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<h1 id="sample-genbank-record">Sample GenBank Record</h1>
<p>This page presents an annotated sample GenBank record (accession
number <code>U49845</code>) in its <em>GenBank Flat File</em> format. You can see the
corresponding <a href="/nucleotide/U49845">live record for U49845</a>, and see
<a href="#OtherFeaturesB">examples of other records</a> that show a range of
biological features.</p>
<p><pre>
<a id="LocusA" href="#LocusB">LOCUS</a> <a id="LocusNameA" href="#LocusNameB">SCU49845</a> <a id="SequenceLengthA" href="#SequenceLengthB">5028 bp</a> <a id="MoleculeTypeA" href="#MoleculeTypeB">DNA</a> <a id="GenBankDivisionA" href="#GenBankDivisionB">PLN</a> <a id="ModificationDateA" href="#ModificationDateB">21-JUN-1999</a>
<a id="DefinitionA" href="#DefinitionB">DEFINITION</a> Saccharomyces cerevisiae TCP1-beta gene, partial cds, and Axl2p
(AXL2) and Rev7p (REV7) genes, complete cds.
<a id="AccessionA" href="#AccessionB">ACCESSION</a> U49845
<a id="VersionA" href="#VersionB">VERSION</a> U49845.1 <a id="GInA" href="#GInB">GI</a>:1293613
<a id="KeywordsA" href="#KeywordsB">KEYWORDS</a> .
<a id="SourceA" href="#SourceB">SOURCE</a> Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)
<a id="OrganismA" href="#OrganismB">ORGANISM</a> Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Eukaryota; Fungi; Ascomycota; Saccharomycotina; Saccharomycetes;
Saccharomycetales; Saccharomycetaceae; Saccharomyces.
<a id="ReferenceA" href="#ReferenceB">REFERENCE</a> 1 (bases 1 to 5028)
<a id="AuthorsA" href="#AuthorsB">AUTHORS</a> Torpey,L.E., Gibbs,P.E., Nelson,J. and Lawrence,C.W.
<a id="TitleA" href="#TitleB">TITLE</a> Cloning and sequence of REV7, a gene whose function is required for
DNA damage-induced mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
<a id="JournalA" href="#JournalB">JOURNAL</a> Yeast 10 (11), 1503-1509 (1994)
<a id="PubMedA" href="#PubMedB">PUBMED</a> 7871890
REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 5028)
AUTHORS Roemer,T., Madden,K., Chang,J. and Snyder,M.
TITLE Selection of axial growth sites in yeast requires Axl2p, a novel
plasma membrane glycoprotein
JOURNAL Genes Dev. 10 (7), 777-793 (1996)
PUBMED 8846915
REFERENCE 3 (bases 1 to 5028)
AUTHORS Roemer,T.
TITLE <a id="SubmitterBlockA" href="#SubmitterBlockB">Direct Submission</a>
JOURNAL Submitted (22-FEB-1996) Terry Roemer, Biology, Yale University, New
Haven, CT, USA
<a id="FeaturesA" href="#FeaturesB">FEATURES</a> Location/Qualifiers
<a id="FeaturesSourceA" href="#FeaturesSourceB">source</a> 1..5028
/organism="Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
/<a id="TaxonA" href="#TaxonB">db_xref="taxon:4932"</a>
/chromosome="IX"
/map="9"
<a id="CDSA" href="#CDSB">CDS</a> <a id="BaseSpanA" href="#BaseSpanB">&lt;1..206</a>
/codon_start=3
/product="TCP1-beta"
<a id="ProteinIDA" href="#ProteinIDB">/protein_id</a>="AAA98665.1"
/db_xref="<a id="GIpA" href="#GIpB">GI</a>:1293614"
<a id="TranslationA" href="#TranslationB">/translation</a>="SSIYNGISTSGLDLNNGTIADMRQLGIVESYKLKRAVVSSASEA
AEVLLRVDNIIRARPRTANRQHM"
<a id="GeneA" href="#GeneB">gene</a> 687..3158
/gene="AXL2"
CDS 687..3158
/gene="AXL2"
/note="plasma membrane glycoprotein"
/codon_start=1
/function="required for axial budding pattern of S.
cerevisiae"
/product="Axl2p"
<a href="#ProteinIDB">/protein_id</a>="AAA98666.1"
/db_xref="<a href="#GIpB">GI</a>:1293615"
<a href="#TranslationB">/translation</a>="MTQLQISLLLTATISLLHLVVATPYEAYPIGKQYPPVARVNESF
TFQISNDTYKSSVDKTAQITYNCFDLPSWLSFDSSSRTFSGEPSSDLLSDANTTLYFN
VILEGTDSADSTSLNNTYQFVVTNRPSISLSSDFNLLALLKNYGYTNGKNALKLDPNE
VFNVTFDRSMFTNEESIVSYYGRSQLYNAPLPNWLFFDSGELKFTGTAPVINSAIAPE
TSYSFVIIATDIEGFSAVEVEFELVIGAHQLTTSIQNSLIINVTDTGNVSYDLPLNYV
YLDDDPISSDKLGSINLLDAPDWVALDNATISGSVPDELLGKNSNPANFSVSIYDTYG
DVIYFNFEVVSTTDLFAISSLPNINATRGEWFSYYFLPSQFTDYVNTNVSLEFTNSSQ
DHDWVKFQSSNLTLAGEVPKNFDKLSLGLKANQGSQSQELYFNIIGMDSKITHSNHSA
NATSTRSSHHSTSTSSYTSSTYTAKISSTSAAATSSAPAALPAANKTSSHNKKAVAIA
CGVAIPLGVILVALICFLIFWRRRRENPDDENLPHAISGPDLNNPANKPNQENATPLN
NPFDDDASSYDDTSIARRLAALNTLKLDNHSATESDISSVDEKRDSLSGMNTYNDQFQ
SQSKEELLAKPPVQPPESPFFDPQNRSSSVYMDSEPAVNKSWRYTGNLSPVSDIVRDS
YGSQKTVDTEKLFDLEAPEKEKRTSRDVTMSSLDPWNSNISPSPVRKSVTPSPYNVTK
HRNRHLQNIQDSQSGKNGITPTTMSTSSSDDFVPVKDGENFCWVHSMEPDRRPSKKRL
VDFSNKSNVNVGQVKDIHGRIPEML"
gene <a id="ComplementA" href="#ComplementB">complement</a>(3300..4037)
/gene="REV7"
CDS <a href="#ComplementB">complement</a>(3300..4037)
/gene="REV7"
/codon_start=1
/product="Rev7p"
<a href="#ProteinIDB">/protein_id</a>="AAA98667.1"
/db_xref="<a href="#GIpB">GI</a>:1293616"
<a href="#TranslationB">/translation</a>="MNRWVEKWLRVYLKCYINLILFYRNVYPPQSFDYTTYQSFNLPQ
FVPINRHPALIDYIEELILDVLSKLTHVYRFSICIINKKNDLCIEKYVLDFSELQHVD
KDDQIITETEVFDEFRSSLNSLIMHLEKLPKVNDDTITFEAVINAIELELGHKLDRNR
RVDSLEEKAEIERDSNWVKCQEDENLPDNNGFQPPKIKLTSLVGSDVGPLIIHQFSEK
LISGDDKILNGVYSQYEEGESIFGSLF"
<a id="OriginA" href="#OriginB">ORIGIN</a>
1 gatcctccat atacaacggt atctccacct caggtttaga tctcaacaac ggaaccattg
61 ccgacatgag acagttaggt atcgtcgaga gttacaagct aaaacgagca gtagtcagct
121 ctgcatctga agccgctgaa gttctactaa gggtggataa catcatccgt gcaagaccaa
181 gaaccgccaa tagacaacat atgtaacata tttaggatat acctcgaaaa taataaaccg
241 ccacactgtc attattataa ttagaaacag aacgcaaaaa ttatccacta tataattcaa
301 agacgcgaaa aaaaaagaac aacgcgtcat agaacttttg gcaattcgcg tcacaaataa
361 attttggcaa cttatgtttc ctcttcgagc agtactcgag ccctgtctca agaatgtaat
421 aatacccatc gtaggtatgg ttaaagatag catctccaca acctcaaagc tccttgccga
481 gagtcgccct cctttgtcga gtaattttca cttttcatat gagaacttat tttcttattc
541 tttactctca catcctgtag tgattgacac tgcaacagcc accatcacta gaagaacaga
601 acaattactt aatagaaaaa ttatatcttc ctcgaaacga tttcctgctt ccaacatcta
661 cgtatatcaa gaagcattca cttaccatga cacagcttca gatttcatta ttgctgacag
721 ctactatatc actactccat ctagtagtgg ccacgcccta tgaggcatat cctatcggaa
781 aacaataccc cccagtggca agagtcaatg aatcgtttac atttcaaatt tccaatgata
841 cctataaatc gtctgtagac aagacagctc aaataacata caattgcttc gacttaccga
901 gctggctttc gtttgactct agttctagaa cgttctcagg tgaaccttct tctgacttac
961 tatctgatgc gaacaccacg ttgtatttca atgtaatact cgagggtacg gactctgccg
1021 acagcacgtc tttgaacaat acataccaat ttgttgttac aaaccgtcca tccatctcgc
1081 tatcgtcaga tttcaatcta ttggcgttgt taaaaaacta tggttatact aacggcaaaa
1141 acgctctgaa actagatcct aatgaagtct tcaacgtgac ttttgaccgt tcaatgttca
1201 ctaacgaaga atccattgtg tcgtattacg gacgttctca gttgtataat gcgccgttac
1261 ccaattggct gttcttcgat tctggcgagt tgaagtttac tgggacggca ccggtgataa
1321 actcggcgat tgctccagaa acaagctaca gttttgtcat catcgctaca gacattgaag
1381 gattttctgc cgttgaggta gaattcgaat tagtcatcgg ggctcaccag ttaactacct
1441 ctattcaaaa tagtttgata atcaacgtta ctgacacagg taacgtttca tatgacttac
1501 ctctaaacta tgtttatctc gatgacgatc ctatttcttc tgataaattg ggttctataa
1561 acttattgga tgctccagac tgggtggcat tagataatgc taccatttcc gggtctgtcc
1621 cagatgaatt actcggtaag aactccaatc ctgccaattt ttctgtgtcc atttatgata
1681 cttatggtga tgtgatttat ttcaacttcg aagttgtctc cacaacggat ttgtttgcca
1741 ttagttctct tcccaatatt aacgctacaa ggggtgaatg gttctcctac tattttttgc
1801 cttctcagtt tacagactac gtgaatacaa acgtttcatt agagtttact aattcaagcc
1861 aagaccatga ctgggtgaaa ttccaatcat ctaatttaac attagctgga gaagtgccca
1921 agaatttcga caagctttca ttaggtttga aagcgaacca aggttcacaa tctcaagagc
1981 tatattttaa catcattggc atggattcaa agataactca ctcaaaccac agtgcgaatg
2041 caacgtccac aagaagttct caccactcca cctcaacaag ttcttacaca tcttctactt
2101 acactgcaaa aatttcttct acctccgctg ctgctacttc ttctgctcca gcagcgctgc
2161 cagcagccaa taaaacttca tctcacaata aaaaagcagt agcaattgcg tgcggtgttg
2221 ctatcccatt aggcgttatc ctagtagctc tcatttgctt cctaatattc tggagacgca
2281 gaagggaaaa tccagacgat gaaaacttac cgcatgctat tagtggacct gatttgaata
2341 atcctgcaaa taaaccaaat caagaaaacg ctacaccttt gaacaacccc tttgatgatg
2401 atgcttcctc gtacgatgat acttcaatag caagaagatt ggctgctttg aacactttga
2461 aattggataa ccactctgcc actgaatctg atatttccag cgtggatgaa aagagagatt
2521 ctctatcagg tatgaataca tacaatgatc agttccaatc ccaaagtaaa gaagaattat
2581 tagcaaaacc cccagtacag cctccagaga gcccgttctt tgacccacag aataggtctt
2641 cttctgtgta tatggatagt gaaccagcag taaataaatc ctggcgatat actggcaacc
2701 tgtcaccagt ctctgatatt gtcagagaca gttacggatc acaaaaaact gttgatacag
2761 aaaaactttt cgatttagaa gcaccagaga aggaaaaacg tacgtcaagg gatgtcacta
2821 tgtcttcact ggacccttgg aacagcaata ttagcccttc tcccgtaaga aaatcagtaa
2881 caccatcacc atataacgta acgaagcatc gtaaccgcca cttacaaaat attcaagact
2941 ctcaaagcgg taaaaacgga atcactccca caacaatgtc aacttcatct tctgacgatt
3001 ttgttccggt taaagatggt gaaaattttt gctgggtcca tagcatggaa ccagacagaa
3061 gaccaagtaa gaaaaggtta gtagattttt caaataagag taatgtcaat gttggtcaag
3121 ttaaggacat tcacggacgc atcccagaaa tgctgtgatt atacgcaacg atattttgct
3181 taattttatt ttcctgtttt attttttatt agtggtttac agatacccta tattttattt
3241 agtttttata cttagagaca tttaatttta attccattct tcaaatttca tttttgcact
3301 taaaacaaag atccaaaaat gctctcgccc tcttcatatt gagaatacac tccattcaaa
3361 attttgtcgt caccgctgat taatttttca ctaaactgat gaataatcaa aggccccacg
3421 tcagaaccga ctaaagaagt gagttttatt ttaggaggtt gaaaaccatt attgtctggt
3481 aaattttcat cttcttgaca tttaacccag tttgaatccc tttcaatttc tgctttttcc
3541 tccaaactat cgaccctcct gtttctgtcc aacttatgtc ctagttccaa ttcgatcgca
3601 ttaataactg cttcaaatgt tattgtgtca tcgttgactt taggtaattt ctccaaatgc
3661 ataatcaaac tatttaagga agatcggaat tcgtcgaaca cttcagtttc cgtaatgatc
3721 tgatcgtctt tatccacatg ttgtaattca ctaaaatcta aaacgtattt ttcaatgcat
3781 aaatcgttct ttttattaat aatgcagatg gaaaatctgt aaacgtgcgt taatttagaa
3841 agaacatcca gtataagttc ttctatatag tcaattaaag caggatgcct attaatggga
3901 acgaactgcg gcaagttgaa tgactggtaa gtagtgtagt cgaatgactg aggtgggtat
3961 acatttctat aaaataaaat caaattaatg tagcatttta agtataccct cagccacttc
4021 tctacccatc tattcataaa gctgacgcaa cgattactat tttttttttc ttcttggatc
4081 tcagtcgtcg caaaaacgta taccttcttt ttccgacctt ttttttagct ttctggaaaa
4141 gtttatatta gttaaacagg gtctagtctt agtgtgaaag ctagtggttt cgattgactg
4201 atattaagaa agtggaaatt aaattagtag tgtagacgta tatgcatatg tatttctcgc
4261 ctgtttatgt ttctacgtac ttttgattta tagcaagggg aaaagaaata catactattt
4321 tttggtaaag gtgaaagcat aatgtaaaag ctagaataaa atggacgaaa taaagagagg
4381 cttagttcat cttttttcca aaaagcaccc aatgataata actaaaatga aaaggatttg
4441 ccatctgtca gcaacatcag ttgtgtgagc aataataaaa tcatcacctc cgttgccttt
4501 agcgcgtttg tcgtttgtat cttccgtaat tttagtctta tcaatgggaa tcataaattt
4561 tccaatgaat tagcaatttc gtccaattct ttttgagctt cttcatattt gctttggaat
4621 tcttcgcact tcttttccca ttcatctctt tcttcttcca aagcaacgat ccttctaccc
4681 atttgctcag agttcaaatc ggcctctttc agtttatcca ttgcttcctt cagtttggct
4741 tcactgtctt ctagctgttg ttctagatcc tggtttttct tggtgtagtt ctcattatta
4801 gatctcaagt tattggagtc ttcagccaat tgctttgtat cagacaattg actctctaac
4861 ttctccactt cactgtcgag ttgctcgttt ttagcggaca aagatttaat ctcgttttct
4921 ttttcagtgt tagattgctc taattctttg agctgttctc tcagctcctc atatttttct
4981 tgccatgact cagattctaa ttttaagcta ttcaatttct ctttgatc
//
</pre>
</p>
<h2 id="field-comments">FIELD COMMENTS</h2>
<h3 id="LocusB"><a href="#LocusA">LOCUS</a></h3>
<p>The LOCUS field contains a number of different data elements,
including locus name, sequence length, molecule type, GenBank
division, and modification date. Each element is described below.</p>
<h3 id="locus-name">Locus Name</h3>
<p>The locus name in this example is <a href="#LocusA">SCU49845</a>.</p>
<p>The locus name was originally designed to help group entries with
similar sequences: the first three characters usually designated the
organism; the fourth and fifth characters were used to show other
group designations, such as gene product; for segmented entries, the
last character was one of a series of sequential integers. (See
GenBank <a href="https://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/gbrel.txt">release notes</a>
section 3.4.4 for more info.)</p>
<p>However, the 10 characters in the locus name are no longer sufficient
to represent the amount of information originally intended to be
contained in the locus name. The only rule now applied in assigning a
locus name is that it must be unique. For example, for GenBank records
that have 6-character accessions (e.g., U12345), the locus name is
usually the first letter of the genus and species names, followed by
the accession number. For 8-character character accessions (e.g.,
AF123456), the locus name is just the accession number.</p>
<p>The <a href="/refseq/">RefSeq</a> database of reference sequences assigns formal
locus names to each record, based on gene symbol. RefSeq is separate
from the GenBank database, but contains cross-references to
corresponding GenBank records.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Accession Number [ACCN] Search Tip : It is
better to search for the actual accession number rather than the locus
name, because the accessions are stable and locus names can change.</p>
<h3 id="SequenceLengthB"><a href="#SequenceLengthA">Sequence Length</a></h3>
<p>Number of nucleotide base pairs (or amino acid residues) in the
sequence record. In this example, the sequence length is <a href="#SequenceLengthA">5028 bp</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field : Sequence Length [SLEN] Search Tips : (1) To
retrieve records within a range of lengths, use the colon as the range
operator, e.g., 2500:2600[SLEN]. (2) To retrieve all sequences
shorter than a certain number, use 2 as the lower bound, e.g.,
2:100[SLEN]. (3) To retrieve all sequences longer than a certain
number, use a series of 9's as the upper bound, e.g.,
325000:99999999[SLEN].</p>
<h3 id="MoleculeTypeB"><a href="#MoleculeTypeA">Molecule Type</a></h3>
<p>The type of molecule that was sequenced. In this example, the molecule type is <a href="#MoleculeTypeA">DNA</a>.</p>
<p>Each GenBank record must contain contiguous sequence data from a
single molecule type. The various <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Sequin//sequin.hlp.html#SpecifyMolecule">molecule types</a>
can include genomic DNA,
genomic RNA, precursor RNA, mRNA (cDNA), ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA,
small nuclear RNA, and small cytoplasmic RNA.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field : Properties [PROP] Search Tip : Search term
should be in the format: biomol_genomic, biomol_mRNA, etc. For more
examples, view the Properties field in the Index mode.</p>
<h3 id="GenBankDivisionB"><a href="#GenBankDivisionA">GenBank Division</a></h3>
<p>The GenBank division to which a record belongs is indicated with a
three letter abbreviation. In this example, GenBank division is
<a href="#GenBankDivisionA">PLN</a>.</p>
<p>The GenBank database is divided into 18 divisions:</p>
<ol>
<li>PRI - primate sequences</li>
<li>ROD - rodent sequences</li>
<li>MAM - other mammalian sequences</li>
<li>VRT - other vertebrate sequences</li>
<li>INV - invertebrate sequences</li>
<li>PLN - plant, fungal, and algal sequences</li>
<li>BCT - bacterial sequences</li>
<li>VRL - viral sequences</li>
<li>PHG - bacteriophage sequences</li>
<li>SYN - synthetic sequences</li>
<li>UNA - unannotated sequences</li>
<li>EST - EST sequences (expressed sequence tags)</li>
<li>PAT - patent sequences</li>
<li>STS - STS sequences (sequence tagged sites)</li>
<li>GSS - GSS sequences (genome survey sequences)</li>
<li>HTG - HTG sequences (high-throughput genomic sequences)</li>
<li>HTC - unfinished high-throughput cDNA sequencing</li>
<li>ENV - environmental sampling sequences</li>
</ol>
<p>Some of the divisions contain sequences from specific groups of
organisms, whereas others (EST, GSS, HTG, etc.) contain data generated
by specific sequencing technologies from many different organisms. The
organismal divisions are historical and do not reflect the current
<a href="/taxonomy/">NCBI Taxonomy</a>. Instead, they merely serve as a
convenient way to divide GenBank into smaller pieces for those who
want to FTP the database. Because of this, and because sequences from
a particular organism can exist in technology-based divisions such as
EST, HTG, etc., the <a href="/taxonomy/">NCBI Taxonomy Browser</a> should be used
for retrieving all sequences from a particular organism.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field : Properties [PROP] Search Tip : Search term
should be in the format: gbdiv_pri, gbdiv_est, etc. For more
examples, view the Properties field in the Index mode. For example, to
eliminate all sequences from a particular division, such as all ESTs,
you can use a Boolean query formatted such as: human[ORGN] NOT
gbdiv_est[PROP] For the reasons noted above, do not use GenBank
divisions to retrieve all sequences from a specific organism. Instead,
use the <a href="/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi">NCBI Taxonomy Browser</a>.</p>
<h3 id="ModificationDateB"><a href="#ModificationDateA">Modification Date</a></h3>
<p>The date in the LOCUS field is the date of last modification. The
sample record shown here was last modified on
<a href="#ModificationDateA">21-JUN-1999</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field : Modification Date [MDAT] Search Tips : (1)
Enter search term in the format: yyyy/mm/dd, e.g., 1999/07/25. (2) To
retrieve records modified between two dates, use the colon as a range
operator, e.g., 1999/07/25:1999/07/31[MDAT]. (3) You can use the
Publication Date [PDAT] field of Entrez to limit search results by
the date on which records were added to the Entrez system. Publication
date can be in the form of a range, just like the Modification Date.</p>
<h3 id="DefinitionB"><a href="#DefinitionA">DEFINITION</a></h3>
<p>Brief description of sequence; includes information such as source
organism, gene name/protein name, or some description of the
sequence's function (if the sequence is non-coding). If the sequence
has a coding region (CDS), description may be followed by a
completeness qualifier, such as "complete cds".</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Title Word [TITL] Search Tip : Although
nucleotide definition lines follow a
structured format,
GenBank does not use a controlled vocabulary, and authors determine
the content of their records. Therefore, if a search for a specific
term does not retrieve the desired records, try other terms that
authors might have used, such as synonyms, full spellings, or
abbreviations. The "related records" (or "neighbors") function of
Entrez also allows you to broaden your search by retrieving records
with similar sequences, regardless of the descriptive terms used by
the submitters.</p>
<h3 id="AccessionB"><a href="#AccessionA">ACCESSION</a></h3>
<p>The unique identifier for a sequence record. An accession number
applies to the complete record and is usually a combination of a
letter(s) and numbers, such as a single letter followed by five digits
(e.g., U12345) or two letters followed by six digits (e.g.,
AF123456). Some accessions might be longer, depending on the type of
sequence record.</p>
<p>Accession numbers do not change, even if information in the record is
changed at the author's request. Sometimes, however, an original
accession number might become secondary to a newer accession number,
if the authors make a new submission that combines previous sequences,
or if for some reason a new submission supercedes an earlier record.</p>
<p>Records from the <a href="/refseq/">RefSeq</a> database of reference sequences
have a their own <a href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21091/table/ch18.T.refseq_accession_numbers_and_mole/?report=objectonly">accession number format</a>
that begins with two letters followed by an underscore bar and six or
more digits; for example:</p>
<pre><code>NT_123456 constructed genomic contigs
NM_123456 mRNAs
NP_123456 proteins
NC_123456 chromosomes
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Most records have both a series of accession numbers
(<a href="#VersionB">Version</a> for nucleotide sequences and
<a href="#ProteinIDB">protein_id</a> for amino acid sequences) and sequence
identifiers (<a href="#GInB">GI</a> for nucleotide sequences and <a href="#GIpB">GI</a> for
amino acid sequences). See the online documentation for <a href="/genbank/sequenceids/">Sequence IDs</a> for details.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Accession [ACCN] Search Tip : The letters in
the accession number can be written in upper- or lowercase. RefSeq
accessions must contain an underscore bar between the letters and the
numbers, e.g., NM_002111.</p>
<h3 id="VersionB"><a href="#VersionA">VERSION</a></h3>
<p>A nucleotide sequence identification number that represents a single,
specific sequence in the GenBank database. This identification number
uses the accession.version format implemented by GenBank/ENA/DDBJ in
February 1999.</p>
<p>If there is any change to the sequence data (even a single base), the
version number will be increased, e.g., U12345.1 ? U12345.2, but the
accession portion will remain stable.</p>
<p>The accession.version system of sequence identifiers runs parallel to
the <a href="#GInB">GI</a> number system--when any change is made to a sequence,
it receives a new GI number AND its version number is incremented by
one.</p>
<p>To find out about the revision history of a sequence, see
<a href="/genbank/sequencerevisionhistory/">GenBank Sequence Revision History</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: use the default setting of "All Fields"</p>
<h3 id="GInB"><a href="#GInA">GI</a></h3>
<p>"GenInfo Identifier" sequence identification number, in this case, for
the nucleotide sequence. If a sequence changes in any way, a new GI
number will be assigned.</p>
<p>A separate GI number is also assigned to each protein translation
within a nucleotide sequence record, and a new GI is assigned if the
protein translation changes in any way (see <a href="#GIpB">below</a>).</p>
<p>GI sequence identifiers run parallel to the new accession.version
system of sequence identifiers.</p>
<p>Read more about <a href="/genbank/sequencerevisionhistory/">GenBank Sequence Revision History</a>
and <a href="/genbank/sequenceids/">Sequence IDs</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: use the default setting of "All Fields"</p>
<h3 id="KeywordsB"><a href="#KeywordsA">KEYWORDS</a></h3>
<p>Word or phrase describing the sequence. If no keywords are included in
the entry, the field contains only a period.</p>
<p>The Keywords field is present in sequence records primarily for
historical reasons, and is not based on a controlled
vocabulary. Keywords are generally present in older records. They are
not included in newer records unless the record contains a special
type of sequence such as EST, STS, GSS, HTG, etc.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Keyword [KYWD] Search Tip : Because keywords
are not present in many records, it is best not to search that
field. Instead, search All Fields [ALL], the Text Word [WORD]
field, or the Title Word [TITL] field, for progressively narrower
retrieval.</p>
<h3 id="SourceB"><a href="#SourceA">SOURCE</a></h3>
<p>Free-format information including an abbreviated form of the organism
name, sometimes followed by a molecule type.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Organism [ORGN] Search Tip : For some organisms
that have well-established common names, such as baker's yeast, mouse,
and human, a search for the common name will yield the same results as
a search for the scientific name, e.g., a search for "baker's yeast"
in the organism field retrieves the same number of documents as
"Saccharomyces cerevisiae". This is true because the Organism field is
connected to the <a href="/taxonomy/">NCBI Taxonomy Database</a>, which contains
cross-references between common names, scientific names, and synonyms
for organisms represented in the Sequence databases.</p>
<h3 id="OrganismB"><a href="#OrganismA">Organism</a></h3>
<p>The formal scientific name for the source organism (genus and species,
where appropriate) and its lineage, based on the phylogenetic
classification scheme used in the <a href="/taxonomy/">NCBI Taxonomy Database</a>
. If the complete lineage of an organism is very long, an abbreviated
lineage will be shown in the GenBank record and the complete lineage
will be available in the Taxonomy Database. (See also the
<a href="#TaxonB">/db_xref=taxon:nnnn</a> Feature qualifer, below.)</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Organism [ORGN] Search Tip : You can search the
Organism field by any node in the taxonomic hierarchy, e.g., you can
search for the term "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "Saccharomycetales",
"Ascomycota", etc. to retrieve all the sequences from organisms in a
particular taxon.</p>
<h3 id="ReferenceB"><a href="#ReferenceA">REFERENCE</a></h3>
<p>Publications by the authors of the sequence that discuss the data
reported in the record. References are automatically sorted within the
record based on date of publication, showing the oldest references
first.</p>
<p>Some sequences have not been reported in papers and show a status of
"unpublished" or "in press". When an accession number and/or sequence
data has appeared in print, sequence authors should send the complete
citation of the article to update@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and the GenBank
staff will revise the record.</p>
<p>Various <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Sequin/sequin.hlp.html#Class">classes</a>
of publication can be present in the References field, including
journal article, book chapter, book, thesis/monograph, proceedings
chapter, proceedings from a meeting, and patent.</p>
<p>The last citation in the REFERENCE field usually contains information
about the submitter of the sequence, rather than a literature
citation. It is therefore called the "submitter block" and shows the
words "Direct Submission" instead of an article title. Additional
information is provided below, under the header
<a href="#SubmitterBlockB">Direct Submission</a>. Some older records do not contain a
submitter block.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: The various subfields under References are
searchable in the Entrez search fields noted below.</p>
<h3 id="AuthorsB"><a href="#AuthorsA">AUTHORS</a></h3>
<p>List of authors in the order in which they appear in the cited
article.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Author [AUTH] Search Tip : Enter author names
in the form: Lastname AB (without periods after the
initials). Initials can be omitted. Truncation can also be used to
retrieve all names that begin with a character string, e.g.,
Richards* or Boguski M*.</p>
<h3 id="TitleB"><a href="#TitleA">TITLE</a></h3>
<p>Title of the published work or tentative title of an unpublished work.</p>
<p>Sometimes the words "Direct Submission" instead of an article
title. This is usually true for the last citation in the
<a href="#ReferenceB">REFERENCE</a> field because it tends to contain information
about the submitter of the sequence, rather than a literature
citation. The last citation is therefore called the "submitter
block". Additional information is provided below, under the header
<a href="#SubmitterBlockB">Direct Submission</a>. Some older records do not
contain a submitter block.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Text Word [WORD] Note: For sequence records,
the Title Word [TITL] field of Entrez searches the
<a href="#DefinitionB">Definition Line</a>, not the titles of references listed in the
record. Therefore, use the Text Word field to search the titles of
references (and other text-containing fields). Search Tip : If a
search for a specific term does not retrieve the desired records, try
other terms that authors might have used, such synonyms, full
spellings, or abbreviations. The 'related records' (or 'neighbors')
function of Entrez also allows you to broaden your search by
retrieving records with similar sequences, regardless of the
descriptive terms used by the submitters.</p>
<h3 id="JournalB"><a href="#JournalA">JOURNAL</a></h3>
<p>MEDLINE abbreviation of the journal name. (Full spellings can be obtained from the Entrez <a href="/journals/">Journals Database</a>.)</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Journal Name [JOUR] Search Tip : Journal names can be entered as either the full spelling or the MEDLINE abbreviation. You can search the Journal Name field in the Index mode to see the index for that field, and to select one or more journal names for inclusion in your search.</p>
<h3 id="PubMedB"><a href="#PubMedA">PUBMED</a></h3>
<p>PubMed Identifier (PMID).</p>
<p>References that include PubMed IDs contain links from the sequence
record to the corresponding PubMed record. Conversely, PubMed records
that contain accession number(s) in the SI (secondary source
identifier) field contain links back to the sequence record(s).</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: It is not possible to search the Nucleotide or
Protein sequence databases by PubMed ID. However, you can search the
PubMed (literature) database of Entrez for the PubMed ID, and then
link to the associated sequence records.</p>
<h3 id="SubmitterBlockB"><a href="#SubmitterBlockA">Direct Submission</a></h3>
<p>Contact information of the submitter, such as institute/department and
postal address. This is always the last citation in the References
field. Some older records do not contain the "Direct Submission"
reference. However, it is required in all new records.</p>
<p>The Authors subfield contains the submitter name(s), Title contains
the words "Direct Submission", and Journal contains the address.</p>
<p>The date in the Journal subfield is the date on which the author
prepared the submission. In many cases, it is also the date on which
the sequence was received by the GenBank staff, but it is not the date
of first public release.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Use the Author Field [AUTH] if searching for
the author name. Use All Fields [ALL] if searching for an element of
the author's address (e.g., Yale University). Note, however, that
retrieved records might contain the institution name in a field such
as Comment, rather than in the Direct Submission reference, so you
might get some false hits. Search Tip : It is sometimes helpful to
search for both the full spelling and an abbreviation, e.g.,
"Washington University" OR "WashU", because the spelling used by
authors might vary.</p>
<h3 id="FeaturesB"><a href="#FeaturesA">FEATURES</a></h3>
<p>Information about genes and gene products, as well as regions of
biological significance reported in the sequence. These can include
regions of the sequence that code for proteins and RNA molecules, as
well as a number of other features.</p>
<p>A complete list of features is available in the following places:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html#7.3">Appendix III: Feature keys reference</a> of
the <a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html">DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Feature Table</a> provides definitions,
optional qualifiers, and comments for each feature. An
<a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html#7.3.2">alphabetical list</a> is also
available. <a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html#7.4">Appendix IV: Summary of qualifiers for feature keys</a>
provides definitions for the Feature qualifiers.</li>
</ul>
<p>The location of each feature is provided as well, and can be a single
base, a contiguous span of bases, a joining of sequence spans, and
other representations. If a feature is located on the complementary
strand, the word "<a href="#ComplementA">complement</a>" will appear before the
base span. If the " <code>&lt;</code> " symbol precedes a base span, the sequence
is partial on the 5' end (e.g., <code>CDS &lt;1..206</code>). If the "<code>&gt;</code>" symbol
follows a base span, the sequence is partial on the 3' end (e.g., <code>CDS
435..915&gt;</code>).</p>
<p>The sample record shown here only includes a small number of features
(source, CDS, and gene, all of which are described below). The
<a href="#OtherFeaturesB">Other Features</a> section, below, provides links to some
GenBank records that show a variety of additional features.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Feature Key [FKEY] Search Tip : To scroll
through the list of available features, view the Feature Key field in
Index mode. You can then select one or more features from the index to
include in your query. For example, you can limit your search to
records that contain both primer_bind and promoter features.</p>
<h3 id="FeaturesSourceB"><a href="#FeaturesSourceA">source</a></h3>
<p>Mandatory feature in each record that summarizes the length of the
sequence, scientific name of the source organism, and Taxon ID
number. Can also include other information such as map location,
strain, clone, tissue type, etc., if provided by submitter.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: All Fields [ALL] can be used to search for some
elements in the source field, such as strain, clone, tissue type.</p>
<p>Use the <a href="#SequenceLengthB">Sequence Length</a> [SLEN] field to search
by length and the <a href="#OrganismB">Organism</a> [ORGN] field to search by
organism name.</p>
<p>Because map location is written as free text and can be represented in
a number of ways (e.g., chromosome number, cytogenetic location,
marker name, physical map location), it is not directly searchable in
the Entrez Nucleotide or Protein databases. However, there are a
number of resources that allow you to browse and/or search the
<a href="/guide/genomes-maps/">maps of various genomes</a>.</p>
<h3 id="TaxonB"><a href="#TaxonA">Taxon</a></h3>
<p>A stable unique identification number for the taxon of the source
oganism. A taxonomy ID number is assigned to each taxon (species,
genus, family, etc.) in the <a href="/taxonomy/">NCBI Taxonomy Database</a>. See
also the <a href="#OrganismB">Organism</a> field, above.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: The Taxonomy ID number is not searchable in the
Organism search field of Entrez but is searchable in the <a href="/taxonomy/">Taxonomy Browser</a>.</p>
<p>Note: The <a href="#TaxonA">/db_xref qualifier</a> is one of many that can be
applied to various features. A complete list is available in
<a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html#7.4">Appendix IV: Summary of qualifiers for feature keys</a> of the
<a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html">DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Feature Table</a>, and in section
3.4.12.3 of the GenBank <a href="https://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/gbrel.txt">release notes</a>.
<a href="/projects/collab/FT/index#7.3">Appendix III: Feature keys reference</a> shows which
qualifiers can be used with specific
features (see <a href="//www.insdc.org/documents/feature_table.html#7.3.2">alphabetical list</a>).</p>
<h3 id="CDSB"><a href="#CDSA">CDS</a></h3>
<p>Coding sequence; region of nucleotides that corresponds with the
sequence of amino acids in a protein (location includes start and stop
codons). The CDS feature includes an amino acid
<a href="#TranslationB">translation</a>. Authors can specify the nature of the
CDS by using the qualifier "/evidence=experimental" or
"/evidence=not_experimental".</p>
<p>Submitters are also encouraged to annotate the mRNA feature, which
includes the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), coding sequences (CDS,
exon), and 3' untranslated region (3'UTR).</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Feature Key [FKEY] Search Tip : You can use
this field to limit your search to records that contain a particular
feature, such as CDS. To scroll through the list of available
features, view the Feature Key field in Index mode. A complete list of
features is also available from the resources noted
<a href="#FeaturesB">above</a>.</p>
<h3 id="BaseSpanB"><a href="#BaseSpanA">&lt;1..206</a></h3>
<p>Base span of the biological feature indicated to the left, in this
case, a CDS feature. (The CDS feature is described <a href="#CDSB">above</a>,
and its base span includes the start and stop codons.) Features can be
complete, partial on the 5' end, partial on the 3' end, and/or on the
complementary strand. Examples:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>A complete feature is simply written as n..m. Example: <code>687..3158</code> The feature extends from base 687 through base 3158 in the sequence shown</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>&lt;</code> symbol indicates partial on the 5' end. Example: <code>&lt;1..206</code>.
The feature extends from base 1 through base 206 in the sequence
shown, and is partial on the 5' end</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>&gt;</code> symbol indicates partial on the 3' end. Example:
<code>4821..&gt;5028</code>. The feature extends from base 4821 through base 5028
and is partial on the 3' end.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>complement(range)</code> indicates that the feature is on the
complementary strand. Example: <code>complement(3300..4037)</code>. The feature
extends from base 3300 through base 4037 but is actually on the
complementary strand. It is therefore read in the opposite direction
on the reverse complement sequence. (For an example, see
<a href="#ComplementA">the third CDS feature</a> in the sample record shown on this page. In
this case, the amino acid translation is generated by taking the
reverse complement of bases 3300 to 4037 and reading that reverse
complement sequence in its 5' to 3' direction.)</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ProteinIDB"><a href="#ProteinIDA">protein_id</a></h3>
<p>A protein sequence identification number, similar to the
<a href="#VersionB">Version</a> number of a nucleotide sequence. Protein IDs
consist of three letters followed by five digits, a dot, and a version
number. If there is any change to the sequence data (even a single
amino acid), the version number will be increased, but the accession
portion will remain stable (e.g., AAA98665.1 will change to
AAA98665.2).</p>
<p>The accession.version format of protein sequence identification
numbers was implemented by GenBank/ENA/DDBJ in February 1999 and runs
parallel to the GI number system. More details about sequence
identification numbers and the difference between GI number and
version are provided in <a href="/genbank/sequenceids/">Sequence Identifiers: A Historical Note</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: use the default setting of "All Fields"</p>
<h3 id="GIpB"><a href="#GIpA">GI</a></h3>
<p>"GenInfo Identifier" sequence identification number, in this case, for
the protein translation.</p>
<p>The GI system of sequence identifiers runs parallel to the
accession.version system, which was implemented by GenBank, EMBL, and
DDBJ in February 1999. Therefore, if the protein sequence changes in
any way, it will receive a new GI number, and the suffix of the
<a href="#ProteinIDB">protein_id</a> will be incremented by one..</p>
<p>More details about sequence identification numbers and the difference
between GI number and version are provided in <a href="/genbank/sequenceids/">Sequence IDs</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: use the default setting of "All Fields"</p>
<h3 id="TranslationB"><a href="#TranslationA">translation</a></h3>
<p>The amino acid translation corresponding to the nucleotide coding
sequence (<a href="#CDSB">CDS</a>). In many cases, the translations are
conceptual. Note that authors can indicate whether the CDS is based on
experimental or non-experimental evidence.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: It is not possible to search the translation
subfield using Entrez. If you want use a string of amino acids as a
query to retrieve similar protein sequences, use <a href="/blast/">BLAST</a>
instead.</p>
<h3 id="GeneB"><a href="#GeneA">gene</a></h3>
<p>A region of biological interest identified as a gene and for which a
name has been assigned. The base span for the gene feature is
dependent on the furthest 5' and 3' features. Additional examples of
records that show the relationship between gene features and other
features such as mRNA and CDS are
<a href="/nuccore/AF165912?report=graph">AF165912</a> and
<a href="/nuccore/AF090832?report=graph">AF090832</a>.</p>
<p>Entrez Search Field: Feature Key [FKEY] Search Tip : You can use
this field to limit your search to records that contain a particular
feature, such as a gene. To scroll through the list of available
features, view the Feature Key field in Index mode. A complete list of
features is also available from the resources noted
<a href="#FeaturesB">above</a>.</p>
<h3 id="ComplementB"><a href="#ComplementA">complement</a></h3>
<p>Indicates that the feature is located on the complementary strand.</p>
<h3 id="OtherFeaturesB">Other Features</h3>
<p>Examples of other records that show a variety of biological features;
a graphic format is also available for each sequence record and
visually represents the annotated features:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/nucleotide/AF165912">AF165912 (gene, promoter, TATA signal, mRNA, 5'UTR, CDS, 3'UTR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/nucleotide/AF090832">AF090832</a> (protein bind, gene, 5'UTR, mRNA, CDS, 3'UTR)</li>
<li><a href="/nucleotide/L00727">L00727</a> (alternatively spliced mRNAs)</li>
</ul>
<p>A complete list of features is available from the resources noted <a href="#FeaturesB">above</a>.</p>
<h3 id="OriginB"><a href="#OriginA">ORIGIN</a></h3>
<p>The ORIGIN may be left blank, may appear as "Unreported," or may give
a local pointer to the sequence start, usually involving an
experimentally determined restriction cleavage site or the genetic
locus (if available). This information is present only in older
records.</p>
<p>The sequence data begin on the line immediately below ORIGIN. To view
or download the sequence data in <a href="/blast/blastcgihelp.shtml">FASTA format</a>, append <code>?format=fasta</code> to the
record's URL; for example,
<a href="/nucleotide/U49845?format=fasta&amp;report=text">/nucleotide/U49845?format=fasta&amp;report=text</a>.</p>
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