Furga A,
Unger S,
Fujieda K,
Ikegawa S,
Nishimura G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2011 Oct;155A(10):2521-8.
Epub 2011 Sep 9
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34192.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21910225" target="_blank">21910225</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20503334">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: Confirmation and further delineation of a new SMD with retinal dystrophy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Isidor B,
Baron S,
Khau van Kien P,
Bertrand AM,
David A,
Le Merrer M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2010 Jun;152A(6):1550-4.
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33397.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20503334" target="_blank">20503334</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Axial%20spondylometaphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37188479">Functional characterization of C21ORF2 association with the NEK1 kinase mutated in human in diseases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gregorczyk M,
Pastore G,
Muñoz I,
Carroll T,
Streubel J,
Munro M,
Lis P,
Lange S,
Lamoliatte F,
Macartney T,
Toth R,
Brown F,
Hastie J,
Pereira G,
Durocher D,
Rouse J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Life Sci Alliance</span>
2023 Jul;6(7)
Epub 2023 May 15
doi: 10.26508/lsa.202201740.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37188479" target="_blank">37188479</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10185812" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Axial%20spondylometaphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37188479">Functional characterization of C21ORF2 association with the NEK1 kinase mutated in human in diseases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gregorczyk M,
Pastore G,
Muñoz I,
Carroll T,
Streubel J,
Munro M,
Lis P,
Lange S,
Lamoliatte F,
Macartney T,
Toth R,
Brown F,
Hastie J,
Pereira G,
Durocher D,
Rouse J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Life Sci Alliance</span>
2023 Jul;6(7)
Epub 2023 May 15
doi: 10.26508/lsa.202201740.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37188479" target="_blank">37188479</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10185812" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21910225">Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: additional reports.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Suzuki S,
Kim OH,
Makita Y,
Saito T,
Lim GY,
Cho TJ,
Al-Swaid A,
Alrasheed S,
Sadoon E,
Miyazaki O,
Nishina S,
Superti-Furga A,
Unger S,
Fujieda K,
Ikegawa S,
Nishimura G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2011 Oct;155A(10):2521-8.
Epub 2011 Sep 9
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34192.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21910225" target="_blank">21910225</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Axial%20spondylometaphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1865695%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (10)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1865695%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (12)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1865695%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (7)</a></li>
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