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<meta name="keywords" content="C1835265, cdmmr syndrome, chorioretinal dysplasia-microcephaly-intellectual disability syndrome, chorioretinal dysplasia-microcephaly-mental retardation syndrome, disease or syndrome, kif11, lymphedema and retinal folds with ficrocephaly and microphthalmos, lymphedema and retinal folds with microcephaly and microphthalmos, lymphedema, microcephaly and chorioretinopathy syndrome, lymphedema, microcephaly, chorioretinopathy syndrome, mclmr, microcephaly and chorioretinopathy with or without intellectual disability, autosomal dominant, microcephaly and chorioretinopathy with or without mental retardation, autosomal dominant, microcephaly lymphedema chorioretinal dysplasia, microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or impaired intellectual development, microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or intellectual disability, microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation, microcephaly, lymphedema, chorioretinal dysplasia syndrome, microcephaly-lymphedema-chorioretinopathy syndrome, mlcrd, mlcrd syndrome, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or impaired intellectual development (MCLMR) is an autosomal dominant disorder that involves an overlapping but variable spectrum of central nervous system and ocular developmental anomalies. Microcephaly ranges from mild to severe and is often associated with mild to moderate developmental delay and a characteristic facial phenotype with upslanting palpebral fissures, broad nose with rounded tip, long philtrum with thin upper lip, prominent chin, and prominent ears. Chorioretinopathy is the most common eye abnormality, but retinal folds, microphthalmia, and myopic and hypermetropic astigmatism have also been reported, and some individuals have no overt ocular phenotype. Congenital lymphedema, when present, is typically confined to the dorsa of the feet, and lymphoscintigraphy reveals the absence of radioactive isotope uptake from the webspaces between the toes (summary by Ostergaard et al., 2012). Robitaille et al. (2014) found that MCLMR includes a broader spectrum of ocular disease, including retinal detachment with avascularity of the peripheral retina, and noted phenotypic overlap with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR; see EVR1, 133780).&#13; Birtel et al. (2017) observed intrafamilial and intraindividual variability in retinal phenotype, and noted that syndromic manifestations in some patients are too subtle to be detected during a routine ophthalmologic evaluation. Variable expressivity and reduced penetrance have also been observed in some families (Jones et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016).&#13; Autosomal recessive forms of microcephaly with chorioretinopathy have been reported (see 251270).&#13; See also Mirhosseini-Holmes-Walton syndrome (autosomal recessive microcephaly with pigmentary retinopathy and impaired intellectual development; 268050)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=320559
ConceptID=C1835265
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or intellectual disability<span class="h1sub">(MCLMR)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>320559</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1835265</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Lymphedema, microcephaly and chorioretinopathy syndrome; Lymphedema, Microcephaly, Chorioretinopathy Syndrome; MCLMR; MICROCEPHALY AND CHORIORETINOPATHY WITH OR WITHOUT MENTAL RETARDATION, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT; Microcephaly lymphedema chorioretinal dysplasia; MICROCEPHALY WITH OR WITHOUT CHORIORETINOPATHY, LYMPHEDEMA, OR IMPAIRED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT; Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation; MICROCEPHALY, LYMPHEDEMA, CHORIORETINAL DYSPLASIA SYNDROME</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141047"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141047</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0443147</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141047" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal dominant inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="KIF11 - ID: 3832 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/3832" class="medgenPMinfo">KIF11</a> (10q23.33)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0007918" target="_blank">MONDO:0007918</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/152950" target="_blank">152950</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=2526">ORPHA2526</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or impaired intellectual development (MCLMR) is an autosomal dominant disorder that involves an overlapping but variable spectrum of central nervous system and ocular developmental anomalies. Microcephaly ranges from mild to severe and is often associated with mild to moderate developmental delay and a characteristic facial phenotype with upslanting palpebral fissures, broad nose with rounded tip, long philtrum with thin upper lip, prominent chin, and prominent ears. Chorioretinopathy is the most common eye abnormality, but retinal folds, microphthalmia, and myopic and hypermetropic astigmatism have also been reported, and some individuals have no overt ocular phenotype. Congenital lymphedema, when present, is typically confined to the dorsa of the feet, and lymphoscintigraphy reveals the absence of radioactive isotope uptake from the webspaces between the toes (summary by Ostergaard et al., 2012). Robitaille et al. (2014) found that MCLMR includes a broader spectrum of ocular disease, including retinal detachment with avascularity of the peripheral retina, and noted phenotypic overlap with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR; see EVR1, 133780).&#13; Birtel et al. (2017) observed intrafamilial and intraindividual variability in retinal phenotype, and noted that syndromic manifestations in some patients are too subtle to be detected during a routine ophthalmologic evaluation. Variable expressivity and reduced penetrance have also been observed in some families (Jones et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016).&#13; Autosomal recessive forms of microcephaly with chorioretinopathy have been reported (see 251270).&#13; See also Mirhosseini-Holmes-Walton syndrome (autosomal recessive microcephaly with pigmentary retinopathy and impaired intellectual development; 268050). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_343309"><div><strong>Protruding ear</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343309</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1855285</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Angle formed by the plane of the ear and the mastoid bone greater than the 97th centile for age (objective); or, outer edge of the helix more than 2 cm from the mastoid at the point of maximum distance (objective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343309">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Protruding%20ear%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20343309%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1375"><div><strong>Aggressive behavior</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1375</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0001807</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Individual Behavior</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Behavior or an act aimed at harming a person, animal, or physical property (e.g., acts of physical violence; shouting, swearing, and using harsh language; slashing someone's tires).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen?term=%22Aggressive%20behavior%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201375%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10044"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, mild</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10044</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026106</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mild intellectual disability is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 50-69.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10044">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%2C%20mild%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010044%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_52372"><div><strong>Sleep abnormality</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>52372</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0037317</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal pattern in the quality, quantity, or characteristics of sleep.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/52372">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Sleep%20abnormality%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2052372%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_88447"><div><strong>Agitation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>88447</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085631</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A state of excessive motor activity that is associated with mental distress or a feeling of substantial unease or inner tension. Distinguished from restlessness by the increased level of emotional distress and negative intensity of the experience. Agitation has a significant level of physical activity that is typically threatening to the self or others.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/88447">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Agitation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2088447%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_220387"><div><strong>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>220387</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1263846</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.\n\nIn people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.\n\nHyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.\n\nImpulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.\n\nMore than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.\n\nIn most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/220387">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Attention%20deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20220387%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_413664"><div><strong>Simplified gyral pattern</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413664</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2749675</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of the cerebral cortex with fewer gyri but with normal cortical thickness. This pattern is usually often associated with congenital microcephaly.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413664">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Simplified%20gyral%20pattern%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20413664%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1385980"><div><strong>Myoclonic seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1385980</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4317123</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A myoclonic seizure is a type of motor seizure characterized by sudden, brief (&lt;100 ms) involuntary single or multiple contraction of muscles or muscle groups of variable topography (axial, proximal limb, distal). Myoclonus is less regularly repetitive and less sustained than is clonus.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1385980">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myoclonic%20seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201385980%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332439"><div><strong>Flat occiput</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332439</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837402</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced convexity of the occiput (posterior part of skull).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332439">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Flat%20occiput%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332439%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_6155"><div><strong>Lymphedema</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6155</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0024236</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/6155">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Lymphedema%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%206155%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98316"><div><strong>Mandibular prognathia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98316</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0399526</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormal prominence of the chin related to increased length of the mandible.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98316">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Mandibular%20prognathia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098316%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98390"><div><strong>Upslanted palpebral fissure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98390</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423109</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, the inclination of the palpebral fissure is greater than typical for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98390">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Upslanted%20palpebral%20fissure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098390%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98391"><div><strong>Downslanted palpebral fissures</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98391</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423110</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98391">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Downslanted%20palpebral%20fissures%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098391%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98424"><div><strong>Broad nasal tip</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98424</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0426429</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increase in width of the nasal tip.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98424">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Broad%20nasal%20tip%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098424%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_151862"><div><strong>Epicanthus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>151862</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0678230</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/151862">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Epicanthus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20151862%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_373112"><div><strong>Depressed nasal bridge</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373112</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836542</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373112">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Depressed%20nasal%20bridge%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20373112%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_373291"><div><strong>Prominent forehead</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373291</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837260</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373291">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Prominent%20forehead%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20373291%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_326567"><div><strong>Thick lower lip vermilion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>326567</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1839739</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased thickness of the lower lip, leading to a prominent appearance of the lower lip. The height of the vermilion of the lower lip in the midline is more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased height of the vermilion of the lower lip in the frontal view (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/326567">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Thick%20lower%20lip%20vermilion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20326567%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_374311"><div><strong>Deep philtrum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>374311</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1839797</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Accentuated, prominent philtral ridges giving rise to an exaggerated groove in the midline between the nasal base and upper vermillion border.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/374311">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Deep%20philtrum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20374311%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_326648"><div><strong>Anteverted nares</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>326648</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1840077</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/326648">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Anteverted%20nares%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20326648%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346640"><div><strong>Sloping forehead</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346640</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857679</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inclination of the anterior surface of the forehead from the vertical more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or apparently excessive posterior sloping of the forehead in a lateral view.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346640">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Sloping%20forehead%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346640%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_351278"><div><strong>Long philtrum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>351278</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865014</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/351278">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Long%20philtrum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20351278%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_355352"><div><strong>Thin upper lip vermilion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355352</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865017</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355352">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Thin%20upper%20lip%20vermilion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20355352%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2473"><div><strong>Astigmatism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2473</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0004106</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2473">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Astigmatism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202473%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_40485"><div><strong>Corneal opacity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>40485</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0010038</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction of corneal clarity.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/40485">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Corneal%20opacity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2040485%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43780"><div><strong>Hypermetropia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43780</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020490</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43780">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypermetropia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043780%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10033"><div><strong>Microphthalmia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10033</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026010</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Microphthalmia is an eye abnormality that arises before birth. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have a condition called coloboma. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or in the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain. Colobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract) and a narrowed opening of the eye (narrowed palpebral fissure). Additionally, affected individuals may have an abnormality called microcornea, in which the clear front covering of the eye (cornea) is small and abnormally curved.\n\nBetween one-third and one-half of affected individuals have microphthalmia as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When microphthalmia occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10033">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microphthalmia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010033%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44558"><div><strong>Myopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44558</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0027092</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44558">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044558%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_45166"><div><strong>Nystagmus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45166</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0028738</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45166">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nystagmus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2045166%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_18180"><div><strong>Optic atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>18180</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029124</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/18180">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2018180%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_19759"><div><strong>Retinal detachment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19759</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0035305</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Primary or spontaneous detachment of the retina occurs due to underlying ocular disease and often involves the vitreous as well as the retina. The precipitating event is formation of a retinal tear or hole, which permits fluid to accumulate under the sensory layers of the retina and creates an intraretinal cleavage that destroys the neurosensory process of visual reception. Vitreoretinal degeneration and tear formation are painless phenomena, and in most cases, significant vitreoretinal pathology is found only after detachment of the retina starts to cause loss of vision or visual field. Without surgical intervention, retinal detachment will almost inevitably lead to total blindness (summary by McNiel and McPherson, 1971).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/19759">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Retinal%20detachment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2019759%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_39462"><div><strong>Cataract</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39462</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0086543</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39462">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cataract%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2039462%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_115826"><div><strong>Retinal fold</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>115826</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0229197</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A wrinkle of retinal tissue projecting outward from the surface of the retina and visible as a line on fundoscopy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/115826">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Retinal%20fold%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20115826%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65889"><div><strong>Reduced visual acuity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65889</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234632</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diminished clarity of vision.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65889">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Reduced%20visual%20acuity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065889%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_78610"><div><strong>Microcornea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78610</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266544</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A congenital abnormality of the cornea in which the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye are smaller than normal. The horizontal diameter of the cornea does not reach 10 mm even in adulthood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78610">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcornea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2078610%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_375497"><div><strong>Chorioretinal lacunae</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>375497</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844751</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Punched out lesions in the pigmented layer of the retina.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/375497">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Chorioretinal%20lacunae%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20375497%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_748561"><div><strong>Myopic astigmatism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>748561</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2363771</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition where one or both of the two principal meridians focus in the front of the retina when the eye is at rest.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/748561">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myopic%20astigmatism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20748561%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_870365"><div><strong>Chorioretinal dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>870365</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4024809</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormal development of the choroid and retina.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/870365">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Chorioretinal%20dysplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20870365%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_326648" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anteverted nares</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98424" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Broad nasal tip</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_374311" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Deep philtrum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_373112" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Depressed nasal bridge</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98391" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Downslanted palpebral fissures</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_151862" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epicanthus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_351278" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long philtrum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98316" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mandibular prognathia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_373291" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Prominent forehead</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346640" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sloping forehead</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_326567" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thick lower lip vermilion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_355352" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Thin upper lip vermilion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98390" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Upslanted palpebral fissure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_6155" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lymphedema</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2473" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Astigmatism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_39462" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cataract</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_870365" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chorioretinal dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_375497" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chorioretinal lacunae</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_40485" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Corneal opacity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43780" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypermetropia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_78610" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcornea</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10033" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microphthalmia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44558" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_748561" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myopic astigmatism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_45166" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nystagmus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_18180" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65889" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Reduced visual acuity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_19759" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal detachment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_115826" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal fold</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332439" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Flat occiput</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1375" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Aggressive behavior</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_88447" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Agitation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_220387" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10044" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability, mild</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1385980" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myoclonic seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_413664" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Simplified gyral pattern</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_52372" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sleep abnormality</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_343309" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Protruding ear</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1835265[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=320559">C</a></span><span class="chiclet Rcolor round" title="Research test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1835265[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Research&amp;redirect=true" ref="ncbi_uid=320559">R</a></span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=320559" target="_blank" href="/omim/148760">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=320559" ref="ncbi_uid=320559">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or intellectual disability</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1843292" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Syndrome with microcephaly as major feature">Syndrome with microcephaly as major feature</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or intellectual disability</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=2336&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or intellectual disability</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36635911">International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hokken-Koelega ACS,
van der Steen M,
Boguszewski MCS,
Cianfarani S,
Dahlgren J,
Horikawa R,
Mericq V,
Rapaport R,
Alherbish A,
Braslavsky D,
Charmandari E,
Chernausek SD,
Cutfield WS,
Dauber A,
Deeb A,
Goedegebuure WJ,
Hofman PL,
Isganatis E,
Jorge AA,
Kanaka-Gantenbein C,
Kashimada K,
Khadilkar V,
Luo XP,
Mathai S,
Nakano Y,
Yau M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Endocr Rev</span>
2023 May 8;44(3):539-565.
doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnad002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36635911" target="_blank">36635911</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10166266" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35490285">Health Supervision for Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bull MJ,
Trotter T,
Santoro SL,
Christensen C,
Grout RW;
COUNCIL ON GENETICS,
Burke LW,
Berry SA,
Geleske TA,
Holm I,
Hopkin RJ,
Introne WJ,
Lyons MJ,
Monteil DC,
Scheuerle A,
Stoler JM,
Vergano SA,
Chen E,
Hamid R,
Downs SM,
Grout RW,
Cunniff C,
Parisi MA,
Ralston SJ,
Scott JA,
Shapira SK,
Spire P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
2022 May 1;149(5)
doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-057010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35490285" target="_blank">35490285</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20466091">Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miller DT,
Adam MP,
Aradhya S,
Biesecker LG,
Brothman AR,
Carter NP,
Church DM,
Crolla JA,
Eichler EE,
Epstein CJ,
Faucett WA,
Feuk L,
Friedman JM,
Hamosh A,
Jackson L,
Kaminsky EB,
Kok K,
Krantz ID,
Kuhn RM,
Lee C,
Ostell JM,
Rosenberg C,
Scherer SW,
Spinner NB,
Stavropoulos DJ,
Tepperberg JH,
Thorland EC,
Vermeesch JR,
Waggoner DJ,
Watson MS,
Martin CL,
Ledbetter DH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hum Genet</span>
2010 May 14;86(5):749-64.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20466091" target="_blank">20466091</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2869000" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (3829)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34953688">Radiotherapy and pregnancy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Michalet M,
Dejean C,
Schick U,
Durdux C,
Fourquet A,
Kirova Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cancer Radiother</span>
2022 Feb-Apr;26(1-2):417-423.
Epub 2021 Dec 23
doi: 10.1016/j.canrad.2021.09.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34953688" target="_blank">34953688</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34077496">In-depth analysis reveals complex molecular aetiology in a cohort of idiopathic cerebral palsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Li N,
Zhou P,
Tang H,
He L,
Fang X,
Zhao J,
Wang X,
Qi Y,
Sun C,
Lin Y,
Qin F,
Yang M,
Zhang Z,
Liao C,
Zheng S,
Peng X,
Xue T,
Zhu Q,
Li H,
Li Y,
Liu L,
Huang J,
Liu L,
Peng C,
Kaindl AM,
Gecz J,
Han D,
Liu D,
Xu K,
Hu H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2022 Mar 29;145(1):119-141.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awab209.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34077496" target="_blank">34077496</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8967106" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30245513">KAT6A Syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlation in 76 patients with pathogenic KAT6A variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kennedy J,
Goudie D,
Blair E,
Chandler K,
Joss S,
McKay V,
Green A,
Armstrong R,
Lees M,
Kamien B,
Hopper B,
Tan TY,
Yap P,
Stark Z,
Okamoto N,
Miyake N,
Matsumoto N,
Macnamara E,
Murphy JL,
McCormick E,
Hakonarson H,
Falk MJ,
Li D,
Blackburn P,
Klee E,
Babovic-Vuksanovic D,
Schelley S,
Hudgins L,
Kant S,
Isidor B,
Cogne B,
Bradbury K,
Williams M,
Patel C,
Heussler H,
Duff-Farrier C,
Lakeman P,
Scurr I,
Kini U,
Elting M,
Reijnders M,
Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J,
Wafik M,
Blomhoff A,
Ruivenkamp CAL,
Nibbeling E,
Dingemans AJM,
Douine ED,
Nelson SF;
DDD Study,,
Hempel M,
Bierhals T,
Lessel D,
Johannsen J,
Arboleda VA,
Newbury-Ecob R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genet Med</span>
2019 Apr;21(4):850-860.
Epub 2018 Sep 24
doi: 10.1038/s41436-018-0259-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30245513" target="_blank">30245513</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6634310" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21236634">Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maulik PK,
Mascarenhas MN,
Mathers CD,
Dua T,
Saxena S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Res Dev Disabil</span>
2011 Mar-Apr;32(2):419-36.
Epub 2011 Jan 13
doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21236634" target="_blank">21236634</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4259793">Down's syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wilkins RH,
Brody IA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Neurol</span>
1971 Jul;25(1):88-90.
doi: 10.1001/archneur.1971.00490010098013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4259793" target="_blank">4259793</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (31758)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39631901">Child with KBG syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jyothi BN,
Angel S,
Ravi Kumar CP,
Tamhankar PM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2024 Dec 4;17(12)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260238.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39631901" target="_blank">39631901</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36729635">BCKDK deficiency: a treatable neurodevelopmental disease amenable to newborn screening.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tangeraas T,
Constante JR,
Backe PH,
Oyarzábal A,
Neugebauer J,
Weinhold N,
Boemer F,
Debray FG,
Ozturk-Hism B,
Evren G,
Tuba EF,
Ummuhan O,
Footitt E,
Davison J,
Martinez C,
Bueno C,
Machado I,
Rodríguez-Pombo P,
Al-Sannaa N,
De Los Santos M,
López JM,
Ozturkmen-Akay H,
Karaca M,
Tekin M,
Pajares S,
Ormazabal A,
Stoway SD,
Artuch R,
Dixon M,
Mørkrid L,
García-Cazorla A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Jul 3;146(7):3003-3013.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36729635" target="_blank">36729635</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33522091">Phenotypic expansion of the BPTF-related neurodevelopmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and distal limb anomalies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Glinton KE,
Hurst ACE,
Bowling KM,
Cristian I,
Haynes D,
Adstamongkonkul D,
Schnappauf O,
Beck DB,
Brewer C,
Parikh AS,
Shinde DN,
Donaldson A,
Brautbar A,
Koene S,
van Haeringen A,
Piton A,
Capri Y,
Furlan M,
Gardella E,
Møller RS,
van de Beek I,
Zuurbier L,
Lakeman P,
Bayat A,
Martinez J,
Signer R,
Torring PM,
Engelund MB,
Gripp KW,
Amlie-Wolf L,
Henderson LB,
Midro AT,
Tarasów E,
Stasiewicz-Jarocka B,
Moskal-Jasinska D,
Vos P,
Boschann F,
Stoltenburg C,
Puk O,
Mero IL,
Lossius K,
Mignot C,
Keren B,
Acosta Guio JC,
Briceño I,
Gomez A,
Yang Y,
Stankiewicz P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2021 May;185(5):1366-1378.
Epub 2021 Jan 31
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62102.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33522091" target="_blank">33522091</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8048530" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30245513">KAT6A Syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlation in 76 patients with pathogenic KAT6A variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kennedy J,
Goudie D,
Blair E,
Chandler K,
Joss S,
McKay V,
Green A,
Armstrong R,
Lees M,
Kamien B,
Hopper B,
Tan TY,
Yap P,
Stark Z,
Okamoto N,
Miyake N,
Matsumoto N,
Macnamara E,
Murphy JL,
McCormick E,
Hakonarson H,
Falk MJ,
Li D,
Blackburn P,
Klee E,
Babovic-Vuksanovic D,
Schelley S,
Hudgins L,
Kant S,
Isidor B,
Cogne B,
Bradbury K,
Williams M,
Patel C,
Heussler H,
Duff-Farrier C,
Lakeman P,
Scurr I,
Kini U,
Elting M,
Reijnders M,
Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J,
Wafik M,
Blomhoff A,
Ruivenkamp CAL,
Nibbeling E,
Dingemans AJM,
Douine ED,
Nelson SF;
DDD Study,,
Hempel M,
Bierhals T,
Lessel D,
Johannsen J,
Arboleda VA,
Newbury-Ecob R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genet Med</span>
2019 Apr;21(4):850-860.
Epub 2018 Sep 24
doi: 10.1038/s41436-018-0259-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30245513" target="_blank">30245513</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6634310" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28399591">Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (MCPH): An Update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zaqout S,
Morris-Rosendahl D,
Kaindl AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropediatrics</span>
2017 Jun;48(3):135-142.
Epub 2017 Apr 11
doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1601448.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28399591" target="_blank">28399591</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (33769)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32563898">Expert opinion: Proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Montouris G,
Aboumatar S,
Burdette D,
Kothare S,
Kuzniecky R,
Rosenfeld W,
Chung S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
2020 Sep;110:107146.
Epub 2020 Jun 18
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107146.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32563898" target="_blank">32563898</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28821479">Psychotropic prescribing in people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sheehan R,
Strydom A,
Morant N,
Pappa E,
Hassiotis A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ</span>
2017 Aug 18;358:j3896.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.j3896.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28821479" target="_blank">28821479</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24877706">Persons with intellectual disabilities and problematic sexual behaviors.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Griffiths DM,
Fedoroff P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Psychiatr Clin North Am</span>
2014 Jun;37(2):195-206.
Epub 2014 Apr 18
doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.03.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24877706" target="_blank">24877706</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21236634">Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maulik PK,
Mascarenhas MN,
Mathers CD,
Dua T,
Saxena S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Res Dev Disabil</span>
2011 Mar-Apr;32(2):419-36.
Epub 2011 Jan 13
doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21236634" target="_blank">21236634</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/5349196">Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sinclair L,
Winterborn MH,
Brown J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Proc R Soc Med</span>
1969 Sep;62(9):907-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/5349196" target="_blank">5349196</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1810868" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (10335)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26011045">Mortality in People with Intellectual Disabilities.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heslop P,
Lauer E,
Hoghton M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Appl Res Intellect Disabil</span>
2015 Sep;28(5):367-72.
Epub 2015 May 23
doi: 10.1111/jar.12196.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26011045" target="_blank">26011045</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22768674">Warburg Micro syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dursun F,
Güven A,
Morris-Rosendahl D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab</span>
2012;25(3-4):379-82.
doi: 10.1515/jpem-2011-0459.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22768674" target="_blank">22768674</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17105461">Cognitive and behavioral outcome in West syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Guzzetta F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
2006;47 Suppl 2:49-52.
doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00689.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17105461" target="_blank">17105461</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15292640">Untreated parieto-occipital encephalomeningohydrocele.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muszynski CA,
Kaufman BA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neurosurg</span>
2004 Mar-Apr;40(2):86-7.
doi: 10.1159/000078915.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15292640" target="_blank">15292640</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7328419">The Cohen syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fryns JP,
Van den Berghe H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Genet Hum</span>
1981 Dec;29(4):449-53.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7328419" target="_blank">7328419</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (13370)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37951597">Bi-allelic ACBD6 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive and complex movement disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kaiyrzhanov R,
Rad A,
Lin SJ,
Bertoli-Avella A,
Kallemeijn WW,
Godwin A,
Zaki MS,
Huang K,
Lau T,
Petree C,
Efthymiou S,
Karimiani EG,
Hempel M,
Normand EA,
Rudnik-Schöneborn S,
Schatz UA,
Baggelaar MP,
Ilyas M,
Sultan T,
Alvi JR,
Ganieva M,
Fowler B,
Aanicai R,
Tayfun GA,
Al Saman A,
Alswaid A,
Amiri N,
Asilova N,
Shotelersuk V,
Yeetong P,
Azam M,
Babaei M,
Monajemi GB,
Mohammadi P,
Samie S,
Banu SH,
Pinto Basto J,
Kortüm F,
Bauer M,
Bauer P,
Beetz C,
Garshasbi M,
Issa AH,
Eyaid W,
Ahmed H,
Hashemi N,
Hassanpour K,
Herman I,
Ibrohimov S,
Abdul-Majeed BA,
Imdad M,
Isrofilov M,
Kaiyal Q,
Khan S,
Kirmse B,
Koster J,
Lourenço CM,
Mitani T,
Moldovan O,
Murphy D,
Najafi M,
Pehlivan D,
Rocha ME,
Salpietro V,
Schmidts M,
Shalata A,
Mahroum M,
Talbeya JK,
Taylor RW,
Vazquez D,
Vetro A,
Waterham HR,
Zaman M,
Schrader TA,
Chung WK,
Guerrini R,
Lupski JR,
Gleeson J,
Suri M,
Jamshidi Y,
Bhatia KP,
Vona B,
Schrader M,
Severino M,
Guille M,
Tate EW,
Varshney GK,
Houlden H,
Maroofian R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2024 Apr 4;147(4):1436-1456.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad380.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37951597" target="_blank">37951597</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10994533" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36729635">BCKDK deficiency: a treatable neurodevelopmental disease amenable to newborn screening.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tangeraas T,
Constante JR,
Backe PH,
Oyarzábal A,
Neugebauer J,
Weinhold N,
Boemer F,
Debray FG,
Ozturk-Hism B,
Evren G,
Tuba EF,
Ummuhan O,
Footitt E,
Davison J,
Martinez C,
Bueno C,
Machado I,
Rodríguez-Pombo P,
Al-Sannaa N,
De Los Santos M,
López JM,
Ozturkmen-Akay H,
Karaca M,
Tekin M,
Pajares S,
Ormazabal A,
Stoway SD,
Artuch R,
Dixon M,
Mørkrid L,
García-Cazorla A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Jul 3;146(7):3003-3013.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36729635" target="_blank">36729635</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34404536">Treatment of telomeropathies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vieri M,
Brümmendorf TH,
Beier F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Best Pract Res Clin Haematol</span>
2021 Jun;34(2):101282.
Epub 2021 Jul 1
doi: 10.1016/j.beha.2021.101282.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34404536" target="_blank">34404536</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28254828">Telomere-driven diseases and telomere-targeting therapies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Martínez P,
Blasco MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cell Biol</span>
2017 Apr 3;216(4):875-887.
Epub 2017 Mar 2
doi: 10.1083/jcb.201610111.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28254828" target="_blank">28254828</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5379954" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/469662">Choanal atresia and associated multiple anomalies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hall BD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr</span>
1979 Sep;95(3):395-8.
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80513-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/469662" target="_blank">469662</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (20777)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35799257">Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a meta-analysis using the RE-AIM framework.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang W,
Liang X,
Sit CH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</span>
2022 Jul 7;19(1):80.
doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01312-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35799257" target="_blank">35799257</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9261031" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33985586">Calcium channelopathies and intellectual disability: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kessi M,
Chen B,
Peng J,
Yan F,
Yang L,
Yin F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2021 May 13;16(1):219.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01850-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33985586" target="_blank">33985586</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8120735" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25157020">Comprehensive evaluation of the child with intellectual disability or global developmental delays.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Moeschler JB,
Shevell M;
Committee on Genetics</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
2014 Sep;134(3):e903-18.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1839.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25157020" target="_blank">25157020</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9923626" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24700618">Epidemiology of fragile X syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hunter J,
Rivero-Arias O,
Angelov A,
Kim E,
Fotheringham I,
Leal J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2014 Jul;164A(7):1648-58.
Epub 2014 Apr 3
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36511.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24700618" target="_blank">24700618</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20500706">Oral health of patients with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Anders PL,
Davis EL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Spec Care Dentist</span>
2010 May-Jun;30(3):110-7.
doi: 10.1111/j.1754-4505.2010.00136.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20500706" target="_blank">20500706</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1147)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1835265%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (19)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1835265%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;test_type=Research" target="_blank">Research (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1835265%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (3)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1835265%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (26)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1835265%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (5)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1835265%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (32)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=152950" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=2526" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy,%20lymphedema,%20or%20intellectual%20disability" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy%2C%20lymphedema%2C%20or%20intellectual%20disability)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=148760" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=3832[geneid]" target="_blank">View KIF11 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=152950" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/microcephaly_and_chorioretinopathy_autosomal_recessive_1" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/microcephaly_with_or_without_chorioretinopathy_lymphedema_or_impaired_intellectual_development" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Microcephaly%20with%20or%20without%20chorioretinopathy,%20lymphedema,%20or%20intellectual%20disability" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/3622/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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<h3>Reviews</h3>
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