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{"id":48929,"date":"2024-12-05T11:00:15","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T16:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=48929"},"modified":"2024-12-05T14:12:10","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T19:12:10","slug":"global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/12\/05\/global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"Global AIDS: How Unique was Brazil?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Marcos Cueto ~<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_48938\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-48938\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"48938\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/12\/05\/global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil\/101732848_aids-solidarity\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?fit=2365%2C3983&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2365,3983\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"101732848_AIDS Solidarity\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association (Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS) promoting AIDS solidarity at the base of the Christ the Redeemer Statue in Rio de Janeiro, 1988.<br \/>\nNLM #101732848<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?fit=178%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?fit=608%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-48938\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=300%2C505&ssl=1\" alt=\"A photo of the "Christ the Redeemer Statue" in Rio de Janeiro with a crowd of people standing next to it holding a sign that says "AIDS Solidariedad" ("AIDS Solidarity")\" width=\"300\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=608%2C1024&ssl=1 608w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=178%2C300&ssl=1 178w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=768%2C1293&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=912%2C1536&ssl=1 912w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=1216%2C2048&ssl=1 1216w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?resize=840%2C1415&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732848_AIDS-Solidarity.jpg?w=1680&ssl=1 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-48938\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association promoting AIDS solidarity at the base of Christ the Redeemer Statue in Rio de Janeiro, 1988<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101732848\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101732848<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Between the 1990s and the early 2000s, the Brazilian AIDS program became a model for the rest of the developing world. An alliance between medical scientists, health officers, health activists, and people living with AIDS helped to bring mortality down by creating bridges between knowledge, advocacy, and policy. They also established partnerships with transnational activists and received support from the Ford, the Rockefeller, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur, and the Bill & Melinda Gates foundations. In addition, Brazilian health officers and activists were among the main protagonists in events organized by the World Health Organization, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\">UNAIDS<\/a>, and the United Nations, which helped to challenge the notion that global health policies were solely defined in developed countries.<\/p>\n<p>A turning point was in 1996, when Brazilians embraced and extended the use of Antiretroviral Drugs (ARVs), a treatment that transformed what had been a death sentence into a manageable illness. Most of these drugs were expensive and pharmaceutical producers sought to keep prices high. The World Bank and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/\">USAID<\/a> often discouraged developing countries from using ARVs, despite the fact that AIDS was a growing tragedy in the Global South. The Brazilian government challenged international laws of intellectual property by threatening to break patents and promoting the use of generic ARVs (instead of costly patented drugs), which were produced locally and in India through the process of reverse engineering. Brazilian authorities also published articles in the New York Times rebutting accusations of piracy, obtained reduced prices for certain drugs, and, on one occasion, broke the patent of an ARV produced by Merck.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How unique was the Brazilian experience?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>During the 1980s, Brazilian responses to AIDS were similar to those of other countries, and typically involved stigma, fear, and confrontation between gay activists and a government that sought to either deny or manage clinical cases and repress street demonstrations. Similar to the American gay community, Brazilians learned to organize rallies, enforce tests for blood banks in hospitals, design clear public explanations about what transmitted HIV, and launch compelling educational campaigns. However, one main difference from their U.S. counterparts was that Brazilian activists criticized the notion of \u201crisk groups.\u201d Risk groups were defined as categories of individuals who were at a higher risk of contracting HIV\/AIDS due to their behavior. These included sex workers, men who have sex with men, and bisexual individuals. Brazilian critics argued that so many different sexual practices existed that it was useless to establish artificial categories. According to Brazilians, not only was all of society at risk of contracting HIV, but protection and tolerance of sexual diversity was essential for an effective anti-AIDS program and for a democracy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_48933\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-48933\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"48933\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/12\/05\/global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil\/101732413_where-is-aids\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?fit=3440%2C2269&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3440,2269\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"101732413_Where Is AIDS\" data-image-description=\"<p>“Onde esta\u0301 a AIDS?” (“Where is AIDS”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2000.<br \/>\nNLM #101732413<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>“Onde esta\u0301 a AIDS?” (“Where is AIDS”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2000.<br \/>\nNLM #101732413<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?fit=300%2C198&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?fit=840%2C554&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48933\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=840%2C554&ssl=1\" alt=\"A colorful cartoon poster depicting a crowd of people with a sign that says "Onde esta\u0301 a AIDS?" ("Where is AIDS?")\" width=\"840\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=1024%2C675&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=300%2C198&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=768%2C507&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=1536%2C1013&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=2048%2C1351&ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?resize=840%2C554&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?w=1680&ssl=1 1680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732413_Where-Is-AIDS.jpg?w=2520&ssl=1 2520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-48933\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Onde esta\u0301 a AIDS?” (“Where is AIDS”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2000<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101732413\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101732413<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Another difference between the U.S. and Brazil was the political context. In the U.S., AIDS activists largely had a confrontational relationship with the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush between 1981 and 1993. In contrast, Brazilians activists and progressive politicians, who came out of a 24 year-military regime in 1984 with little in the way of social policies, eagerly sought a democratic approach and a unified health system. Politicians, gay activists, health officers, and people living with AIDS not only maintained a vigorous fight against the disease, but also turned upside down some of the assumptions of neoliberalism. U.S. and European agencies advised developing countries not to use ARVs because they were too expensive and not \u201ccost-effective,\u201d assuming that prevention was cheaper and might have a greater impact. On the contrary, Brazilians argued treatment was cost effective because it saved expenses in hospitalizations, treatment for secondary illnesses, and enlarged the years of economic productivity of individuals. These ideas were used to validate the early use of ARVs in public hospitals.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_48940\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-48940\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"48940\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/12\/05\/global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil\/101732416_take-this-load-off-your-mind\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?fit=3470%2C2299&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3470,2299\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"101732416_Take This Load Off Your Mind\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>“Tire o peso da du\u0301vida: fac\u0326a o teste do vi\u0301rus da aids” (“Take this Load Off Your Mind: Do the AIDS Test”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2003.<br \/>\nNLM #http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101732416<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?fit=300%2C199&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?fit=840%2C556&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48940\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=840%2C556&ssl=1\" alt=\"A photograph of man and a woman holding hands and carrying a piano over their heads next to a sign that says "Tire o peso da du\u0301vida: fac\u0326a o teste do vi\u0301rus da aids" ("Take this Load Off Your Mind: Do the AIDS Test")\" width=\"840\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=1024%2C678&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=300%2C199&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=768%2C509&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=1536%2C1018&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=2048%2C1357&ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?resize=840%2C557&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?w=1680&ssl=1 1680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101732416_Take-This-Load-Off-Your-Mind.jpg?w=2520&ssl=1 2520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-48940\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Tire o peso da du\u0301vida: fac\u0326a o teste do vi\u0301rus da aids” (“Take this Load Off Your Mind: Do the AIDS Test”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2003<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101732416\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101732416<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>How similar was the Brazilian experience to the U.S?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On two crucial issues there were commonalities between Brazilian advocates and activists in the U.S. First, there was a belief in linking the fight against the disease with a broad conception of public health. Second, there was an understanding of ARVs as public goods and not simply commodities. In the first instance, this connection may in part be attributed to the work of American health advocate Jonathan Mann\u2014an officer of the World Health Organization and champion of a comprehensive notion of human rights that included public health\u2014who visited Brazil and worked with local NGOs. More than just imitating Mann\u2019s messages though, Brazilian activists engaged in a collaborative and simultaneous process of discovery in the field of global health. However, international recognition was asymmetrical. Brazilian activists published their ideas on AIDS and human rights in Portuguese and in local newspapers\u2014thus receiving less global recognition\u2014whereas Mann\u2019s work was visible in mainstream English-language journals. With regard to the second connection, namely the belief in ARVs as public goods, Brazil was the first government in the Global South to provide universal access to ARVs, and in doing so came into conflict with the World Trade Organization, big pharma, and the U.S. government.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_48936\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-48936\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"48936\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/12\/05\/global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil\/101451595_love-doesnt-kill\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?fit=3468%2C2226&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3468,2226\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"101451595_Love Doesn’t Kill\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>“Amor na\u0303o mata” (“Love Doesn’t Kill”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 1980s.<br \/>\nNLM# 101451595<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?fit=300%2C193&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?fit=840%2C539&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-48936 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=840%2C539&ssl=1\" alt=\"A black and white poster with an image of a man caring for a sick women next to the words "Amor na\u0303o mata" ("Love Doesn't Kill")\" width=\"840\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=1024%2C657&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=300%2C193&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=768%2C493&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=1536%2C986&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=2048%2C1315&ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?resize=840%2C539&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?w=1680&ssl=1 1680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/101451595_Love-Doesnt-Kill.jpg?w=2520&ssl=1 2520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-48936\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Amor na\u0303o mata” (“Love Doesn’t Kill”), Brazilian Ministry of Health, 1980s<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101451595\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101451595<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Brazil thus made significant progress toward improving AIDS treatment and care across the country, and in doing so provided model of health care for other countries in the developing world. The question remains though: Can Brazil continue to provide a comprehensive program to fight against the disease while also maintaining a balanced and well-funded national health system? This question is part of a debate where historians can have something important to say.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oar.nih.gov\/news-and-events\/world-aids-day-at-nih\"><em>Learn about World AIDS Day observances at NIH<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"48945\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/12\/05\/global-aids-how-unique-was-brazil\/marcos-cueto-headshot\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?fit=2231%2C2481&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2231,2481\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Marcos Cueto Headshot\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?fit=270%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?fit=840%2C934&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-48945\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=100%2C111&ssl=1\" alt=\"A headshot of a man in front of a shelf of books\" width=\"100\" height=\"111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=921%2C1024&ssl=1 921w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=270%2C300&ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=768%2C854&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=1381%2C1536&ssl=1 1381w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=1842%2C2048&ssl=1 1842w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?resize=840%2C934&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Marcos-Cueto-Headshot.jpg?w=1680&ssl=1 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>Marcos Cueto, PhD, is a professor in the Department of History of Science and Health at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.fiocruz.br\/en\">Fiocruz<\/a>, in Rio de Janeiro and a 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/get-involved\/debakey-fellowship.html\">NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow in the History of Medicine<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Marcos Cueto ~ Between the 1990s and the early 2000s, the Brazilian AIDS program became a model for the<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":156494306,"featured_media":48947,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,51014,4940351],"tags":[21052,678876002,678876001,35890,174727,58980,19580],"class_list":["post-48929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-guests","category-prints-photographs","tag-aids","tag-antiretrovirals","tag-brazil","tag-featured","tag-global-health","tag-fellowship","tag-world-aids-day"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Where-Is-AIDS_Feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-cJb","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/156494306"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48929"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48929\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49301,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48929\/revisions\/49301"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48947"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=48929"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=48929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |