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<span>Ulcerative colitis</span>
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<h1>Ulcerative colitis</h1>
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<h2>Description</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disorder that affects <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Anatomy of the digestive system; drawing shows the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus." data-caption="Anatomy of the digestive system; drawing shows the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus." data-credit="© 2019 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0003L4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0003L4" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=12203" data-title="Digestive system anatomy" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0003L4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0003L4_1" title="Show image">the digestive system<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. This condition is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface (epithelium) of <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon, small intestine, rectum, and other organs." data-caption="Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs." data-credit="© 2011 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001VQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001VQ" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=7179" data-title="Lower gastrointestinal tract" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001VQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001VQ_2" title="Show image">the rectum and colon.<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> The rectum and colon make up most of the length of the large intestine. The inflammation usually causes open sores (ulcers) to develop in the large intestine. Ulcerative colitis usually appears between the age of 15 and 30, although it can develop at any age. The inflammation tends to flare up multiple times throughout a person's life, which causes recurring signs and symptoms.</p><p>The most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are cramping abdominal pain and frequent diarrhea, often with blood, pus, or mucus in the stool. Other signs and symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, bowel urgency, fatigue, and fevers. Chronic bleeding from the inflamed and ulcerated intestinal tissue can cause a shortage of red blood cells (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Diagram of blood cells, showing one sample with normal blood and another with a smaller number of red blood cells, indicating anemia" data-caption="" data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0001AS_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001AS" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Anemia" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001AS_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001AS_3" title="Show image">anemia<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>) in some affected individuals. People with this disorder have difficulty absorbing enough fluids and nutrients from their diet and often experience weight loss. Affected children usually grow more slowly than normal. Less commonly, ulcerative colitis causes problems with the skin, joints, eyes, kidneys, or liver, which are most likely due to abnormal inflammation.</p><p>Toxic megacolon is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis that can be life-threatening. Toxic megacolon involves a widening (dilation) of the colon and an overwhelming inflammatory response. Ulcerative colitis also increases the risk of developing <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Stage I colorectal cancer; shows a cross-section of the colon/rectum. An inset shows the layers of the colon/rectum wall with cancer in the mucosa and submucosa. Also shown are the muscle layers, serosa, a blood vessel, and lymph nodes." data-caption="Stage I colorectal cancer. Cancer has spread from the mucosa of the colon/rectum wall to the submucosa." data-credit="© 2018 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0003LG_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0003LG" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9148" data-title="Colorectal cancer stage 1" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0003LG_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0003LG_4" title="Show image">colon cancer<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, especially in people whose entire colon is inflamed and in those who have had ulcerative colitis for 8 years or more.</p><p>Ulcerative colitis is one common form of <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Diagram showing healthy colon compared with abnormalities in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. In Crohn disease the abnormalities include fat wrapping, fissures, a cobblestone appearance, and muscle hypertrophy, while ulceration within the mucosa occurs in ulcerative colitis." data-caption="" data-credit="Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX00019K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00019K" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Intestinal abnormalities in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00019K_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00019K_5" title="Show image">inflammatory bowel disease<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> (IBD). Another type of IBD, <a data-pid="14759" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/crohns-disease/">Crohn's disease</a>, also causes chronic inflammation of the intestines. Unlike ulcerative colitis, which affects only the inner surface of the large intestine, Crohn's disease can cause inflammation in any part of the digestive system, and the inflammation extends deeper into the intestinal tissue.</p></div>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
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<h2>Frequency</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Ulcerative colitis is most common in North America and Western Europe; however, the prevalence is increasing in other regions. In North America, ulcerative colitis affects approximately 40 to 420 in 100,000 people. It is estimated that more than 750,000 North Americans are affected by this disorder. Ulcerative colitis is more common in white people and people of eastern and central European (Ashkenazi) Jewish descent than in people of other ethnic backgrounds.</p></div>
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<h2>Causes</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>A variety of genetic and environmental factors are likely involved in the development of ulcerative colitis. Recent studies have identified variations in dozens of genes that may be linked to ulcerative colitis; however, the role of these variations is not completely understood. Researchers speculate that this condition may be caused by changes in the intestinal lining's protective function or an abnormal immune response to the normal bacteria in <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Anatomy of the digestive system; drawing shows the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus." data-caption="Anatomy of the digestive system; drawing shows the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus." data-credit="© 2019 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0003L4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0003L4" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=12203" data-title="Digestive system anatomy" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0003L4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0003L4_1" title="Show image">the digestive tract<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, both of which may be influenced by genetic variations.</p><p>Several of the genes that may be associated with ulcerative colitis are involved in the protective function of <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon, small intestine, rectum, and other organs." data-caption="Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs." data-credit="© 2011 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001VQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001VQ" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=7179" data-title="Lower gastrointestinal tract" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001VQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001VQ_2" title="Show image">the intestines<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. The inner surface of the intestines provides a barrier that protects the body's tissues from the bacteria that live in the intestines and from toxins that pass through the digestive tract. Researchers speculate that a breakdown of this barrier allows contact between the intestinal tissue and the bacteria and toxins, which can trigger an immune reaction. This immune response may lead to chronic inflammation and the digestive problems characteristic of ulcerative colitis.</p><p><style>.cf0{font-style:italic;font-family:Segoe UI;font-size:9pt;}</style>Genes that regulate the immune system may also contribute to ulcerative colitis, particularly genes that are involved in the maturation and function of immune cells called <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Diagram showing cell-mediated immune response involving macrophages and T cells" data-caption="" data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0001A8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001A8" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Role of T cells in the immune response" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001A8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001A8_3" title="Show image">T cells<img alt="" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. T cells identify foreign substances and defend the body against infection. Certain genetic variations may make some individuals more prone to an overactive immune response to the bacteria and other microbes in the intestines, which may cause the chronic inflammation that occurs in people with ulcerative colitis. Another possible explanation is that ulcerative colitis occurs when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the cells of the intestines, causing inflammation.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
|
||
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
|
||
|
||
<h3>Learn more about the genes associated with Ulcerative colitis</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/il23r/">IL23R</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/irf5/">IRF5</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p><strong>Additional Information from NCBI Gene:</strong></p>
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5243" target="TheNewWin">ABCB1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3587" target="TheNewWin">IL10RA</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3588" target="TheNewWin">IL10RB</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5771" target="TheNewWin">PTPN2</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
|
||
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>The inheritance pattern of ulcerative colitis is unknown because many genetic and environmental factors are likely to be involved in the development of this condition. Even though the inheritance pattern of this condition is unclear, having a family member with ulcerative colitis increases the risk of developing the condition.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
|
||
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<ul class="bulletlist">
|
||
<li>Colitis gravis</li> <li>Idiopathic proctocolitis</li> <li>Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type</li> <li>UC</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
|
||
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0009319/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Colitis</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Ulcerative colitis%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/266600" target="TheNewWin">INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN DISEASE) 1; IBD1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Colitis,+Ulcerative%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28ulcerative+colitis%5BTI%5D%29+AND+review%5Bpt%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+360+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
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<div class="mp-content">
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Baidoo L, Baldassano RN, Barclay M, Bayless TM, Brand S, Buning C, Colombel JF,
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Florin T, Franchimont D, Franke L, Georges M, Glas J, Glazer NL, Guthery SL,
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is a different disease entity from adult-onset IBD; one form of interleukin-10
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receptor mutations. J Hum Genet. 2014 Jun;59(6):337-41. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2014.32.
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Epub 2014 May 1. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24785691" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
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<li>UK IBD Genetics Consortium; Barrett JC, Lee JC, Lees CW, Prescott NJ, Anderson
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CA, Phillips A, Wesley E, Parnell K, Zhang H, Drummond H, Nimmo ER, Massey D,
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CC, Attwood AP, Stephens J, Sambrook J, Ouwehand WH, McArdle WL, Ring SM,
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new susceptibility loci, including the HNF4A region. Nat Genet. 2009
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<li>Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK. Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel
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disease. Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):427-34. doi: 10.1038/nature06005. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17653185" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
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||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
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||
|
||
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|
||
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||
|
||
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<div class="mp-img">
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<a class="image-modal" id="13971_featured" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000Q8_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-filepath="images/PX0000Q8_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-title="Forms of ulcerative colitis"
|
||
data-caption=""
|
||
data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com"
|
||
data-alt="An illustration of the region of the colon affected in the different types of ulcerative colitis, known as proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, distal colitis, extensive colitis, and pancolitis."
|
||
data-sourceurl="">
|
||
<img class="scale-with-grid" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000Q8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" alt="" title="Forms of ulcerative colitis">
|
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<h2>MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA</h2>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000250.htm">Ulcerative colitis</a></li>
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||
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||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19308.htm">Ulcerative Colitis (Image)</a></li>
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||
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<h2>Understanding Genetics</h2>
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<ul class="relatedmp">
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||
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/prognosis/">What is the prognosis of a genetic condition?</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/mutationscausedisease/">How can gene variants affect health and development?</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/runsinfamily/">What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?</a></li>
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||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/inheritancepatterns/">What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</a></li>
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||
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