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<span>Multiple myeloma</span>
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<h1>Multiple myeloma</h1>
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<h2>Description</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Multiple myeloma is a cancer that develops in the <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Drawing shows spongy bone, red marrow, and yellow marrow. A cross section of the bone shows compact bone and blood vessels in the bone marrow. Also shown are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and a blood stem cell." data-caption="The bone is made up of compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Compact bone makes up the outer layer of the bone. Spongy bone is found mostly at the ends of bones and contains red marrow. Bone marrow is found in the center of most bones and has many blood vessels. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat." data-credit="© 2014 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001Q3_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001Q3" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9687" data-title="Bone anatomy with blood cells" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001Q3_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001Q3_1" title="Show image">bone marrow<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, the spongy tissue found in the center of most bones. The bone marrow produces red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body; white blood cells, which form the body's defenses (immune system); and platelets, which are necessary for <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Red blood cells and platelets normal flow through blood vessels. When there is an injury, activated plates and fibrin form a blood clot at the site of injury, blocking the flow of blood out of the vessel." data-caption="" data-credit="Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0000RC_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000RC" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Blood clot formation" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000RC_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000RC_2" title="Show image">blood clotting<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>.</p><p>Multiple myeloma is characterized by abnormalities in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These abnormal cells multiply out of control, increasing from about one percent of cells in the bone marrow to the majority of bone marrow cells. The abnormal cells form tumors within the bone, causing bone pain and an increased risk of fractures. If the tumors interfere with nerves near the bones, numbness or weakness in the arms or legs can occur. Affected individuals may also experience a loss of bone tissue, particularly in the skull, spine, ribs, and pelvis. The deterioration of bone can result in an excess of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), which can lead to nausea and loss of appetite, excessive thirst, fatigue, muscle weakness, and confusion.</p><p>The abnormal plasma cells in multiple myeloma produce proteins that impair the <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Drawing shows the steps a blood stem cell goes through to become a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell. A myeloid stem cell becomes a red blood cell, a platelet, or a myeloblast, which then becomes a granulocyte (the types of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils). A lymphoid stem cell becomes a lymphoblast and then becomes a B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, or natural killer cell. A B lymphocyte may become a plasma cell." data-caption="Blood cell development. A blood stem cell goes through several steps to become a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell." data-credit="© 2008 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001PA_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001PA" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=7177" data-title="Development of blood cells" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001PA_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001PA_3" title="Show image">development of normal blood cells<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. As a result, affected individuals may have a reduced number of red blood cells (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Main sign and symptoms that may appear in anemia. organs on silhouette man" data-caption="" data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX000178_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX000178" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Major signs and symptoms of anemia" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX000178_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX000178_4" title="Show image">anemia<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>), which can cause fatigue, weakness, and unusually pale skin (pallor); a low number of white blood cells (leukopenia), which can result in a weakened immune system and frequent infections such as pneumonia; and a reduced number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), which can lead to abnormal bleeding and bruising. Kidney problems can also occur in this disorder, caused by hypercalcemia or by toxic proteins produced by the abnormal plasma cells.</p><p>People with multiple myeloma typically develop the disorder around age 65. Over time, affected individuals can develop life-threatening complications, but the rate at which this happens varies widely. Some affected individuals are diagnosed incidentally when tests are done for other purposes and do not experience symptoms for years.</p></div>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
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<h2>Frequency</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Multiple myeloma is considered a rare cancer; it accounts for about 10 percent of cancers of the blood and blood-forming tissues, and between one and two percent of all cancers. Multiple myeloma occurs in approximately 4 per 100,000 people per year; there are currently about 100,000 affected individuals in the United States.</p></div>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
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<h2>Causes</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>The cause of multiple myeloma is unclear. Somatic mutations, which are genetic changes that are not inherited but occur during an individual's lifetime in certain cells (in this case the plasma cells), have been identified in people with multiple myeloma. Some of these changes affect genes that play a critical role in regulating cell division by preventing cells from <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Illustration showing cancer cells in a growing tumor" data-caption="" data-credit="Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX00012S_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00012S" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Cancer cells in a tumor" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00012S_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00012S_1" title="Show image">dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. Mutations in these genes may interfere with proper control (regulation) of cell growth and division (proliferation), resulting in the excessive proliferation of plasma cells that characterizes multiple myeloma.</p><p>Abnormal exchanges of genetic material between chromosomes (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Illustration showing chromosomal changes. Those involving a single chromosome include deletion, duplication, and inversion. Those involving two chromosomes include insertion and translocation." data-caption="" data-credit="Meletios/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0000P4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000P4" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Chromosome abnormalities" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000P4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000P4_2" title="Show image">translocations<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>) are common somatic events in multiple myeloma. The translocations most often involve an exchange between <a data-pid="20057" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/14/">chromosome 14</a> and another chromosome. Genes that control cell growth and division are likely affected by these translocations. Researchers are working to determine what role these genetic and chromosomal changes play in the development and progression of multiple myeloma.</p><p>Close relatives of people with multiple myeloma have an increased risk of developing it themselves, suggesting that inherited variations in certain genes may contribute to the development of the disorder in some individuals. By contrast, certain other inherited genetic variations appear to reduce the risk of developing multiple myeloma.</p><p>Nongenetic factors that increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma include previous radiation therapy or other radiation exposure. Exposure to certain chemicals including benzene has also been found to increase myeloma risk. Benzene, a known carcinogen, is a petroleum product widely used as an industrial solvent and a gasoline additive.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
|
||
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
|
||
|
||
<h3>Learn more about the genes and chromosome associated with Multiple myeloma</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/braf/">BRAF</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/fgfr3/">FGFR3</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/14/">chromosome 14</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p><strong>Additional Information from NCBI Gene:</strong></p>
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/595" target="TheNewWin">CCND1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83417" target="TheNewWin">FCRL4</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3662" target="TheNewWin">IRF4</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3981" target="TheNewWin">LIG4</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4094" target="TheNewWin">MAF</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84939" target="TheNewWin">PWWP3A</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
|
||
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>This condition is generally not inherited but arises from somatic mutations in plasma cells. An increased risk of developing multiple myeloma seems to run in some families, but the inheritance pattern is unknown.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
|
||
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<ul class="bulletlist">
|
||
<li>Kahler disease</li> <li>Kahler's disease</li> <li>Kahler-Bozzolo disease</li> <li>Medullary plasmacytoma</li> <li>Myelomatosis</li> <li>Plasma cell dyscrasia</li> <li>Plasma cell myelomas</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
|
||
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0026764/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Multiple myeloma</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7108/index" target="TheNewWin">Multiple myeloma</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Multiple myeloma%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/254500" target="TheNewWin">MYELOMA, MULTIPLE</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28multiple+myeloma%5BTI%5D%29+AND+genetics%5Bmh%5D+AND+review%5Bpt%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+3600+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li>Bataille R. The multiple myeloma bone eco-system and its relation to
|
||
oncogenesis. Morphologie. 2015 Jun;99(325):31-7. doi:
|
||
10.1016/j.morpho.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 May 23. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26005000" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Bianchi G, Anderson KC. Understanding biology to tackle the disease: Multiple
|
||
myeloma from bench to bedside, and back. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014
|
||
Nov-Dec;64(6):422-44. doi: 10.3322/caac.21252. Epub 2014 Sep 29. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25266555" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Martino A, Campa D, Jurczyszyn A, Martinez-Lopez J, Moreno MJ, Varkonyi J,
|
||
Dumontet C, Garcia-Sanz R, Gemignani F, Jamroziak K, Stepiel A, Jacobsen SE,
|
||
Andersen V, Jurado M, Landi S, Rossi AM, Lesueur F, Marques H, Dudzinski M, Watek
|
||
M, Moreno V, Orciuolo E, Petrini M, Reis RM, Rios R, Sainz J, Vogel U, Buda G,
|
||
Vangsted AJ, Canzian F. Genetic variants and multiple myeloma risk: IMMEnSE
|
||
validation of the best reported associations--an extensive replication of the
|
||
associations from the candidate gene era. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014
|
||
Apr;23(4):670-4. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1115. Epub 2014 Feb 12. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24521996" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Munshi NC, Avet-Loiseau H. Genomics in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011
|
||
Mar 15;17(6):1234-42. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1843. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21411439" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783001/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html" target="TheNewWin">NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Rollig C, Knop S, Bornhauser M. Multiple myeloma. Lancet. 2015 May
|
||
30;385(9983):2197-208. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60493-1. Epub 2014 Dec 23.
|
||
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540889" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
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||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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|
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|
||
|
||
<a class="image-modal" id="14240_featured" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001WQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-filepath="images/PX0001WQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-title="Multiple myeloma"
|
||
data-caption="Multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma cells are abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) that build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in many bones of the body. Normal plasma cells make antibodies to help the body fight infection and disease. As the number of multiple myeloma cells increases, more antibodies are made. This can cause the blood to thicken and keep the bone marrow from making enough healthy blood cells. Multiple myeloma cells also damage and weaken the bone."
|
||
data-credit="© 2014 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute"
|
||
data-alt="Multiple myeloma cells are abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) that build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in bones."
|
||
data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9840">
|
||
<img class="scale-with-grid" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001WQ_PRESENTATION.jpeg" alt="" title="Multiple myeloma">
|
||
|
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<span class="view-img-full-size" title="Show image">Enlarge image</span>
|
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/bonemarrowtransplantation.html">Bone Marrow Transplantation</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html">Genetic Disorders</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003009.htm">Bone marrow transplant</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002048.htm">Genetics</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000583.htm">Multiple myeloma</a></li>
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