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<span>Raynaud phenomenon</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/raynaud-phenomenon/</span>
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<h1>Raynaud phenomenon</h1>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="description">
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<h2>Description</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Raynaud phenomenon is a condition in which the body's normal response to cold or emotional stress is exaggerated, resulting in abnormal spasms (vasospasms) in small blood vessels called arterioles. The disorder mainly affects the fingers but can also involve the ears, nose, nipples, knees, or toes. The vasospasms reduce blood circulation, leading to discomfort and skin color changes.</p><p>Raynaud phenomenon is episodic, meaning that it comes and goes. A typical episode lasts about 15 minutes after the cold exposure or stressor has ended and involves mild discomfort such as numbness or a feeling of "pins and needles." The affected areas usually turn white or blue when exposed to cold or when emotional stress occurs, and then turn red when re-warmed or when the stress eases.</p><p>Raynaud phenomenon is categorized as primary when there is no underlying disorder that accounts for the exaggerated response of the blood vessels. It is called secondary when it is associated with another condition. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is often associated with autoimmune disorders, which occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's own tissues and organs. Autoimmune disorders with which Raynaud phenomenon can be associated include <a data-pid="16327" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/systemic-lupus-erythematosus/">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>, scleroderma, <a data-pid="16181" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis/">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a data-pid="16167" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sjogren-syndrome/">Sjögren syndrome</a>.</p><p>Primary Raynaud phenomenon is much more common and usually less severe than secondary Raynaud phenomenon. In severe cases of secondary Raynaud phenomenon, sores on the pads of the fingers or tissue death (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Illustration of two forms of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. In apoptosis, blebbing of the cell occurs, and the cell breaks apart into several apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed. Apoptosis does not involve inflammation. In necrosis, the cell swells, and the plasma membrane ruptures. In necrosis, cellular and nuclear lysis causes inflammation." data-caption="" data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0000KW_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000KW" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Cell death: apoptosis and necrosis" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000KW_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000KW_4" title="Show image">necrosis<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>) can occur. Primary Raynaud phenomenon often begins between the ages of 15 and 25, while secondary Raynaud phenomenon usually starts after age 30. Some people with Raynaud phenomenon alone later go on to develop another associated condition; regardless of which comes first, these cases are classified as secondary Raynaud phenomenon.</p></div>
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</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
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<h2>Frequency</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Raynaud phenomenon is a common condition, occurring in 3 to 5 percent of adults worldwide. It is more common in females than in males.</p></div>
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</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
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<h2>Causes</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>The signs and symptoms of Raynaud phenomenon are related to excessive narrowing (constriction) of small blood vessels in response to cold or stress. Variations in genes involved in this process may contribute to an individual's risk of developing Raynaud phenomenon, but the connection between these gene variations and the abnormal blood vessel response that occurs in this disorder is unknown.</p><p>Normally, blood vessels constrict and widen (dilate) in response to temperature changes and stress, a process called the vasomotor response. The nervous system and muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels control this response. When exposed to cold temperatures, blood vessels near the surface constrict to help keep warm blood in the body's core, near the vital organs. Blood vessels also constrict during stress as part of the body's "fight-or-flight" response, conserving the oxygen and heat carried by the blood for the body's basic functions. When the body is too warm, the surface vessels dilate to allow more blood to flow near the skin where it is cooler. Raynaud phenomenon is characterized by exaggeration of these normal vasomotor responses.</p><p>There are many causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon. These include autoimmune disease; partial or complete loss of function of the <a class="image-modal" data-alt="The thyroid gland lies at the base of the throat near the trachea. It is shaped like a butterfly, with the right lobe and left lobe connected by a thin piece of tissue called the isthmus. The parathyroid glands are four pea-sized organs found in the neck near the thyroid." data-caption="The thyroid gland lies at the base of the throat near the trachea. It is shaped like a butterfly, with the right lobe and left lobe connected by a thin piece of tissue called the isthmus. The parathyroid glands are four pea-sized organs found in the neck near the thyroid. The thyroid and parathyroid glands make hormones." data-credit="© 2012 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX00025V_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00025V" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9268" data-title="Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00025V_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00025V_1" title="Show image">thyroid gland<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> (hypothyroidism); cancers of the blood, bone marrow, or immune system; disease processes that cause obstruction of blood vessels; exposure to certain medicines or chemicals; cigarette smoking; injury or trauma; prolonged repetitive motions such as typing; or long-term use of vibrating tools.</p></div>
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</section>
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</div>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
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<h2>Inheritance</h2>
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<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>Raynaud phenomenon sometimes runs in families, but the inheritance pattern is unknown. Studies suggest that about 30 percent of people with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) who has primary Raynaud phenomenon also have the condition.</p></div>
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</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
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<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
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<section>
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<ul class="bulletlist">
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<li>Raynaud disease</li> <li>Raynaud's</li> <li>Raynaud's disease</li> <li>Raynaud's phenomenon</li> <li>Raynaud's syndrome</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
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<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
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<section>
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<div class="mp-content">
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<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
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||
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||
<section>
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||
<div class="mp-content">
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||
|
||
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Raynaud phenomenon%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
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|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/179600" target="TheNewWin">RAYNAUD DISEASE</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Raynaud+disease%5BTIAB%5D%29+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li>Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, Constans J, Khan F, Wautrecht JC, Visona
|
||
A, Heiss C, Brodeman M, Pecsvarady Z, Roztocil K, Colgan MP, Vasic D, Gottsater
|
||
A, Amann-Vesti B, Chraim A, Poredos P, Olinic DM, Madaric J, Nikol S, Herrick AL,
|
||
Sprynger M, Klein-Weigel P, Hafner F, Staub D, Zeman Z. ESVM guidelines - the
|
||
diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasa. 2017 Oct;46(6):413-423.
|
||
doi: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000661. Epub 2017 Sep 12. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28895508" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH. Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief
|
||
Review of the Underlying Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2016 Nov 16;7:438. doi:
|
||
10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. eCollection 2016. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27899893" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5110514/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Hughes M, Herrick AL. Raynaud's phenomenon. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.
|
||
2016 Feb;30(1):112-32. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 May 11. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27421220" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Kita J, Hryniewicz A. Raynaud's phenomenon: new aspects
|
||
of pathogenesis and the role of nailfold videocapillaroscopy. Reumatologia.
|
||
2015;53(2):87-93. doi: 10.5114/reum.2015.51508. Epub 2015 May 18. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27407233" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847279/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Prete M, Fatone MC, Favoino E, Perosa F. Raynaud's phenomenon: from molecular
|
||
pathogenesis to therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2014 Jun;13(6):655-67. doi:
|
||
10.1016/j.autrev.2013.12.001. Epub 2014 Jan 10. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24418302" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Temprano KK. A Review of Raynaud's Disease. Mo Med. 2016 Mar-Apr;113(2):123-6. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27311222" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Wigley FM, Flavahan NA. Raynaud's Phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug
|
||
11;375(6):556-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1507638. No abstract available. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27509103" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
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data-filepath="images/PX0003UR_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-title="Raynaud phenomenon"
|
||
data-caption="Photo of hands showing Raynaud phenomenon."
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/inheritancepatterns/">What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</a></li>
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