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<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
From:
</label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="C461LGqeAONtBmpQmciabhXoDVHPvVKXTRQ6owTAapAXvNvGZvVcFpt2bZp1owih">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="C461LGqeAONtBmpQmciabhXoDVHPvVKXTRQ6owTAapAXvNvGZvVcFpt2bZp1owih">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="C461LGqeAONtBmpQmciabhXoDVHPvVKXTRQ6owTAapAXvNvGZvVcFpt2bZp1owih">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="C461LGqeAONtBmpQmciabhXoDVHPvVKXTRQ6owTAapAXvNvGZvVcFpt2bZp1owih">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="C461LGqeAONtBmpQmciabhXoDVHPvVKXTRQ6owTAapAXvNvGZvVcFpt2bZp1owih">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="18319074">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(08)00152-3"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3048&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=18319074&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="See full text options at Elsevier Science"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Elsevier Science"
data-ga-label="18319074"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-celloa.png" alt="Elsevier Science full text link"><span class="text">
Elsevier Science
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/18319074/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=18319074&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0370475"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="18319074"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/18319074/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/18319074/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="18319074" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18319074%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="C461LGqeAONtBmpQmciabhXoDVHPvVKXTRQ6owTAapAXvNvGZvVcFpt2bZp1owih"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
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ADCK3, an ancestral kinase, is mutated in a form of recessive ataxia associated with coenzyme Q10 deficiency
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ADCK3, an ancestral kinase, is mutated in a form of recessive ataxia associated with coenzyme Q10 deficiency
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Muscle coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10) or ubiquinone) deficiency has been identified in more than 20 patients with presumed autosomal-recessive ataxia. However, mutations in genes required for CoQ(10) biosynthetic pathway have been identified only in patients with infantile-onset multisystemic diseases or isolated nephropathy. Our SNP-based genome-wide scan in a large consanguineous family revealed a locus for autosomal-recessive ataxia at chromosome 1q41. The causative mutation is a homozygous splice-site mutation in the aarF-domain-containing kinase 3 gene (ADCK3). Five additional mutations in ADCK3 were found in three patients with sporadic ataxia, including one known to have CoQ(10) deficiency in muscle. All of the patients have childhood-onset cerebellar ataxia with slow progression, and three of six have mildly elevated lactate levels. ADCK3 is a mitochondrial protein homologous to the yeast COQ8 and the bacterial UbiB proteins, which are required for CoQ biosynthesis. Three out of four patients tested showed a low endogenous pool of CoQ(10) in their fibroblasts or lymphoblasts, and two out of three patients showed impaired ubiquinone synthesis, strongly suggesting that ADCK3 is also involved in CoQ(10) biosynthesis. The deleterious nature of the three identified missense changes was confirmed by the introduction of them at the corresponding positions of the yeast COQ8 gene. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis shows that ADCK3 belongs to the family of atypical kinases, which includes phosphoinositide and choline kinases, suggesting that ADCK3 plays an indirect regulatory role in ubiquinone biosynthesis possibly as part of a feedback loop that regulates ATP production.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Genotyping and Imaging Results of… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Genotyping and Imaging Results of ARCA2 Families (A) SNP results of family 1… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Figure 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Genotyping and Imaging Results of ARCA2 Families (A) SNP results of family 1 for the chromosome 1q41-q42 region. Graphic interface (HomoSNP software) for visualization of shared regions of homozygosity in consanguineous families. The top horizontal bar indicates the position of recessive-ataxia loci and genes. Subsequent bars indicate individual results of the children represented on the left. The regions with more than 25 consecutive homozygous SNP are in black. The regions of heterozygosity are in gray. The four affected siblings in family 1 share a region of homozygosity by descent on chromosome 1q41-q42. The AXPC1 locus is centromeric to this region of homozygosity. (B) Microsatellite analysis at chromosome 1q41-q42 in all available family 1 members. Markers are indicated on the left and are organized from top to bottom in the centromeric to telomeric order. Results of the four critical SNPs that define the two recombination boundaries are also indicated. Parental haplotypes linked with the disease are boxed. The region of homozygosity by descent is shaded in gray. Haplotype segregation confirms linkage between the 1q41-q42 locus and the disease in this family and defines a 12.6 Mb critical interval. (C) Sagittal T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging of patient 4 (family 1) and patient 5 (family 2) showing cerebellar atrophy and mild cerebral atrophy.</div>
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Altered Splicing of <i> ADCK3 </i> Exon… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 2 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Altered Splicing of <i> ADCK3 </i> Exon 11 in Family 1 and Exon 8 in… </p></div>
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Figure 2
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Altered Splicing of <i>ADCK3</i> Exon 11 in Family 1 and Exon 8 in Family 4 (A) Genomic sequence of <i>ADCK3</i> exon-intron 11 boundary of a control individual and of the father and patient 3 of family 1. The patient is homozygous for the donor splice-site mutation 1398+2T→C. The healthy father is heterozygous for this mutation. (B) Analysis of RT-PCR products of patient 3 fibroblasts. The 1398+2T→C mutation affects exon 11 splicing and results in the production of two major bands on agarose gel, of 442 and 654 bp, respectively, and the product obtained from a control individual has a size of 584 bp. A faint band migrating between products 1 and 2 was shown by sequencing to correspond to heteroduplexes of products 1 and 2 (data not shown). (C) Sequence of product 1 after elution from agarose gel. Product 1 corresponds to skipping of exon 11 leading to a frameshift with a predicted truncated protein (p.Asp420TrpfsX40). (D) Sequence of product 2 after elution from agarose gel. Product 2 corresponds to the use of two cryptic splice sites in intron 11 leading to the insertion of 68 and 70 nucleotides (nt), respectively. The sequence of the two alternative products is indicated above the chromatogram. The respective position of the two cryptic donor splice sites is indicated below the chromatogram (underlined). In both cases, 21 amino acids are inserted before an in frame stop codon (circled) leading to a predicted truncated protein (Ile467AlafsX22). (E) Analysis of RT-PCR products of patient 7 lymphoblastoid cells. The c.993C→T mutation partially affects exon 8 splicing and results in the production of an abnormal product of 487 bp on agarose gel whereas only a normal product of 628 bp is seen in control lymphoblastoid cells. The abnormal product corresponds to skipping of exon 8 leading to an in-frame deletion of 47 amino acids (p.Lys314_Gln360 del). The faint intermediate band was shown by sequencing to correspond to heteroduplexes (data not shown).</div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Conservation of Amino Acids Mutated… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Conservation of Amino Acids Mutated in ARCA2 Patients among ADCK3ADCK4 Protein Sequences SPTREMBL… </p></div>
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Figure 3
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Conservation of Amino Acids Mutated in ARCA2 Patients among ADCK3ADCK4 Protein Sequences SPTREMBL accession numbers are indicated on the left. cabc1_human and q96d53_human correspond to ADCK3 and ADCK4, respectively. The following abbreviations are used: Xenla, <i>Xenopus laevis</i>; brare, <i>Brachydanio rerio</i>; tetng, <i>Tetraodon nigroviridis</i>; drome, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>; caeel, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>; dicdi, <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>; yeast, <i>Saccharomyces</i> cerevisiae; schpo, <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>; arath, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>; plaf7, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>; and jansc, <i>Jannaschia</i> sp. Amino acid numbering corresponds to human ADCK3. Dots and stars indicate variable degrees of phylogenetic conservation. Conserved amino acids are colored according to amino acid class (ClustalX). The N-terminal motif conserved in all members of the ADCK family (KxGK at positions 276279) and the kinase motif VII (DFG at positions 507509) are overlined in red. Nontruncating mutations identified in ARCA2 patients (p.Tyr514Cys, p.Gly549Ser, and p.Thr584 del) are indicated with arrows. (A) ClustalX sequence alignments of ADCK-specific N-terminal domain. (B) ClustalX sequence alignments of ADCK3ADCK4-specific C-terminal domain.</div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Domain Organization and Phylogeny of… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Domain Organization and Phylogeny of ADCK Proteins (A) Motif conservation in typical protein… </p></div>
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Figure 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Domain Organization and Phylogeny of ADCK Proteins (A) Motif conservation in typical protein kinases and in ADCK proteins. Consensus of the eight most conserved motifs of the typical protein kinases are indicated on top. Motifs that share homology with ADCKs motifs are indicated in red. Consensus of ADCK motifs are indicated below, with amino acid positions corresponding to human ADCK3. ADCK domains are depicted on the diagram as follows: blue rectangle, N-terminal domain conserved among all members of the ADCK family and containing the KxGQ motif; red ovals, the position of the conserved kinase motifs; yellow rectangle, C-terminal domain specific for each ADCK subgroups. The position of single-amino-acid changes found in ARCA2 patients is indicated at the bottom. (B) Phylogenetic tree of typical and atypical protein kinases. Typical protein kinases are clustered in a single group. ADCK proteins are clustered in four groups. The UbiB group corresponds to the bacterial ADCKs and to the chloroplastic bacterial-like ADCKs. The following abbreviations are used: PI4KII, phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase type 2; AFK, actin-fragmin kinase; ChaK, TRP channel kinase; PIPK, Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Kinase; and PI3K-PI4K, phosphatidylinositol 3 and 4 kinases and related protein kinases.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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id="article-image-4"
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> Coq8 </i> Null Yeast Phenotype Was…</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> Coq8 </i> Null Yeast Phenotype Was Not Rescued by Transfection with Plasmids Carrying the…</div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>Coq8</i> Null Yeast Phenotype Was Not Rescued by Transfection with Plasmids Carrying the Nontruncating Mutations Identified in ARCA2 Patients (A) Serial dilutions of the wild-type AW303, the <i>coq8</i> null mutant (<i>Dcoq8 = Delcoq8</i>), and the mutant transformed with yeast wild-type <i>COQ8</i> or with yeast <i>coq8</i> nontruncating mutations were spotted on rich glucose (YPD) and rich ethanol/glycerol (YPEG) plates. Growth on nonfermentable carbon source (YPEG) was not restored by mutant <i>coq8</i> but was rescued by the wild-type sequence and by the F372Y construct corresponding to the replacement of F372 by the homologous human amino acid (Y at the human position 514). (B) Oxygen consumption is impaired in <i>coq8</i> null mutant (<i>Dcoq8</i>) and in <i>Dcoq8</i> yeast transformed with plasmids carrying the deleterious mutations. (C) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production is elevated in <i>coq8</i>-deficient strains. Impaired oxygen consumption and increased H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production are indicative of respiratory-chain dysfunction. (D) Exogenous coenzyme Q (CoQ<sub>6</sub>) respiratory-growth rescue. Rescue was similar in <i>Dcoq8</i> strain and in <i>Dcoq8</i> yeast transformed with mutated plasmids and was less efficient than rescue of <i>coq7</i> and <i>coq2</i> yeast mutants.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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data-slide-index="5"
data-label-slug="figure-6">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
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data-image-width="394"
data-image-height="456"
data-image-alt="Figure 6"
data-pmc-id="PMC2427193"
data-figure-id="fig6">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
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alt="Figure 6" />
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Absence of <i> ADCK4 </i> Induction in… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Absence of <i> ADCK4 </i> Induction in <i> ADCK3 </i> -Deficient Fibroblasts ADCK4 mRNA levels in control… </p></div>
</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 6
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Absence of <i>ADCK4</i> Induction in <i>ADCK3</i>-Deficient Fibroblasts ADCK4 mRNA levels in control fibroblasts (n = 4) and in patients 3, 5, and 6 fibroblasts were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression levels of ADCK4 in patients 5 and 6 were slightly reduced. This slight reduction was not dependent on the type of housekeeping reference RNA used: (A) RPLP0 (ribosomal protein P0); (B) β-actin. Graphs represent means ± standard deviation (SD) of two independent experiments performed in duplicates.</div>
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Winterthun S., Ferrari G., He L., Taylor R.W., Zeviani M., Turnbull D.M., Engelsen B.A., Moen G., Bindoff L.A. Autosomal recessive mitochondrial ataxic syndrome due to mitochondrial polymerase gamma mutations. Neurology. 2005;64:12041208.
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Related information
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