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</div><div><span>Epiglottitis</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Epiglottitis</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Epiglottitis is inflammation of the epiglottis. This is the tissue-lined cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe) while swallowing. Epiglottitis can be a life-threatening disease.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The epiglottis is a stiff, yet flexible tissue (called cartilage) at the back of the tongue. It closes your windpipe (trachea) when you swallow so food does not enter your airway. This helps prevent coughing or choking after swallowing.</p><p>In children, epiglottitis is usually caused by the bacteria <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (<em>H influenzae</em>) type B. In adults, it is often due to other bacteria such as <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>, or viruses such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster.</p><p>Epiglottitis is now very uncommon because the <a test="test" href="./007597.htm">
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H influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine</a> is given routinely to all children. The disease was once most often seen in children ages 2 through 6. In rare cases, epiglottitis can occur in adults.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Epiglottitis begins with a high fever and sore throat. Other symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Abnormal breathing sounds (<a test="test" href="./003074.htm">stridor</a>)</li><li>Fever</li><li>Blue skin color (<a test="test" href="./003215.htm">cyanosis</a>)</li><li>Drooling</li><li>Difficulty breathing (the person may need to sit upright and lean slightly forward to breathe)</li><li>Difficulty swallowing</li><li>Voice changes (hoarseness) </li></ul><p>The airways can become totally blocked, which can result in cardiac arrest and death.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Epiglottitis can be a medical emergency. Seek medical help right away. Do not use anything to press the tongue down to try to look at the throat at home. Doing so may make the condition worse.</p><p>The health care provider may examine the voice box (larynx) using a small mirror held against the back of the throat. Or a viewing tube called a laryngoscope may be used. This examination is best done in the operating room or a similar setting where sudden breathing problems can be more easily handled. </p><p>Tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003744.htm">Blood culture</a> or <a test="test" href="./003746.htm">throat culture</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</li><li>Neck x-ray </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>A hospital stay is needed, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU).</p><p>Treatment involves methods to help the person breathe, including:</p><ul><li>
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Breathing tube (<a test="test" href="./003449.htm">intubation)</a></li><li><div>Moistened (humidified) oxygen</div></li><li>A surgical airway, called tracheostomy, as a last resort if other measures fail</li></ul><p>Other treatments may include:</p><ul><li>
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Antibiotics to treat the infection</li><li>Anti-inflammatory medicines, called corticosteroids, to decrease throat swelling</li><li>Fluids given through a vein (by IV)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Epiglottitis can be a life-threatening emergency. With proper treatment, the outcome is usually good.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Seek immediate medical attention or call 911 or the local emergency number if a person has breathing trouble.</p><p>Difficulty breathing is a late, but important sign. Spasm may cause the airways to suddenly close. Or, the airways may become totally blocked. Either of these situations could result in death.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>The Hib vaccine protects most children from epiglottitis.</p><p>The most common bacteria (<em>H influenza </em>type b<em>)</em> that causes epiglottitis is easily spread. If someone in your family is sick from this bacteria, other family members need to be tested and treated.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Supraglottitis</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/19595t.jpg" alt="Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/19595.htm">Epiglottis</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1118t.jpg" alt="Throat anatomy" title="Throat anatomy" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1118.htm">Throat anatomy</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/2930t.jpg" alt="Haemophilus influenzae organism" title="Haemophilus influenzae organism" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/2930.htm">Haemophilus influenzae organism</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1052t.jpg" alt="Haemophilus influenza organism" title="Haemophilus influenza organism" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1052.htm">Haemophilus influenza organism</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Nayak JL, Weinberg GA. Epiglottitis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 63.</p><p>Rodrigues KK, Roosevelt GE. Acute inflammatory upper airway obstruction (croup, epiglottitis, laryngitis, and bacterial tracheitis). In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 433.</p></div></div></section>
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