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<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BbaVJdo5L8dokDMBeKE163J4YTuNOKTTSYU0m3RrlJ0Se4SrR3h3AbfIwXcZHlrd">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BbaVJdo5L8dokDMBeKE163J4YTuNOKTTSYU0m3RrlJ0Se4SrR3h3AbfIwXcZHlrd">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BbaVJdo5L8dokDMBeKE163J4YTuNOKTTSYU0m3RrlJ0Se4SrR3h3AbfIwXcZHlrd">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BbaVJdo5L8dokDMBeKE163J4YTuNOKTTSYU0m3RrlJ0Se4SrR3h3AbfIwXcZHlrd">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BbaVJdo5L8dokDMBeKE163J4YTuNOKTTSYU0m3RrlJ0Se4SrR3h3AbfIwXcZHlrd">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="25678562">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/brain/awv010"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=7898&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=25678562&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0372537"
title="See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-label="25678562"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png" alt="Silverchair Information Systems full text link"><span class="text">
Silverchair Information Systems
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/25678562/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=25678562&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0372537"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="25678562"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/25678562/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/25678562/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="25678562" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25678562%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BbaVJdo5L8dokDMBeKE163J4YTuNOKTTSYU0m3RrlJ0Se4SrR3h3AbfIwXcZHlrd"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Defects of mutant DNMT1 are linked to a spectrum of neurological disorders
</h1>
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><sup class="key">1</sup> 1 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium 2 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">2</sup> 4 Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 5 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing China.</li>
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><sup class="key">3</sup> 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">4</sup> 7 Department of Neurology, University of Utah, UT, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">5</sup> 8 Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Franciso, California, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">6</sup> 1 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium 2 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">7</sup> 9 Department of Medicine, Whangarei Hospital, Whangarei, New Zealand.</li>
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><sup class="key">8</sup> 10 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, WA, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">9</sup> 11 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">11</sup> 13 Harima Sanatorium, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo, Japan.</li>
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><sup class="key">12</sup> 14 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">13</sup> 15 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 16 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.</li>
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><sup class="key">14</sup> 15 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 16 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 17 Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 18 National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.</li>
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><sup class="key">15</sup> 19 Friedrich-Baur Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.</li>
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><sup class="key">16</sup> 20 Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.</li>
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><sup class="key">17</sup> 21 Centre de Référence Neuromusculaire, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">18</sup> 22 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">19</sup> 4 Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-20"
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><sup class="key">20</sup> 4 Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA 23 Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA klein.christopher@mayo.edu.</li>
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Defects of mutant DNMT1 are linked to a spectrum of neurological disorders
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><sup class="key">1</sup> 1 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium 2 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium.</li>
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><sup class="key">2</sup> 4 Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 5 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing China.</li>
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><sup class="key">3</sup> 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">4</sup> 7 Department of Neurology, University of Utah, UT, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">5</sup> 8 Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Franciso, California, USA.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> 1 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium 2 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
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><sup class="key">7</sup> 9 Department of Medicine, Whangarei Hospital, Whangarei, New Zealand.</li>
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><sup class="key">8</sup> 10 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, WA, USA.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> 11 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">10</sup> 12 Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA.</li>
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><sup class="key">11</sup> 13 Harima Sanatorium, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo, Japan.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-12"
><sup class="key">12</sup> 14 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-13"
><sup class="key">13</sup> 15 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 16 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-14"
id="short-view-affiliation-14"
><sup class="key">14</sup> 15 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 16 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 17 Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 18 National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.</li>
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id="short-view-affiliation-15"
><sup class="key">15</sup> 19 Friedrich-Baur Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-16"
id="short-view-affiliation-16"
><sup class="key">16</sup> 20 Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-17"
id="short-view-affiliation-17"
><sup class="key">17</sup> 21 Centre de Référence Neuromusculaire, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-18"
id="short-view-affiliation-18"
><sup class="key">18</sup> 22 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-19"
id="short-view-affiliation-19"
><sup class="key">19</sup> 4 Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-20"
id="short-view-affiliation-20"
><sup class="key">20</sup> 4 Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA 23 Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic Rochester MN, USA klein.christopher@mayo.edu.</li>
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<p>
We report a broader than previously appreciated clinical spectrum for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1E (HSAN1E) and a potential pathogenic mechanism for DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) mutations. The clinical presentations and genetic characteristics of nine newly identified HSAN1E kinships (45 affected subjects) were investigated. Five novel mutations of DNMT1 were discovered; p.C353F, p.T481P, p.P491L, p.Y524D and p.I531N, all within the target-sequence domain, and two mutations (p.T481P, p.P491L) arising de novo. Recently, HSAN1E has been suggested as an allelic disorder of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness and narcolepsy. Our results indicate that all the mutations causal for HSAN1E are located in the middle part or N-terminus end of the TS domain, whereas all the mutations causal for autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness and narcolepsy are located in the C-terminus end of the TS domain. The impact of the seven causal mutations in this cohort was studied by cellular localization experiments. The binding efficiency of the mutant DNMT proteins at the replication foci and heterochromatin were evaluated. Phenotypic characterizations included electromyography, brain magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging, electroencephalography, sural nerve biopsies, sleep evaluation and neuropsychometric testing. The average survival of HSAN1E was 53.6 years. [standard deviation = 7.7, range 43-75 years], and mean onset age was 37.7 years. (standard deviation = 8.6, range 18-51 years). Expanded phenotypes include myoclonic seizures, auditory or visual hallucinations, and renal failure. Hypersomnia, rapid eye movement sleep disorder and/or narcolepsy were identified in 11 subjects. Global brain atrophy was found in 12 of 14 who had brain MRI. EEGs showed low frequency (delta waves) frontal-predominant abnormality in five of six patients. Marked variability in cognitive deficits was observed, but the majority of patients (89%) developed significant cognitive deficit by the age of 45 years. Cognitive function decline often started with personality changes and psychiatric manifestations. A triad of hearing loss, sensory neuropathy and cognitive decline remains as the stereotypic presentation of HSAN1E. Moreover, we show that mutant DNMT1 proteins translocate to the cytoplasm and are prone to form aggresomes while losing their binding ability to heterochromatin during the G2 cell cycle. Our results suggest mutations in DNMT1 result in imbalanced protein homeostasis through aggresome-induced autophagy. This mechanism may explain why mutations in the sole DNA maintenance methyltransferase lead to selective central and peripheral neurodegeneration.
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<strong class="sub-title">
Keywords:
</strong>
REM sleep behaviour disorder; narcolepsy; neurodegeneration; protein aggregation; sensory neuropathy.
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© The Author (2015). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Pedigrees of nine recently identified… </b></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Pedigrees of nine recently identified HSAN1E kindreds </b> . Kindreds 14 and 6 have…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Pedigrees of nine recently identified HSAN1E kindreds</b>. Kindreds 14 and 6 have novel mutations in the TS domain of DNMT1, and four kindreds have mutations at Y495. Black symbols represent affected subjects. The age of death is marked under the deceased patients.</div>
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Imaging results. </b> ( <b> A </b> )…</div>
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Imaging results. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Brain MRI in Patient III-2 from Kindred 7,…</div>
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Figure 2
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Imaging results.</b> (<b>A</b>) Brain MRI in Patient III-2 from Kindred 7, a 54-year-old male with significant cognitive impairment and diffuse slowing on EEG: sagittal T<sub>1</sub> image showing global supra- and infra-tentorial brain atrophy (Philips, 1.5 T). (<b>B</b>) Transversal FLAIR image showing multiple white matter lesions and global atrophy (Philips, 1.5 T). (<b>C</b>) Morphological analysis of glutaraldehyde-fixed sural nerve biopsy tissue embedded in epoxy resin of Patient II-1 from Kindred 3: showing severely reduced numbers of myelinated nerve fibres. Semi-thin section, toluidine blue. Scale bar = 25 µm. (<b>D</b>) Remak bundles containing several bundles of collagen fibres encircled by Schwann cell processes (collagen pockets, indicated by arrowheads) indicative of unmyelinated axon loss. Electron microscopy of ultrathin section. Scale bar = 1 µm. (<b>E</b>) Twenty-four hours of continuous video-EEG monitoring in Patient II-2 from Kindred 1 showing irregular myoclonic movements associated with runs of higher voltage, irregular theta activity. (<b>F</b>) EEG in the same patient showing abnormal diffuse rhythmic delta frequency (14 Hz) background slowing especially in the bifrontal regions, correlated with a mild to moderate diffuse encephalopathy.</div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Targeting sequence (TS) domain structure… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Targeting sequence (TS) domain structure with mutations of DNMT1 shown. </b> The TS domain…</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Targeting sequence (TS) domain structure with mutations of DNMT1 shown.</b> The TS domain (grey) is the site for all known causal mutations for HSAN1E (red) and ADCA-DN (blue). Images were created using PyMol (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pymol.org">www.pymol.org</ext-link>) and crystal structures of the human DNMT1 TS domain.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Representative images from confocal microscopy… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Representative images from confocal microscopy in HEK293 cells co-transfected with RFP-PCNA and GFP-wild-type… </b></div>
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Figure 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Representative images from confocal microscopy in HEK293 cells co-transfected with RFP-PCNA and GFP-wild-type DNMT1, or various mutant GFP-DNMT1.</b> Wild-type and mutant DNMT1 appear in green in the <i>left</i> panels, PCNA appears in red in the <i>middle</i> panels and merged images are shown in the <i>right</i> panels. Scale bars = 5 µm. In the S phase, PCNA locates at the toroidal structures of the replication foci; in the G2 phase, PCNA shows a diffused pattern in the nucleus. Both wild-type DNMT1 and mutant DNMT1 proteins co-localize with PCNA at replication foci during the S phase. However, during G2 phase (when PCNA diffuses) wild-type DNMT1 stays in the nucleus and binds to heterochromatin while mutant DNMT1 proteins mislocated into cytoplasm and formed aggregates.</div>
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> DNMT1 mutants. </b> ( <b> A </b> )…</div>
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> DNMT1 mutants. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Representative images from fluorescence aggresomes marker staining of…</div>
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Figure 5
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>DNMT1 mutants.</b> (<b>A</b>) Representative images from fluorescence aggresomes marker staining of HEK293 cells transfected with either enhanced GFP-wild type <i>DNMT1</i> or various mutant enhanced GFP-<i>DNMT1</i>. Wild-type DNMT1 stays in the nucleus and binds to heterochromatin whereas mutant DNMT1 aggregates in cytosol overlaid with red fluorescence aggresome markers. Scale bars = 5 µm. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of GFP-DNMT1 proteins in HEK293 cells transfected with eGFP-wild type <i>DNMT1</i>, or various mutant enhanced GFP-<i>DNMT1</i>. All mutant DNMT1 proteins showed degradation comparing to wild-type DNMT protein. Data are derived from three independent experiments, asterisk represents there is statistically significant change between wild-type and mutant proteins.</div>
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
<h2 class="title">
Substances
</h2>
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
<h2 class="title">
Related information
</h2>
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&amp;from_uid=25678562"
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Cited in Books
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25678562&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
ClinVar
</a></li><li><a title="Link to related Genes" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene&amp;from_uid=25678562"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25678562&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
Gene
</a></li><li><a title="Link to Gene for the GeneRIF subcategory" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene_rif&amp;from_uid=25678562"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25678562&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4">
Gene (GeneRIF)
</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&amp;from_uid=25678562"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25678562&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5">
MedGen
</a></li><li><a title="Related records in MedGen based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_bookshelf_cited&amp;from_uid=25678562"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25678562&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=6">
MedGen (Bookshelf cited)
</a></li><li><a title="Link to Protein RefSeqs" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?linkname=pubmed_protein_refseq&amp;from_uid=25678562"
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=25678562&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=7">
Protein (RefSeq)
</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div id="grants" class="grants">
<h2 class="title">
Grants and funding
</h2>
<div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a
title="All articles for grant U10NS077305/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
href="/?term=U10NS077305%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
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title="All articles for grant G108/638/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom"
href="/?term=G108%2F638%2FMRC_%2FMedical+Research+Council%2FUnited+Kingdom%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
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