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{"id":8009,"date":"2015-11-19T11:00:31","date_gmt":"2015-11-19T16:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=8009"},"modified":"2022-07-12T08:06:40","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T12:06:40","slug":"smoking-and-you","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2015\/11\/19\/smoking-and-you\/","title":{"rendered":"Smoking and You"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Sarah Eilers<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Today is the 40th annual <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/healthy\/stayawayfromtobacco\/greatamericansmokeout\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Great American Smokeout<\/a>. The first was held in California in 1976, and the American Cancer Society took it nationwide the next year. Smokers are encouraged to quit for just one day, which can seem much more manageable than quitting forever.<\/p>\n<p>With cigarettes on our mind, <em>Circulating Now<\/em> looks at films in NLM\u2019s historical audiovisuals collection that examine the link between tobacco and lung disease. Much of the research that informs these titles well predates the <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/ps\/retrieve\/Narrative\/NN\/p-nid\/60\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Surgeon General’s 1964 Report on Smoking and Health<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8016\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8016\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101622502\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8016\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2015\/11\/19\/smoking-and-you\/smoking-and-you\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/smoking-and-you.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"Smoking and you. 1963\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Smoking and you, 1963<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/smoking-and-you.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/smoking-and-you.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-8016 size-medium\" title=\"Smoking and You, 1963\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/smoking-and-you.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1\" alt=\"Bar chart showing the years 1910 through 1960.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8016\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101622502\">Smoking and You<\/a><\/em>, 1963<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Rates of smoking and other tobacco use climbed markedly in the 20th century in the U.S. and beyond, peaking in the 1950s. Cigarettes were distributed to soldiers in wartime, tobacco companies recruited doctors to promote their products, and glamorous celebrities lit up. Americans adopted the habit.<\/p>\n<p>Yet one might wonder: how much did scientists and physicians know about the health-destroying effects of tobacco, and when did they know it?<\/p>\n<p>The answer is, quite a lot, and earlier than you may realize. Many sounded the alarm. According to a timeline published by Tobacco.org, in 1941 Drs. Alton Oschner and <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/spotlight\/fj\">Michael DeBakey<\/a> published \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3145445\/\">Carcinoma of the Lung<\/a>\u201d in the journal <em>Archives of Surgery<\/em>. Says the timeline, \u201cThe article noted the parallel rise in smoking and lung cancer, concluding that the latter was due mostly to the former, and included a lengthy bibliography of sources from multiple countries.\u201d In response to the 1941 article, Edward Harlow, a chemist at the American Tobacco Company, circulated an internal memorandum mentioning that the tobacco industry was in need of some \u201cfriendly research\u201d to counteract such findings.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1954 film <em><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/9602066\">Tobacco and the Human Body<\/a><\/em>, the physiological effects of nicotine and other substances contained in tobacco and cigarettes are demonstrated in animated sequences, and with explicit animal experiments. A possible link between pollution and illness is also mentioned.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Tobacco and the Human Body (Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc., 1954)\" width=\"840\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tSXiJzHceXM?start=792&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In the early 1960s, building on his years of research, Dr. Ochsner made a film with the same title as his article, <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/8501110A\"><em>Carcinoma of the Lung<\/em><\/a>. He performs surgery on a diseased lung and makes his clinical opinion clear: that with rare exceptions, \u201ccancers of the lung are caused by cigarette smoking.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8015\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8015\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/8501110A\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8015\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2015\/11\/19\/smoking-and-you\/ochsner-carcinoma\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ochsner-carcinoma.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"Carcinoma of the Lung\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Carcinoma of the Lung <\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ochsner-carcinoma.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ochsner-carcinoma.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-8015 size-full\" title=\"Carcinoma of the Lung, 1965\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ochsner-carcinoma.jpg?resize=640%2C480&ssl=1\" alt=\"Head and shoulders view of Dr. Ochsner talking.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carcinoma of the Lung, 1965<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Across the pond, scientists in the United Kingdom were investigating the link and publishing their work in the 1930s, \u201840s, and \u201850s. British Information Services issued a film titled <em><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101622502\">Smoking and You<\/a><\/em>\u00a0in 1963 that includes this emphatic sequence.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Smoking and You (British Information Services, 1963)\" width=\"840\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mfBPSI9ejZw?start=416&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>As is well-known, American tobacco companies were remarkably successful at suppressing public information about the risks of smoking and tobacco use. It\u2019s worth noting that when Andrew H. Tisch, chairman of the Lorillard Tobacco Company, was asked by a Congressional panel in 1994\u201430 years after the Surgeon General\u2019s Report\u2014whether he knew that cigarettes caused cancer, he replied under oath, \u201cI do not believe that.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>At the same hearing, six other tobacco executives joined Tisch in declaring that they did not think nicotine was addictive. The U.S. Department of Justice later investigated each of them for perjury, but didn’t issue indictments. By June 1996, all seven executives had resigned.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8014\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8014\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/emphysema.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8014\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2015\/11\/19\/smoking-and-you\/emphysema\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/emphysema.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"Emphysema\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Emphysema<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/emphysema.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/emphysema.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-8014 size-medium\" title=\"Emphysema, 1976\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/emphysema.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1\" alt=\"Older man with no shirt breathes towards a doctor holding a lit match.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8014\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101622456\"><em>Emphysema<\/em><\/a>, 1976<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Besides the three films mentioned above, NLM’s historical audiovisuals digital collection includes <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101622456\"><em>Emphysema<\/em><\/a>, 1976. <em>Smoking and Lung Cancer<\/em>, 1965 will be digitized in December 2015, and not yet digitized but available through other means are <em>The Battle to Breathe<\/em>, 1968, <em>Smoking and Health: A Report to Youth<\/em>, 1969 and <em>Getting Through<\/em>, 1967, which features actor Burt Lancaster. All of these films are pre-1970, but as knowledge and concern about tobacco\u2019s effect on health increased, many more followed.<\/p>\n<p><em>Check NLM\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/locatorplus.gov\/cgi-bin\/Pwebrecon.cgi?PAGE=sbSearch&SEQ=20151030143457&PID=wa3XxoWpfGtxUpY99xsGKQjv\">LocatorPlus<\/a> catalog or contact the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/collections\/films\/index.html\">Historical Audiovisuals Collection<\/a> for more information on our tobacco related films and videos.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/sarah-head-shot.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3690\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/03\/24\/tb-a-killer-then-a-killer-now\/sarah-head-shot\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/sarah-head-shot.jpg?fit=160%2C160&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"160,160\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Sarah Eilers\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/sarah-head-shot.jpg?fit=160%2C160&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/sarah-head-shot.jpg?fit=160%2C160&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3690\" title=\"Sara Eilers\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/sarah-head-shot.jpg?resize=105%2C105\" alt=\"Informal portrait.\" width=\"105\" height=\"105\" \/><\/a><em>Sarah Eilers is the Manager of Historical Audiovisuals for the Historical Audiovisual Program in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Sarah Eilers Today is the 40th annual Great American Smokeout. The first was held in California in 1976, and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":103379044,"featured_media":8053,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Smoking and You - Historical films from NLM for the #GreatAmericanSmokeout. #QuitLikeAChampion","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,1359464],"tags":[383432,4252,6200,524,13318906,28006,52420,47071],"class_list":["post-8009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-films-videos","tag-american-cancer-society","tag-cancer","tag-drugs","tag-film","tag-great-american-smokeout","tag-public-health","tag-smoking","tag-tobacco"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/smoking-and-you_feature.png?fit=466%2C186&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-25b","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103379044"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8009"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21813,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8009\/revisions\/21813"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |