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<meta name="keywords" content="C0344925, congenital abnormality, conoventricular ventricular septal defect, membranous ventricular septal defect, paramembranous ventricular septal defect, perimembraneous ventricular septal defect, perimembranous ventricular septal defect, type 2 ventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect, perimembranous, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="A ventricular septal defect that is confluent with and involves the membranous septum and is bordered by an atrioventricular valve, not including the type 3 VSDs." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Perimembranous ventricular septal defect (Concept Id: C0344925)
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<!--
UID=87490
ConceptID=C0344925
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Perimembranous ventricular septal defect</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87490</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0344925</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Ventricular septal defect, perimembranous</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Perimembranous ventricular septal defect (109428005)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011682">HP:0011682</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">A ventricular septal defect that is confluent with and involves the membranous septum and is bordered by an atrioventricular valve, not including the type 3 VSDs. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="TLline">Perimembranous ventricular septal defect</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/116727" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the cardiovascular system">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/892473" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal cardiovascular system morphology">Abnormal cardiovascular system morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/6748" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal heart morphology">Abnormal heart morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871266" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal cardiac ventricle morphology">Abnormal cardiac ventricle morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866908" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal ventricular septum morphology">Abnormal ventricular septum morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/42366" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Ventricular septal defect">Ventricular septal defect</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Perimembranous ventricular septal defect</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_120524"><div><strong>Holt-Oram syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120524</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265264</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is characterized by upper-limb defects, congenital heart malformation, and cardiac conduction disease. Upper-limb malformations may be unilateral, bilateral/symmetric, or bilateral/asymmetric and can range from triphalangeal or absent thumb(s) to phocomelia. Other upper-limb malformations can include unequal arm length caused by aplasia or hypoplasia of the radius, fusion or anomalous development of the carpal and thenar bones, abnormal forearm pronation and supination, abnormal opposition of the thumb, sloping shoulders, and restriction of shoulder joint movement. An abnormal carpal bone is present in all affected individuals and may be the only evidence of disease. A congenital heart malformation is present in 75% of individuals with HOS and most commonly involves the septum. Atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect can vary in number, size, and location. Complex congenital heart malformations can also occur in individuals with HOS. Individuals with HOS with or without a congenital heart malformation are at risk for cardiac conduction disease. While individuals may present at birth with sinus bradycardia and first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, AV block can progress unpredictably to a higher grade including complete heart block with and without atrial fibrillation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120524">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_87458"><div><strong>Fumarase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87458</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0342770</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency results in severe neonatal and early infantile encephalopathy that is characterized by poor feeding, failure to thrive, hypotonia, lethargy, and seizures. Dysmorphic facial features include frontal bossing, depressed nasal bridge, and widely spaced eyes. Many affected individuals are microcephalic. A spectrum of brain abnormalities are seen on magnetic resonance imaging, including cerebral atrophy, enlarged ventricles and generous extra-axial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) spaces, delayed myelination for age, thinning of the corpus callosum, and an abnormally small brain stem. Brain malformations including bilateral polymicrogyria and absence of the corpus callosum can also be observed. Development is severely affected: most affected individuals are nonverbal and nonambulatory, and many die during early childhood. Less severely affected individuals with moderate cognitive impairment and long-term survival have been reported.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87458">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_167073"><div><strong>Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>167073</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0795830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare chromosomal anomaly with characteristics of psychomotor developmental delay, facial dysmorphism (trigonocephaly, midface hypoplasia, upslanting palpebral fissures, dysplastic small ears, flat nasal bridge with anteverted nostrils and long philtrum, micrognathia, choanal atresia, short neck), single umbilical artery, omphalocele, inguinal or umbilical hernia, genital abnormalities (hypospadia, cryptorchidism), muscular hypotonia and scoliosis.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/167073">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_318752"><div><strong>Cardiac malformation, cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, and digital anomalies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>318752</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832950</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/318752">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_371831"><div><strong>Dilated cardiomyopathy 1S</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>371831</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1834481</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYH7 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/371831">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_337145"><div><strong>Alpha thalassemia-X-linked intellectual disability syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337145</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1845055</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Alpha-thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability (ATR-X) syndrome is characterized by distinctive craniofacial features, genital anomalies, hypotonia, and mild-to-profound developmental delay / intellectual disability (DD/ID). Craniofacial abnormalities include small head circumference, telecanthus or widely spaced eyes, short triangular nose, tented upper lip, and thick or everted lower lip with coarsening of the facial features over time. While all affected individuals have a normal 46,XY karyotype, genital anomalies comprise a range from hypospadias and undescended testicles, to severe hypospadias and ambiguous genitalia, to normal-appearing female external genitalia. Alpha-thalassemia, observed in about 75% of affected individuals, is mild and typically does not require treatment. Osteosarcoma has been reported in a few males with germline pathogenic variants.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337145">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347855"><div><strong>Cardiac septal defects with coarctation of the aorta</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347855</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859331</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347855">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_369554"><div><strong>Mungan syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>369554</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1969653</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mungan syndrome (MGS) is characterized by chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO), megaduodenum, long-segment Barrett esophagus, and cardiac abnormalities of variable severity (summary by Bonora et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/369554">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_393913"><div><strong>Chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>393913</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2675897</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The 1q21.1 recurrent deletion itself does not lead to a clinically recognizable syndrome, as some persons with the deletion have no obvious clinical findings. Others have variable findings that most commonly include mildly dysmorphic but nonspecific facial features (&gt;75%), mild intellectual disability or learning disabilities (25%), microcephaly (43%), and eye abnormalities (26%). Other findings can include cardiac defects, genitourinary anomalies, skeletal malformations, joint laxity, and seizures (~23%). Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities can include autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sleep disturbances. Sensorineural hearing loss and recurrent infections /otitis media are rare.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/393913">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_419692"><div><strong>ALG8 congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>419692</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931002</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CDGs, previously called carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes, grew from hereditary multisystem disorders first recognized by Jaeken et al. (1980). The characteristic biochemical abnormality of CDGs is the hypoglycosylation of glycoproteins, which is routinely determined by isoelectric focusing of serum transferrin. Type I CDG comprises those disorders in which there is a defect in the assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides or their transfer onto nascent glycoproteins, whereas type II CDG comprises defects of trimming, elongation, and processing of protein-bound glycans. For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).&#13; CDG1H is a severe form of CDG. The majority of patients have brain involvement, liver pathology, gastrointestinal symptoms, dysmorphism (including brachydactyly), eye involvement (especially cataract), and skin symptoms. Most patients die within the first year of life (summary by Marques-da-Silva et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/419692">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_419311"><div><strong>COG7 congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>419311</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931010</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CDG IIe is caused by a mutation that impairs the integrity of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and alters Golgi trafficking, resulting in the disruption of multiple glycosylation pathways.&#13; For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/419311">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_444022"><div><strong>Pancreatic hypoplasia-diabetes-congenital heart disease syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>444022</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931296</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">This syndrome has characteristics of partial pancreatic agenesis, diabetes mellitus, and heart anomalies (including transposition of the great vessels, ventricular or atrial septal defects, pulmonary stenosis, or patent ductus arteriosis). It has been described in one Japanese family, in which the mother and at least two of her four children were affected (another two children died shortly after birth). The syndrome appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/444022">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_477078"><div><strong>Ogden syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>477078</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3275447</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Ogden syndrome (OGDNS) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by postnatal growth failure, severely delayed psychomotor development, variable dysmorphic features, and hypotonia. Many patients also have cardiac malformations or arrhythmias (summary by Popp et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/477078">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482413"><div><strong>Ventricular septal defect 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482413</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3280783</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common form of congenital cardiovascular anomaly, occurring in nearly 50% of all infants with a congenital heart defect and accounting for 14% to 16% of cardiac defects that require invasive treatment within the first year of life. Congenital VSDs may occur alone or in combination with other cardiac malformations. Large VSDs that go unrepaired may give rise to cardiac enlargement, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, Eisenmenger's syndrome, delayed fetal brain development, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death (summary by Wang et al., 2011, 2011).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ventricular septal defect, see VSD1 (614429).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482413">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1639327"><div><strong>Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to CREBBP mutations</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1639327</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551859</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is characterized by distinctive facial features, broad and often angulated thumbs and halluces, short stature, and moderate-to-severe intellectual disability. Characteristic craniofacial features include downslanted palpebral fissures, low-hanging columella, high palate, grimacing smile, and talon cusps. Prenatal growth is often normal, then height, weight, and head circumference percentiles rapidly drop in the first few months of life. Short stature is typical in adulthood. Obesity may develop in childhood or adolescence. Average IQ ranges between 35 and 50; however, developmental outcome varies considerably. Some individuals with EP300-related RSTS have normal intellect. Additional features include ocular abnormalities, hearing loss, respiratory difficulties, congenital heart defects, renal abnormalities, cryptorchidism, feeding problems, recurrent infections, and severe constipation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1639327">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648495"><div><strong>Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648495</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4748701</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome (SNIBCPS) is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay with impaired intellectual development and delayed speech acquisition. Affected individuals tend to have expressive language deficits, with speech apraxia and dysarthria. Other features include macrocephaly and characteristic facial features, such as prominent forehead and hypertelorism, hypotonia, and joint laxity. The severity of the neurologic deficits and presence of nonneurologic features is variable (summary by Snijders Blok et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648495">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1684884"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic quadriplegia, optic atrophy, seizures, and structural brain anomalies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1684884</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5231442</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Halperin-Birk syndrome (HLBKS) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by structural brain defects, spastic quadriplegia with multiple contractures, profound developmental delay, seizures, dysmorphism, cataract, and optic nerve atrophy. Death occurs in early childhood (Halperin et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1684884">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1713991"><div><strong>Long QT syndrome 16</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1713991</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5394068</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">LQT16&#13; Long QT syndrome-16 (LQT16) is characterized by a markedly prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval and 2:1 atrioventricular (AV) block, with onset in the perinatal period. Patients experience bradycardia or ventricular tachyarrhythmias that may result in syncope, cardiac arrest, and/or sudden death (Reed et al., 2015; Wren et al., 2019).&#13; Patients with LQT14 (616247), LQT15 (616249), or LQT16, resulting from mutation in calmodulin genes CALM1 (114180), CALM2 (114182), or CALM3, respectively, typically have a more severe phenotype, with earlier onset, profound QT prolongation, and a high predilection for cardiac arrest and sudden death, than patients with mutations in other genes (Boczek et al., 2016).&#13; CPVT6&#13; Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-6 (CPVT6) is characterized by childhood-onset syncopal episodes with exercise or stress. Electrocardiogram (ECG) shows a normal QT interval with a prominent U wave, and stress testing reveals premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) that may occur as bigeminy or couplets, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (Gomez-Hurtado et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1713991">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1718072"><div><strong>Sandestig-stefanova syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1718072</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5394118</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Sandestig-Stefanova syndrome (SANDSTEF) is an autosomal recessive developmental syndrome characterized by pre- and postnatal microcephaly, trigonocephaly, congenital cataract, microphthalmia, facial gestalt, camptodactyly, loss of periventricular white matter, thin corpus callosum, delayed myelinization, and poor prognosis (Sandestig et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1718072">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1773965"><div><strong>Mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency, nuclear type 36</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1773965</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5436935</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex I deficiency nuclear type 36 (MC1DN36) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, hypotonia, and failure to thrive apparent from infancy or early childhood. Affected individuals usually do not acquire ambulation, show progressive spasticity, and have impaired intellectual development with absent speech. More variable features may include pale optic discs, poor eye contact, seizures, and congenital heart defects. Laboratory studies show increased serum lactate; metabolic acidosis may occur during stress or infection. Brain imaging shows T2-weighted abnormalities in the basal ganglia and brainstem, consistent with a clinical diagnosis of Leigh syndrome (see 256000). Patient tissue showed isolated mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Death may occur in childhood (Alahmad et al., 2020).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial complex I deficiency, see 252010.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1773965">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1778119"><div><strong>Short stature, facial dysmorphism, and skeletal anomalies with or without cardiac anomalies 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1778119</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5542952</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1778119">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824031"><div><strong>Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824031</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774258</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex I deficiency nuclear type 39 (MC1DN39) is an autosomal recessive nuclear disorder of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I characterized by intrauterine growth retardation and anemia and postpartum hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, encephalopathy, and a severe complex I defect with a fatal outcome (Correia et al., 2021)</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824031">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1851509"><div><strong>Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 53</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1851509</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882728</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Primary ciliary dyskinesia-53 (CILD53) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by randomization of the left-right body asymmetry and respiratory symptoms (Hjeij et al., 2023).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia, see CILD1 (244400).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1851509">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1846017"><div><strong>Hoxha-Aliu syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1846017</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882736</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hoxha-Aliu syndrome (HXAL) is characterized by mildly impaired intellectual development and digital anomalies of the hands and feet (Hoxha and Aliu, 2023; Guo et al., 2023).&#13; Biallelic missense mutations in the ERI1 gene have been reported to cause a more severe bone disorder, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Guo-Campeau type (SEMDGC; 620663).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1846017">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_419692" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">ALG8 congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_337145" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Alpha thalassemia-X-linked intellectual disability syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_318752" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiac malformation, cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, and digital anomalies</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_347855" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiac septal defects with coarctation of the aorta</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_393913" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (24)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_167073" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1851509" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 53</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_419311" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">COG7 congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_371831" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dilated cardiomyopathy 1S</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_87458" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fumarase deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_120524" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Holt-Oram syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1846017" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hoxha-Aliu syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1713991" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long QT syndrome 16</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1773965" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency, nuclear type 36</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824031" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_369554" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mungan syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1684884" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic quadriplegia, optic atrophy, seizures, and structural brain anomalies</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_477078" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ogden syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_444022" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pancreatic hypoplasia-diabetes-congenital heart disease syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1639327" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to CREBBP mutations</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1718072" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sandestig-stefanova syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1778119" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature, facial dysmorphism, and skeletal anomalies with or without cardiac anomalies 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648495" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482413" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventricular septal defect 2</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34139939">Prenatal diagnosis of isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defects undergoing primary surgical repair in infancy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Evans WN,
Acherman RJ,
Ciccolo ML,
Lehoux J,
Restrepo H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</span>
2022 Dec;35(25):8001-8005.
Epub 2021 Jun 17
doi: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1940933.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34139939" target="_blank">34139939</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30944003">Assessing the criteria for definition of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in light of the search for consensus.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tretter JT,
Tran VH,
Gray S,
Ta H,
Loomba RS,
O'Connor W,
Spicer DE,
Cook AC,
Anderson RH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2019 Apr 3;14(1):76.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1044-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30944003" target="_blank">30944003</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6448229" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12208430">Simplified echocardiographic criteria for decision making in perimembranous ventricular septal defect in childhood.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Puchalski MD,
Brook MM,
Silverman NH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Cardiol</span>
2002 Sep 1;90(5):569-71.
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02542-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12208430" target="_blank">12208430</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (4)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37179234">Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using a novel fully bioabsorbable occluder: multicenter randomized controlled trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wang S,
Li Z,
Wang Y,
Zhao T,
Mo X,
Fan T,
Li J,
You T,
Deng R,
Ouyang W,
Wang W,
Zhang C,
Butera G,
Hijazi ZM,
Pang K,
Zhu D,
Jiang S,
Zhang G,
Hu X,
Xie Y,
Zhang F,
Fang F,
Sun J,
Li P,
Chen J,
Luo Z,
Pan X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Sci Bull (Beijing)</span>
2023 May 30;68(10):1051-1059.
Epub 2023 Apr 26
doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.027.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37179234" target="_blank">37179234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31347020">A review of isolated muscular ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miyake T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World J Pediatr</span>
2020 Apr;16(2):120-128.
Epub 2019 Jul 25
doi: 10.1007/s12519-019-00289-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31347020" target="_blank">31347020</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28412961">Perventricular double-device closure of wide-spaced multi-hole perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liang F,
Hongxin L,
Zhang HZ,
Wenbin G,
Zou CW,
Farhaj Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2017 Apr 17;12(1):24.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-017-0585-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28412961" target="_blank">28412961</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5392910" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27243581">Posttranscatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Ventricular Septal Defect During Transfemoral Edwards SAPIEN Valve Implantation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dahl A,
Hoaglan C,
Helman J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">A A Case Rep</span>
2016 Jun 1;6(11):348-51.
doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000311.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27243581" target="_blank">27243581</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25231419">Concomitant surgical repair of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect and mitral regurgitation in an adult.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Arnáiz-García ME,
González-Santos JM,
Bueno-Codoñer ME,
Sastre Rincón JA,
Iscar-Galán A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Kardiol Pol</span>
2014;72(9):841.
doi: 10.5603/KP.2014.0174.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25231419" target="_blank">25231419</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (194)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35230708">Prenatally diagnosed isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defect: Genetic and clinical implications.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gordin Kopylov L,
Dekel N,
Maymon R,
Feldman N,
Zimmerman A,
Hadas D,
Melcer Y,
Svirsky R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Prenat Diagn</span>
2022 Apr;42(4):461-468.
Epub 2022 Mar 7
doi: 10.1002/pd.6128.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35230708" target="_blank">35230708</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9313563" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33368542">Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular septal defects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nayak S,
Patel A,
Haddad L,
Kanakriyeh M,
Varadarajan P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Echocardiography</span>
2020 Dec;37(12):2185-2193.
doi: 10.1111/echo.14511.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33368542" target="_blank">33368542</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31347020">A review of isolated muscular ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miyake T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World J Pediatr</span>
2020 Apr;16(2):120-128.
Epub 2019 Jul 25
doi: 10.1007/s12519-019-00289-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31347020" target="_blank">31347020</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28412961">Perventricular double-device closure of wide-spaced multi-hole perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liang F,
Hongxin L,
Zhang HZ,
Wenbin G,
Zou CW,
Farhaj Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2017 Apr 17;12(1):24.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-017-0585-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28412961" target="_blank">28412961</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5392910" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27260005">Visualization of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and multidetector three-dimensional computed tomography.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mahara K,
Saito M,
Fukumoto R,
Tamura H,
Kin H,
Takanashi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Echocardiogr</span>
2017 Mar;15(1):37-38.
Epub 2016 Jun 3
doi: 10.1007/s12574-016-0299-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27260005" target="_blank">27260005</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (145)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37179234">Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using a novel fully bioabsorbable occluder: multicenter randomized controlled trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wang S,
Li Z,
Wang Y,
Zhao T,
Mo X,
Fan T,
Li J,
You T,
Deng R,
Ouyang W,
Wang W,
Zhang C,
Butera G,
Hijazi ZM,
Pang K,
Zhu D,
Jiang S,
Zhang G,
Hu X,
Xie Y,
Zhang F,
Fang F,
Sun J,
Li P,
Chen J,
Luo Z,
Pan X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Sci Bull (Beijing)</span>
2023 May 30;68(10):1051-1059.
Epub 2023 Apr 26
doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.027.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37179234" target="_blank">37179234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34549780">Conduction disorders after perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure: continuous versus interrupted suturing techniques.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yoneyama F,
Kato H,
Matsubara M,
Mathis BJ,
Yoshimura Y,
Abe M,
Suetsugu F,
Maruo K,
Suzuki Y,
Hiramatsu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2022 Jun 15;62(1)
doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab407.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34549780" target="_blank">34549780</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31248430">A meta-analysis of perventricular device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hong ZN,
Chen Q,
Huang LQ,
Cao H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2019 Jun 27;14(1):119.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-019-0936-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31248430" target="_blank">31248430</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6598304" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30338840">Late complete atrioventricular block after hybrid perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure in a neonate.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gałeczka M,
Knop M,
Fiszer R,
Zdrzałek-Skiba A,
Pawlak S,
Białkowski J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Kardiol Pol</span>
2018;76(10):1494.
doi: 10.5603/KP.2018.0211.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30338840" target="_blank">30338840</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27243581">Posttranscatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Ventricular Septal Defect During Transfemoral Edwards SAPIEN Valve Implantation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dahl A,
Hoaglan C,
Helman J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">A A Case Rep</span>
2016 Jun 1;6(11):348-51.
doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000311.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27243581" target="_blank">27243581</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (109)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30548083">Dislocation of an Amplatzer device occluder 12 years following transcatheter insertion for a perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Song L,
An Q</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Card Surg</span>
2018 Dec;33(12):867-869.
Epub 2018 Dec 10
doi: 10.1111/jocs.13956.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30548083" target="_blank">30548083</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28412961">Perventricular double-device closure of wide-spaced multi-hole perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liang F,
Hongxin L,
Zhang HZ,
Wenbin G,
Zou CW,
Farhaj Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2017 Apr 17;12(1):24.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-017-0585-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28412961" target="_blank">28412961</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5392910" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25231419">Concomitant surgical repair of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect and mitral regurgitation in an adult.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Arnáiz-García ME,
González-Santos JM,
Bueno-Codoñer ME,
Sastre Rincón JA,
Iscar-Galán A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Kardiol Pol</span>
2014;72(9):841.
doi: 10.5603/KP.2014.0174.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25231419" target="_blank">25231419</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24273008">Juvenile rheumatic mitral stenosis in association with perimembranous ventricular septal defect in a 3-year-old boy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vijay SK,
Tiwari B,
Misra M,
Vijaywargiya T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2013 Nov 22;2013:200560.
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200560.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24273008" target="_blank">24273008</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3841425" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9089977">A case of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Meurs-van Woezik H,
van Suylen RJ,
Klein HW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</span>
1997 Feb;45(1):46-7.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1013685.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9089977" target="_blank">9089977</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (117)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37179234">Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using a novel fully bioabsorbable occluder: multicenter randomized controlled trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wang S,
Li Z,
Wang Y,
Zhao T,
Mo X,
Fan T,
Li J,
You T,
Deng R,
Ouyang W,
Wang W,
Zhang C,
Butera G,
Hijazi ZM,
Pang K,
Zhu D,
Jiang S,
Zhang G,
Hu X,
Xie Y,
Zhang F,
Fang F,
Sun J,
Li P,
Chen J,
Luo Z,
Pan X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Sci Bull (Beijing)</span>
2023 May 30;68(10):1051-1059.
Epub 2023 Apr 26
doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.027.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37179234" target="_blank">37179234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34551835">Cardiovascular events in perimembranous ventricular septal defect with left ventricular volume overload: a French prospective cohort study (FRANCISCO).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Guirgis L,
Valdeolmillos E,
Vaksmann G,
Karsenty C,
Houeijeh A,
Hery E,
Amedro P,
Pangaud N,
Benbrik N,
Vastel C,
Legendre A,
Jalal Z,
Hadeed K,
Ladouceur M,
Iserin L,
Laux D,
Iriart X,
Warin Fresse K,
Leobon B,
Harchaoui S,
Lambert V,
Bonefoy R,
Basquin A,
Chalard A,
Douchin S,
Bouzguenda I,
Denis C,
Lucron H,
Bosser G,
Barre E,
Urbina-Hiel B,
Helms P,
Ansquer H,
Hauet Q,
Leborgne AS,
Cohen L,
Lupoglazoff JM,
Guirgis M,
Gronier C,
Maragnes P,
Moceri P,
Mauran P,
Bertail C,
Lefort B,
Godart F,
Baruteau AE,
Ovaert C,
Bonnet D,
Combes N,
Khraiche D,
Houyel L,
Thambo JB,
Mostefa-Kara M,
Hascoet S;
FRANCISCO investigators</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cardiol Young</span>
2021 Oct;31(10):1557-1562.
Epub 2021 Sep 23
doi: 10.1017/S1047951121002717.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34551835" target="_blank">34551835</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33358738">Subaortic Membrane-A Savior in Large Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gourav KP,
Reddy S,
Niyogi SG,
Saini K,
Negi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth</span>
2021 Dec;35(12):3730-3734.
Epub 2020 Nov 27
doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.045.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33358738" target="_blank">33358738</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28251252">Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect Device Closure: Choosing Between Amplatzer Duct Occluder I and II.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">El-Sisi A,
Sobhy R,
Jaccoub V,
Hamza H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Cardiol</span>
2017 Mar;38(3):596-602.
Epub 2017 Mar 1
doi: 10.1007/s00246-016-1553-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28251252" target="_blank">28251252</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11944015">Mechanism of tricuspid regurgitation in paramembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hagler DJ,
Squarcia U,
Cabalka AK,
Connolly HM,
O'Leary PW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Soc Echocardiogr</span>
2002 Apr;15(4):364-8.
doi: 10.1067/mje.2002.116335.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11944015" target="_blank">11944015</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (73)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bichali S,
Houeijeh A,
Godart F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cardiol Young</span>
2024 Nov;34(11):2480-2483.
Epub 2024 Oct 30
doi: 10.1017/S1047951124026891.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39473223" target="_blank">39473223</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38263669">Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction by an Aneurysm of the Ventricular Membranous Septum: A Systematic Review of Case Reports.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miyake T,
Inoue T,
Mushiake S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg</span>
2024 May;15(3):380-388.
Epub 2024 Jan 23
doi: 10.1177/21501351231215258.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38263669" target="_blank">38263669</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31248430">A meta-analysis of perventricular device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hong ZN,
Chen Q,
Huang LQ,
Cao H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2019 Jun 27;14(1):119.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-019-0936-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31248430" target="_blank">31248430</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6598304" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Perimembranous%20ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div></div>
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