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<meta name="keywords" content="C0268135, disease or syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum 1, xeroderma pigmentosum caused by mutation in xpa, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group a, xeroderma pigmentosum group a, xeroderma pigmentosum group type a, xeroderma pigmentosum i, xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group a, xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group type a, xeroderma pigmentosum, group a, xeroderma pigmentosum, type 1, xp group a, xp, group a, xp-a, xp1, xpa, xpa xeroderma pigmentosum, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is characterized by: Acute sun sensitivity (severe sunburn with blistering, persistent erythema on minimal sun exposure) with marked freckle-like pigmentation of the face before age two years; Sunlight-induced ocular involvement (photophobia, severe keratitis, atrophy of the skin of the lids, ocular surface neoplasms); Greatly increased risk of sunlight-induced cutaneous neoplasms (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) within the first decade of life. Approximately 25% of affected individuals have neurologic manifestations (acquired microcephaly, diminished or absent deep tendon stretch reflexes, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, progressive cognitive impairment, and ataxia). The most common causes of death are skin cancer, neurologic degeneration, and internal cancer. The median age at death in persons with XP with neurodegeneration (29 years) was found to be younger than that in persons with XP without neurodegeneration (37 years)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (Concept Id: C0268135)
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<!--
UID=82775
ConceptID=C0268135
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 2--><div class="ncbi_carousel" data-ncbicarousel-config="imageWidth:'100px',numItemsVisible:2,toggler:false"><div class="nc_header"><span class="img_strip_title">Images (2)</span></div><div class="nc_content"><div class="nc_item"><a class="figpopup"><img alt="Image from GeneReviews" src="/books/NBK1397/bin/xp-Image002.gif" src-large="/books/NBK1397/bin/xp-Image002.jpg" /></a><br /><a href="/books/NBK1397/figure/xp.F2/" title="GeneReviews" target="_blank">details</a></div><div class="nc_item"><a class="figpopup"><img alt="Image from GeneReviews" src="/books/NBK1397/bin/xp-Image001.gif" src-large="/books/NBK1397/bin/xp-Image001.jpg" /></a><br /><a href="/books/NBK1397/figure/xp.F1/" title="GeneReviews" target="_blank">details</a></div></div></div><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Xeroderma pigmentosum group A<span class="h1sub">(XPA)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82775</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0268135</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A; Xeroderma pigmentosum, type 1; XP, group A; XPA</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (43477006); Xeroderma pigmentosum, group A (43477006)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="XPA - ID: 7507 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/7507" class="medgenPMinfo">XPA</a> (9q22.33)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0010210" target="_blank">MONDO:0010210</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/278700" target="_blank">278700</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_101">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Disease_characteristics">Disease characteristics</h1><a sid="101" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="excerpt">Excerpted from the <i>GeneReview: </i><a href="/books/NBK1397" target="_blank">Xeroderma Pigmentosum</a></div><div>Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is characterized by: Acute sun sensitivity (severe sunburn with blistering, persistent erythema on minimal sun exposure) with marked freckle-like pigmentation of the face before age two years; Sunlight-induced ocular involvement (photophobia, severe keratitis, atrophy of the skin of the lids, ocular surface neoplasms); Greatly increased risk of sunlight-induced cutaneous neoplasms (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) within the first decade of life. Approximately 25% of affected individuals have neurologic manifestations (acquired microcephaly, diminished or absent deep tendon stretch reflexes, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, progressive cognitive impairment, and ataxia). The most common causes of death are skin cancer, neurologic degeneration, and internal cancer. The median age at death in persons with XP with neurodegeneration (29 years) was found to be younger than that in persons with XP without neurodegeneration (37 years). [from <a title="GeneReviews" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116" class="defSource" target="_blank">GeneReviews</a>]</div><div class="spaceAbove"><strong>Full text of <i>GeneReview</i> (by section):</strong><br /><a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Summary" target="NBK1397">Summary</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Diagnosis" target="NBK1397">Diagnosis</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Clinical_Characteristics" target="NBK1397">Clinical Characteristics</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Genetically_Related_Allelic_Disorders" target="NBK1397">Genetically Related (Allelic) Disorders</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Differential_Diagnosis" target="NBK1397">Differential Diagnosis</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Management" target="NBK1397">Management</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Genetic_Counseling" target="NBK1397">Genetic Counseling</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Resources" target="NBK1397">Resources</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Molecular_Genetics" target="NBK1397">Molecular Genetics</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.Chapter_Notes" target="NBK1397">Chapter Notes</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK1397#xp.References" target="NBK1397">References</a></div><div class="spaceAbove"><strong>Authors:</strong><br />
Kenneth H Kraemer  |  John J DiGiovanna  |  Deborah Tamura   <a href="/books/NBK1397" target="NBK1397" title="NCBI Bookshelf: Xeroderma Pigmentosum">view full author information</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_descriptions">Additional descriptions</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From OMIM</strong><br />Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increased sensitivity to sunlight with the development of carcinomas at an early age. Some patients develop neurologic symptoms or a more severe clinical phenotype known as de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome (278800) (Satokata et al., 1992).&#13;
Genetic Heterogeneity of Xeroderma Pigmentosum&#13;
See also XPB (610651), XPC (278720), XPD (278730), XPE (278740), XPF (278760), XPG (278780), and variant XP (XPV; 278750).  <a target="_blank" href="http://www.omim.org/entry/278700">http://www.omim.org/entry/278700</a></div><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum may experience early menopause.<br /><br />Researchers have identified at least eight genetic forms of xeroderma pigmentosum: complementation group A (XP-A) through complementation group G (XP-G), plus a variant type (XP-V). The types are distinguished by their genetic cause. All of the types increase the risk of skin cancer, although some are more likely than others to be associated with neurological abnormalities.<br /><br />About 30 percent of people with xeroderma pigmentosum develop progressive neurological abnormalities in addition to problems involving the skin and eyes. These abnormalities can include hearing loss, poor coordination, difficulty walking, movement problems, loss of intellectual function, difficulty swallowing and talking, and seizures. When these neurological problems occur, they tend to worsen with time.<br /><br />The eyes of people with xeroderma pigmentosum may be painfully sensitive to UVR (photophobia). If the eyes are not protected from UVR, they may become bloodshot and irritated, and the clear front covering of the eyes (the cornea) may become cloudy. In some people, the eyelashes fall out and the eyelids may be thin and turn abnormally inward or outward. In addition to an increased risk of cancer on the surface of the eye, xeroderma pigmentosum is associated with noncancerous growths on the eye. Many of these eye abnormalities can impair vision.<br /><br />Without protection from the sun and other sources of UVR, most people with xeroderma pigmentosum develop multiple skin cancers during their lifetime. These cancers occur most often on  portions of the body that are exposed to the sun, including the face, the lips, the eyelids, the surface of the eyes, the scalp, and the tip of the tongue. Studies suggest that people with xeroderma pigmentosum may also have an increased risk of some internal cancers, including brain tumors, thyroid cancer, and blood cancers. Additionally, affected individuals who smoke cigarettes have a significantly increased risk of lung cancer.<br /><br />People with xeroderma pigmentosum are 10,000 times more likely to develop non-melanoma skin cancer and up to 2,000 times more likely to  develop melanoma skin cancer compared to individuals without this condition. The types of skin cancer that can develop include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Most commonly, the first skin cancer appears in affected individuals before age 10. <br /><br />By age 2, almost all children with xeroderma pigmentosum develop freckling of the skin in sun-exposed areas (such as the face, arms, and lips); this type of freckling rarely occurs in young children without the disorder. In affected individuals, exposure to sunlight often causes dry skin (xeroderma) and changes in skin coloring (pigmentation). This combination of features gives the condition its name.<br /><br />The signs of xeroderma pigmentosum usually appear in infancy or early childhood. About half of affected children develop a severe sunburn after spending just a few minutes in the sun. The sunburn causes redness and blistering that can last for weeks. However, some children with xeroderma pigmentosum can tan normally. <br /><br />Xeroderma pigmentosum, commonly known as XP, is an inherited condition characterized by an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is present in sunlight and may also be found in some types of artificial lighting. This condition mostly affects the eyes and areas of skin exposed to the sun. Xeroderma pigmentosum is associated with an increased risk of UVR-induced cancers. People with this condition often experience premature aging. Some affected individuals also have problems involving the nervous system.  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/xeroderma-pigmentosum">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/xeroderma-pigmentosum</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9944"><div><strong>Melanoma</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9944</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0025202</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Neoplastic Process</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. This cancer typically occurs in areas that are only occasionally sun-exposed; tumors are most commonly found on the back in men and on the legs in women. Melanoma usually occurs on the skin (cutaneous melanoma), but in about 5 percent of cases it develops in melanocytes in other tissues, including the eyes (uveal melanoma) or mucous membranes that line the body's cavities, such as the moist lining of the mouth (mucosal melanoma). Melanoma can develop at any age, but it most frequently occurs in people in their fifties to seventies and is becoming more common in teenagers and young adults.\n\nMelanoma may develop from an existing mole or other normal skin growth that becomes cancerous (malignant); however, many melanomas are new growths. Melanomas often have ragged edges and an irregular shape. They can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters across. They can also be a variety of colors: brown, black, red, pink, blue, or white.\n\nMost melanomas affect only the outermost layer of skin (the epidermis). If a melanoma becomes thicker and involves multiple layers of skin, it can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).\n\nA large number of moles or other pigmented skin growths on the body, generally more than 25, is associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma. Melanoma is also a common feature of genetic syndromes affecting the skin such as xeroderma pigmentosum. Additionally, individuals who have previously had melanoma are nearly nine times more likely than the general population to develop melanoma again. It is estimated that about 90 percent of individuals with melanoma survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9944">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Melanoma%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209944%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107512"><div><strong>Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107512</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0553723</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Neoplastic Process</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a malignant tumor of squamous epithelium.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107512">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20skin%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107512%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_675590"><div><strong>Pes cavus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>675590</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0728829</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/675590">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Pes%20cavus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20675590%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9164"><div><strong>Sensorineural hearing loss disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9164</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018784</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9164">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Sensorineural%20hearing%20loss%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209164%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_849"><div><strong>Cerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>849</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0007758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/849">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20849%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_7753"><div><strong>Spasticity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7753</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026838</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7753">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spasticity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%207753%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_39313"><div><strong>Choreoathetosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39313</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085583</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39313">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Choreoathetosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2039313%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66713"><div><strong>Mental deterioration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66713</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234985</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of previously present mental abilities, generally in adults.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66713">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Mental%20deterioration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066713%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_195967"><div><strong>Hyporeflexia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>195967</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0700078</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/195967">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyporeflexia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20195967%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_335722"><div><strong>Distal sensory impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335722</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1847584</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal reduction in sensation in the distal portions of the extremities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335722">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Distal%20sensory%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20335722%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1093"><div><strong>Conjunctivitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009763</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation of the conjunctiva.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1093">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Conjunctivitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201093%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44013"><div><strong>Keratitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44013</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0022568</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation of the cornea.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44013">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Keratitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044013%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4448"><div><strong>Ectropion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4448</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013592</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An outward turning (eversion) or rotation of the eyelid margin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4448">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ectropion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204448%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41813"><div><strong>Entropion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41813</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0014390</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal inversion (turning inward) of the eyelid (usually the lower) towards the globe. Entropion is usually acquired as a result of involutional or cicatricial processes but may occasionally be congenital.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41813">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Entropion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041813%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21088"><div><strong>Telangiectasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21088</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0039446</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Telangiectasias refer to small dilated blood vessels located near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter. Telangiectasia are located especially on the tongue, lips, palate, fingers, face, conjunctiva, trunk, nail beds, and fingertips.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21088">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Telangiectasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021088%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_101793"><div><strong>Dermal atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>101793</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151514</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Partial or complete wasting (atrophy) of the skin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/101793">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dermal%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20101793%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87601"><div><strong>Cutaneous photosensitivity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87601</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349506</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increased sensitivity of the skin to light. Photosensitivity may result in a rash upon exposure to the sun (which is known as photodermatosis). Photosensitivity can be diagnosed by phototests in which light is shone on small areas of skin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87601">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cutaneous%20photosensitivity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087601%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_83927"><div><strong>Verrucous nevus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>83927</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0362030</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of epidermal nevus (which represent Blaschkoid hamartomas of the skin that result from mosaic post-zygotic mutations) that appears as skin-colored-to-brown, sharply demarcated, papillomatous papules that coalesce into plaques. The majority of these nevi are either present at birth or occur within the first year of life.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/83927">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Verrucous%20nevus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2083927%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_97905"><div><strong>Poikiloderma</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>97905</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0392777</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Poikiloderma refers to a patch of skin with (1) reticulated hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, (2) wrinkling secondary to epidermal atrophy, and (3) telangiectasias.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/97905">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Poikiloderma%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2097905%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_834002"><div><strong>Erythematous papule</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>834002</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0747241</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid that is reddish (erythematous) in color.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/834002">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Erythematous%20papule%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20834002%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_375013"><div><strong>Hypermelanotic macule</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>375013</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842774</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A hyperpigmented circumscribed area of change in normal skin color without elevation or depression of any size.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/375013">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypermelanotic%20macule%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20375013%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_368469"><div><strong>Defective DNA repair after ultraviolet radiation damage</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>368469</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1968564</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/368469">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Defective%20DNA%20repair%20after%20ultraviolet%20radiation%20damage%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20368469%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormal cellular phenotype</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_368469" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Defective DNA repair after ultraviolet radiation damage</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4448" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ectropion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41813" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Entropion</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_675590" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pes cavus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the immune system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1093" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Conjunctivitis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44013" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Keratitis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the integument</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87601" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cutaneous photosensitivity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_101793" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dermal atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_834002" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Erythematous papule</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_375013" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypermelanotic macule</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_97905" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Poikiloderma</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21088" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Telangiectasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_83927" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Verrucous nevus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_849" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_39313" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Choreoathetosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_335722" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Distal sensory impairment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_195967" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyporeflexia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66713" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mental deterioration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_7753" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spasticity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9164" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sensorineural hearing loss disorder</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Neoplasm</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9944" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Melanoma</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107512" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0043346[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=21943">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=21943">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=21943" ref="ncbi_uid=21943">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21943" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=21943&amp;link_uid=21943" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum'">Xeroderma pigmentosum</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=CN119607[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=468518">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=468518">G</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/468518" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=468518&amp;link_uid=468518" title="View MedGen record for 'ERCC1-Related Xeroderma Pigmentosum'">ERCC1-Related Xeroderma Pigmentosum</a></span></li><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0268135[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=82775">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=82775" target="_blank" href="/omim/278700">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=82775">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=82775" ref="ncbi_uid=82775">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Xeroderma pigmentosum group A</span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0268136[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=78643">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=78643" target="_blank" href="/omim/610651">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=78643">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=78643" ref="ncbi_uid=78643">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78643" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=78643&amp;link_uid=78643" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum group B'">Xeroderma pigmentosum group B</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/196713" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=196713&amp;link_uid=196713" title="View MedGen record for 'Cockayne syndrome type 3'">Cockayne syndrome type 3</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1848410[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=376352">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=376352" target="_blank" href="/omim/278750">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=376352">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=376352" ref="ncbi_uid=376352">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/376352" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=376352&amp;link_uid=376352" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum variant type'">Xeroderma pigmentosum variant type</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2752147[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=416702">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=416702" target="_blank" href="/omim/278720">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=416702">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=416702" ref="ncbi_uid=416702">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/416702" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=416702&amp;link_uid=416702" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum, group C'">Xeroderma pigmentosum, group C</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0268138[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=75656">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=75656" target="_blank" href="/omim/126340">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=75656">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=75656" ref="ncbi_uid=75656">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/75656" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=75656&amp;link_uid=75656" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum, group D'">Xeroderma pigmentosum, group D</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1848411[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=341219">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=341219" target="_blank" href="/omim/278740">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=341219">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=341219" ref="ncbi_uid=341219">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/341219" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=341219&amp;link_uid=341219" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum, group E'">Xeroderma pigmentosum, group E</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0268140[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=120612">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=120612" target="_blank" href="/omim/278760">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=120612">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=120612" ref="ncbi_uid=120612">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/120612" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=120612&amp;link_uid=120612" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum, group F'">Xeroderma pigmentosum, group F</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0268141[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=75657">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=75657" target="_blank" href="/omim/133530">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1397/" ref="ncbi_uid=75657">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=75657" ref="ncbi_uid=75657">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/75657" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=75657&amp;link_uid=75657" title="View MedGen record for 'Xeroderma pigmentosum, group G'">Xeroderma pigmentosum, group G</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1842360" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia due to a DNA repair defect">Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia due to a DNA repair defect</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21943" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Xeroderma pigmentosum">Xeroderma pigmentosum</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Xeroderma pigmentosum group A</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22168765">Prenatal diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum group A in Japan.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Moriwaki S,
Yamashita Y,
Nakamura S,
Fujita D,
Kohyama J,
Takigawa M,
Ohmichi M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Dermatol</span>
2012 Jun;39(6):516-9.
Epub 2011 Dec 14
doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01425.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22168765" target="_blank">22168765</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20a%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37076618">Lesion recognition by XPC, TFIIH and XPA in DNA excision repair.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim J,
Li CL,
Chen X,
Cui Y,
Golebiowski FM,
Wang H,
Hanaoka F,
Sugasawa K,
Yang W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nature</span>
2023 May;617(7959):170-175.
Epub 2023 Apr 19
doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05959-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37076618" target="_blank">37076618</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10416759" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36496984">The XPA Protein-Life under Precise Control.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Krasikova YS,
Lavrik OI,
Rechkunova NI</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cells</span>
2022 Nov 22;11(23)
doi: 10.3390/cells11233723.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36496984" target="_blank">36496984</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9739396" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27247238">XPA: A key scaffold for human nucleotide excision repair.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sugitani N,
Sivley RM,
Perry KE,
Capra JA,
Chazin WJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">DNA Repair (Amst)</span>
2016 Aug;44:123-135.
Epub 2016 May 20
doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.05.018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27247238" target="_blank">27247238</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4958585" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19411851">Circadian regulation of DNA excision repair: implications for chrono-chemotherapy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kang TH,
Sancar A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Cycle</span>
2009 Jun 1;8(11):1665-7.
Epub 2009 Jun 9
doi: 10.4161/cc.8.11.8707.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19411851" target="_blank">19411851</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10197977">Molecular mechanism of nucleotide excision repair.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Laat WL,
Jaspers NG,
Hoeijmakers JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes Dev</span>
1999 Apr 1;13(7):768-85.
doi: 10.1101/gad.13.7.768.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10197977" target="_blank">10197977</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (643)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29124689">Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Musich PR,
Li Z,
Zou Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Exp Med Biol</span>
2017;996:41-54.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29124689" target="_blank">29124689</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6597250" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25662220">Nucleotide excision repair efficiency in quiescent human fibroblasts is modulated by circadian clock.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bee L,
Marini S,
Pontarin G,
Ferraro P,
Costa R,
Albrecht U,
Celotti L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nucleic Acids Res</span>
2015 Feb 27;43(4):2126-37.
Epub 2015 Feb 6
doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv081.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25662220" target="_blank">25662220</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4344517" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23430782">Cadmium and cancer.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hartwig A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Met Ions Life Sci</span>
2013;11:491-507.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23430782" target="_blank">23430782</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21999933">Both XPA and DNA polymerase eta are necessary for the repair of doxorubicin-induced DNA lesions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Moraes MC,
de Andrade AQ,
Carvalho H,
Guecheva T,
Agnoletto MH,
Henriques JA,
Sarasin A,
Stary A,
Saffi J,
Menck CF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cancer Lett</span>
2012 Jan 1;314(1):108-18.
Epub 2011 Sep 24
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21999933" target="_blank">21999933</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10924862">Measurement of cellular repair activities for oxidative DNA damage.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Elliott RM,
Astley SB,
Southon S,
Archer DB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Free Radic Biol Med</span>
2000 May 1;28(9):1438-46.
doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00271-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10924862" target="_blank">10924862</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (142)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29124689">Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Musich PR,
Li Z,
Zou Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Exp Med Biol</span>
2017;996:41-54.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29124689" target="_blank">29124689</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6597250" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23430782">Cadmium and cancer.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hartwig A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Met Ions Life Sci</span>
2013;11:491-507.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23430782" target="_blank">23430782</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19411851">Circadian regulation of DNA excision repair: implications for chrono-chemotherapy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kang TH,
Sancar A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Cycle</span>
2009 Jun 1;8(11):1665-7.
Epub 2009 Jun 9
doi: 10.4161/cc.8.11.8707.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19411851" target="_blank">19411851</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10877825">Mechanisms and implications of the age-associated decrease in DNA repair capacity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Goukassian D,
Gad F,
Yaar M,
Eller MS,
Nehal US,
Gilchrest BA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">FASEB J</span>
2000 Jul;14(10):1325-34.
doi: 10.1096/fj.14.10.1325.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10877825" target="_blank">10877825</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10197977">Molecular mechanism of nucleotide excision repair.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Laat WL,
Jaspers NG,
Hoeijmakers JH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes Dev</span>
1999 Apr 1;13(7):768-85.
doi: 10.1101/gad.13.7.768.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10197977" target="_blank">10197977</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (84)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39353945">Molecular architecture and functional dynamics of the pre-incision complex in nucleotide excision repair.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yu J,
Yan C,
Paul T,
Brewer L,
Tsutakawa SE,
Tsai CL,
Hamdan SM,
Tainer JA,
Ivanov I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Commun</span>
2024 Oct 1;15(1):8511.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52860-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39353945" target="_blank">39353945</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11445577" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32235701">XPA: DNA Repair Protein of Significant Clinical Importance.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Borszéková Pulzová L,
Ward TA,
Chovanec M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2020 Mar 22;21(6)
doi: 10.3390/ijms21062182.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32235701" target="_blank">32235701</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7139726" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27982466">Expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of xeroderma pigmentosum in Chinese population.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang J,
Cheng R,
Yu X,
Sun Z,
Li M,
Yao Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed</span>
2017 Jan;33(1):58-63.
doi: 10.1111/phpp.12283.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27982466" target="_blank">27982466</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27539899">The present status of xeroderma pigmentosum in Japan and a tentative severity classification scale.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nakano E,
Masaki T,
Kanda F,
Ono R,
Takeuchi S,
Moriwaki S,
Nishigori C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Exp Dermatol</span>
2016 Aug;25 Suppl 3:28-33.
doi: 10.1111/exd.13082.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27539899" target="_blank">27539899</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14563950">Xeroderma pigmentosum group a protein and chemotherapy resistance in human germ cell tumors.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Honecker F,
Mayer F,
Stoop H,
Oosterhuis JW,
Koch S,
Bokemeyer C,
Looijenga LH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lab Invest</span>
2003 Oct;83(10):1489-95.
doi: 10.1097/01.lab.0000090221.95883.41.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14563950" target="_blank">14563950</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (63)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39353945">Molecular architecture and functional dynamics of the pre-incision complex in nucleotide excision repair.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yu J,
Yan C,
Paul T,
Brewer L,
Tsutakawa SE,
Tsai CL,
Hamdan SM,
Tainer JA,
Ivanov I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Commun</span>
2024 Oct 1;15(1):8511.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52860-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39353945" target="_blank">39353945</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11445577" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32696477">Progressive length-dependent polyneuropathy in xeroderma pigmentosum group A.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tsuji Y,
Ueda T,
Sekiguchi K,
Nishiyama M,
Kanda F,
Nishigori C,
Toda T,
Matsumoto R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Muscle Nerve</span>
2020 Oct;62(4):534-540.
Epub 2020 Aug 10
doi: 10.1002/mus.27028.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32696477" target="_blank">32696477</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32235701">XPA: DNA Repair Protein of Significant Clinical Importance.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Borszéková Pulzová L,
Ward TA,
Chovanec M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2020 Mar 22;21(6)
doi: 10.3390/ijms21062182.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32235701" target="_blank">32235701</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7139726" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25662220">Nucleotide excision repair efficiency in quiescent human fibroblasts is modulated by circadian clock.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bee L,
Marini S,
Pontarin G,
Ferraro P,
Costa R,
Albrecht U,
Celotti L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nucleic Acids Res</span>
2015 Feb 27;43(4):2126-37.
Epub 2015 Feb 6
doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv081.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25662220" target="_blank">25662220</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4344517" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19332393">UV-DDB-dependent regulation of nucleotide excision repair kinetics in living cells.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nishi R,
Alekseev S,
Dinant C,
Hoogstraten D,
Houtsmuller AB,
Hoeijmakers JH,
Vermeulen W,
Hanaoka F,
Sugasawa K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">DNA Repair (Amst)</span>
2009 Jun 4;8(6):767-76.
Epub 2009 Mar 21
doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.02.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19332393" target="_blank">19332393</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (192)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38541204">Relationship between XPA, XPB/ERCC3, XPF/ERCC4, and XPG/ERCC5 Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Head and Neck Carcinoma: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Imani MM,
Basamtabar M,
Akbari S,
Sadeghi E,
Sadeghi M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Medicina (Kaunas)</span>
2024 Mar 14;60(3)
doi: 10.3390/medicina60030478.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38541204" target="_blank">38541204</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10972270" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21866550">Genetic variation of XPA gene and risk of cancer: a systematic review and pooled analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ding D,
Zhang Y,
Yu H,
Guo Y,
Jiang L,
He X,
Ma W,
Zheng W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Cancer</span>
2012 Jul 15;131(2):488-96.
Epub 2011 Oct 20
doi: 10.1002/ijc.26391.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21866550" target="_blank">21866550</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0268135%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (17)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0268135%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F18" target="_blank">Mutation scanning of select exons (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0268135%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (26)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0268135%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (7)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0268135%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (27)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=278700" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Xeroderma%20pigmentosum%20group%20A" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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