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{"id":3738,"date":"2014-04-04T11:00:36","date_gmt":"2014-04-04T15:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=3738"},"modified":"2024-08-02T15:25:04","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T19:25:04","slug":"a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/","title":{"rendered":"A Civil War Surgeon\u2019s Books Rediscovered"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Jill L. Newmark ~<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u2026the sight of his uniform stirred the faintest heart to faith in the new destiny of the race, for Dr. Augusta wore the oak leaves of a major on his shoulders.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3776\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3776\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-in-uniform.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3776\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/augusta-in-uniform\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-in-uniform.png?fit=400%2C672&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"400,672\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Augusta in Uniform\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>1)\tLt. Colonel Alexander T. Augusta, Civil War Surgeon, c. 1863<br \/>\nCourtesy Oblate Sisters of Providence<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-in-uniform.png?fit=179%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-in-uniform.png?fit=400%2C672&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-3776\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-in-uniform.png?resize=350%2C588&ssl=1\" alt=\"Photgraph of an African American man in an officer's uniform.\" width=\"350\" height=\"588\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a title=\"Binding Wounds Pushing Boundaries Exhibition\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/bindingwounds\/inuniform.html\">Lt. Colonel Alexander T. Augusta, Civil War Surgeon, c. 1863<\/a><br \/><a title=\"Oblate Sisters of Providence\" href=\"http:\/\/oblatesisters.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Courtesy Oblate Sisters of Providence Archives, Baltimore<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>On the eve of the anniversary celebration of the signing of the D.C. Emancipation Act, April 16, 1863, the crowd that gathered at the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. could not help but notice the presence of a distinguished Black soldier wearing a military officer\u2019s uniform.\u00a0 The oak leaves on the epaulettes of Alexander T. Augusta\u2019s uniform were newly received as he had been given an appointment as surgeon in the Union Army earlier in the month, on April 4th, becoming the first African American commissioned medical officer in the U.S. Army. His appearance at the anniversary gathering was cause for celebration and was acknowledged in the next issue of Washington, D.C.\u2019s daily newspaper, <i>The Evening Star<\/i> describing Dr. Augusta\u2019s appearance as an \u201coccasion of much applause and gratulation.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"3778\" aria-describedby=\"caption-3778\" style=\"width: 247px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/provincial-freedmen-oct-13-1855.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3778\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/provincial-freedmen-oct-13-1855\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/provincial-freedmen-oct-13-1855.jpg?fit=300%2C363&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,363\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Provincial Freedmen Oct 13 1855\" data-image-description=\"<p>New Drug Store. Central Medical Hall. A. T. Augusta Begs to announce to his Friends and the Public generally, that he has OPENED the Store on Younge Street, one door south of Elm Street, with a New and Choice Selection of DRUGS, MEDICINES, Patent medicines, Perfumery, Dye Stuffs, &amp;c., and trusts, by strict attention to his business, to merit a share of their patronage. Physicians’ Prescriptions, accurately prepared. LEECHES APPLIED. Cupping, Bleeding, and Teeth extracted. The Proprietor, or a competent Assistant, always in attendance. Toronto, March 30, 1855. <\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Ad for Augusta\u2019s drug store from The Provincial Freedmen, October 13, 1855<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/provincial-freedmen-oct-13-1855.jpg?fit=248%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/provincial-freedmen-oct-13-1855.jpg?fit=300%2C363&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-3778 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/provincial-freedmen-oct-13-1855.jpg?resize=247%2C300\" alt=\"A Newspaper advertisement, text only.\" width=\"247\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-3778\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ad for Augusta\u2019s drug store from The Provincial Freedmen, October 13, 1855<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Alexander T. Augusta is among 13 known African Americans that served as surgeons during the American Civil War and one of only two that were commissioned officers in the U.S. Army.\u00a0 Augusta was free born in Norfolk, Virginia in 1825 and became interested in a medical education and career as a physician.\u00a0 His desire and determination to become a physician was not deterred by the prevailing prejudice and discrimination in the United States that created obstacles for Black people pursuing careers as professionals.\u00a0 Augusta was forced to leave his native country and immigrate to Canada to obtain a medical degree which he received from Trinity Medical College, Toronto in 1856.\u00a0 He established a medical practice and was the proprietor of a drug store in Toronto before applying for a position as surgeon with the United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.) through a <a title=\"PDF file\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/bindingwounds\/pdfs\/LetterFromAugustaToPresidentLincoln1863.pdf\">letter of application<\/a> to President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in January 1863.<\/p>\n<p>Augusta’s application was accepted and after successfully passing the Army Medical Board’s rigorous three-day examination, Augusta was appointed surgeon with the U.S. Army and given the rank of Major.\u00a0 He was assigned duty at the Contraband Hospital in Washington, D.C. in May 1863, before mustering in with the 7th Regiment of the U.S.C.T. at Camp Stanton in Benedict, Maryland in October as its regimental surgeon and the ranking medical officer among four U.S.C.T. regiments there.<\/p>\n<p>Surgeons serving during the war, including Augusta, owned a copy of the <a title=\"NLM's Digital Collections\" href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/46920340R\"><i>Handbook for the Military Surgeon<\/i><\/a>, a compendium of all aspects of the duties of a medical officer including hospital administration, sanitary management, food preparation, and war surgery.\u00a0 <a title=\"YouTube - Soldiers Mag\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GUdLyVeTZ5ohttp:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/46920340R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Augusta’s personal copy<\/a> of this important military publication is a treasure among the Civil War collections in the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.\u00a0 Uncovered recently during the ongoing digitization project of library materials, Augusta’s copy of the <i>Handbook <\/i>was identified among three books from his personal collection donated to the Surgeon General’s Library by Augusta’s wife, Mary O. Augusta, after her husband’s death in 1890.\u00a0 Hidden within one of these books was a rare page from Augusta’s prescription pad used in his private medical practice while living and working in Washington, D.C.\u00a0 It was likely slipped into the book by Augusta after he drew an illustration of a pelvis, perhaps as part of a teaching moment with a student or to provide a description of anatomy to a patient.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2014\\\/04\\\/04\\\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 434px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"434\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 537px; height: 434px;\" data-original-width=\"537\" data-original-height=\"434\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war-wo-800-t835h-1862\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"533\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"430\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3779\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war-wo-800-t835h-1862.png\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1290\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Augusta’s Personal Copy\" data-image-description=\"<p>Hand-book for the Military Surgeon: Being a Compendium of the duties of the medical officer in the field, the sanitary management of the camp, the preparation of food, etc.; with forms for the requisitions for supplies, returns, etc.; the diagnosis and treatment of camp dysentery; and all the importatnt points in War Surgery: including gunshot wounds, amputation, wounds of the chest, abdomen, arteries and head, and the use of chloroform. by Chas. S. Tripler, A.M., M.D, Surgeon United States Army and George C. Blackman, M.D., Professor of Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, Surgeon to the Commercial Hospital, St. John’s Hospital, etc.<br \/> Third Edition,<br \/> Cincinnati: Robert Clarke &amp; Co., Publishers, No. 55 West Fourth Street. 1862.<br \/> Stamped with the Surgeon General’s Office Library stamp and numbered 133044.<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war-wo-800-t835h-1862.png?fit=300%2C242&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war-wo-800-t835h-1862.png?fit=840%2C677&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war-wo-800-t835h-1862.png?w=533&h=430&ssl=1\" width=\"533\" height=\"430\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"533\" data-original-height=\"430\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Augusta's Personal Copy\" alt=\"The title page of the Handbook for the Military Surgeion that belonged to Augusta.\" style=\"width: 533px; height: 430px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Handbook for the Military Surgeon by Charles S. Tripler, M.D. and George C. Blackman, M.D., 1862 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-2\" style=\"width: 303px; height: 434px;\" data-original-width=\"303\" data-original-height=\"434\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war007rev\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"299\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"242\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3780\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war007rev.png\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1294\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Iinscription in Augusta’s Personal Copy\" data-image-description=\"<p>Handwritten inscription reading A T Augusta M.B Surgeon 7th Regt U.S.C.T.<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war007rev.png?fit=300%2C243&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war007rev.png?fit=840%2C679&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-military-handbook-civil-war007rev.png?w=299&h=242&ssl=1\" width=\"299\" height=\"242\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"299\" data-original-height=\"242\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Iinscription in Augusta's Personal Copy\" alt=\"Augusta's handwritten inscription.\" style=\"width: 299px; height: 242px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Inscription page from Augusta\u2019s copy of the Handbook for the Military Surgeon by Charles S. Tripler, M.D. and George C. Blackman, M.D., 1862 <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/augusta-prescription-page\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"299\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"184\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3787\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-prescription-page.png\" data-orig-size=\"1600,982\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Augusta-Prescription-Page\" data-image-description=\"<p>Dr. A. T. Augusta, Office &amp; Residence, 1319 L St., bet. 13th &amp; 14th Sts. Office Hours: 8 to 10 A.M. 3 to 4 P.M. 6 to 8 P.M. Prepare For….<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-prescription-page.png?fit=300%2C184&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-prescription-page.png?fit=840%2C516&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-prescription-page.png?w=299&h=184&ssl=1\" width=\"299\" height=\"184\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"299\" data-original-height=\"184\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Augusta-Prescription-Page\" alt=\"In the space left for prescriptions to be written there is a simple pencil sketch resembling a pelvis and leg joint.\" style=\"width: 299px; height: 184px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Page from Augusta’s Prescription Pad, with Drawing <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 617px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"617\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 617px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"617\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/howard-faculty-1869-70\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"836\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"613\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3781\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/howard-faculty-1869-70.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"6192,4544\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1164202692","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"howard faculty 1869-70\" data-image-description=\"<p>A. T. Augusta. S. L. Loomis. G. S. Palmer O. O. Howard. R. Reyburn. J. T. Johnson. C. B. Purvis. P. H. Strong.<br \/> Faculty of Howard University, Medical Department, 1869-70.<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/howard-faculty-1869-70.jpg?fit=300%2C220&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/howard-faculty-1869-70.jpg?fit=840%2C616&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/howard-faculty-1869-70.jpg?w=836&h=613&ssl=1\" width=\"836\" height=\"613\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"836\" data-original-height=\"613\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"howard faculty 1869-70\" alt=\"A group of 8 men in suits pose for a formal group portrait.\" style=\"width: 836px; height: 613px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Howard University Medical College faculty, 1869-1870 (Augusta seated at far left) <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>The significance of these personal possessions of Alexander T. Augusta is made more noteworthy not only by the fact that Augusta was one of only a handful of African Americans that served as surgeons during the Civil War, but by the rarity of identifying and locating personal possessions from these African American Civil War surgeons.<\/p>\n<p><em>For more information on Alexander T. Augusta and African American Surgeons in the Civil War, please visit the <\/em><a title=\"Binding Wounds Pushing Boundaries Exhibition\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/bindingwounds\/index.html\">Binding Wounds, Pushing Boundaries: African Americans in Civil War Medicine<\/a><em> exhibition website.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/j-newmark-e1395951453480.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3774\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/04\/04\/a-civil-war-surgeons-books-rediscovered\/olympus-digital-camera\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/j-newmark-e1395951453480.jpg?fit=300%2C291&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,291\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"4.3","credit":"","camera":"u710,S710","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1179947523","copyright":"","focal_length":"11.63","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA"}\" data-image-title=\"Jill L Newmark\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/j-newmark-e1395951453480.jpg?fit=300%2C291&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/j-newmark-e1395951453480.jpg?fit=300%2C291&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3774\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/j-newmark-e1395951453480.jpg?resize=103%2C100&ssl=1\" alt=\"An informal portrait of Jill L Newmark\" width=\"103\" height=\"100\" \/><\/a>Jill L. Newmark is an Exhibition Specialist for the Exhibition Program in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alexander T. Augusta is among 13 known African Americans that served as surgeons during the American Civil War and one of only two that were commissioned officers in the U.S. Army.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":15511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,2029,347145303],"tags":[168941,89892,517998,488,678875950,57544],"class_list":["post-3738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-exhibitions","category-rare-books-journals","tag-african-american-history","tag-american-civil-war","tag-manuscript","tag-military","tag-race","tag-surgery"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/augusta-touched-up_900_feature.png?fit=899%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-Yi","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3738","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3738"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3738\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29708,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3738\/revisions\/29708"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15511"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3738"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |