1 line
No EOL
31 KiB
Text
1 line
No EOL
31 KiB
Text
{"id":3394,"date":"2014-02-25T11:00:02","date_gmt":"2014-02-25T16:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=3394"},"modified":"2021-07-23T10:44:39","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T14:44:39","slug":"bela-schick-and-serum-sickness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e9la Schick and Serum Sickness"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Circulating Now <em>welcomes guest bloggers <\/em><i><a title=\"Smithsonian National Museum of American History\" href=\"http:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/profile\/535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diane Wendt<\/a> and <a title=\"Smithsonian National Museum of American History\" href=\"http:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/profile\/901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mallory Warner<\/a> from the Division of Medicine and Science at the <a title=\"Smithsonian National Museum of American History\" href=\"http:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smithsonian National Museum of American History<\/a>. As curators of our most recent exhibition, <\/i><a title=\"NLM's Exhibition Program\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/fromdnatobeer\/index.html\">From DNA to Beer: Harnessing Nature in Medicine and Industry<\/a><i>, Diane and Mallory spent months researching four different microbes and the influence they\u2019ve had on human life. <\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Corynebacterium diphtheria<\/i>, the bacteria which causes diphtheria, is easily the nastiest microbe we researched for <i>From DNA to Beer<\/i>.\u00a0 Its terrifying symptoms\u2014from slowly poisoning the victim to forming a pseudomembrane in the throat causing slow suffocation\u2014are the stuff of nightmares.\u00a0 It should come as no surprise then, when Emil von Behring developed <a title=\"From DNA to Beer: Harnessing Nature in Medicine & Industry Exhibition\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/fromdnatobeer\/exhibition-interactive\/illustrations\/diphtheria-alternative.html\">diphtheria antitoxin<\/a> serum as a cure in the 1890s it was hailed as nothing short of a miracle.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3408\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3408\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/injecting-diphtheria-antitoxin.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3408\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/injecting-diphtheria-antitoxin\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/injecting-diphtheria-antitoxin.png?fit=930%2C1122&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"930,1122\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Injecting Diphtheria Antitoxin\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>\u201cInjecting Diphtheria Antitoxin,\u201d illustration from a Parke Davis publication, 1895.<br \/>\nCourtesy The Historical Medical Library of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia.<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/injecting-diphtheria-antitoxin.png?fit=249%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/injecting-diphtheria-antitoxin.png?fit=840%2C1013&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3408\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/injecting-diphtheria-antitoxin.png?resize=650%2C784\" alt=\"A doctor give a small child an injection assisted by two nurses.\" width=\"650\" height=\"784\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3408\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cInjecting Diphtheria Antitoxin,\u201d illustration from a Parke Davis publication, 1895.<br \/><a title=\"The History of Vaccines project: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofvaccines.org\/content\/timelines\/diphtheria\"><em>Courtesy The Historical Medical Library of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia.<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Soon the antitoxin, which works to neutralize the effects of <i>C. diphtheria<\/i>\u2019s toxin in the body, became used for more than just treating the infected.\u00a0 Doctors quickly recognized its potential as a prophylactic and began controlling outbreaks by dosing residents and employees of closed-quartered institutions like hospitals and orphanages with serum after coming into contact with an infected person.\u00a0 An injection conferred immunity on a patient for approximately three weeks.<\/p>\n<p>As with many miracles, however, antitoxin came with a hitch:\u00a0 serum sickness.\u00a0 In some patients, injections of antitoxin resulted in an immune reaction characterized by fever, rash, swelling of the glands, and joint pain.\u00a0 In 1905, Austrian pediatricians Clemens\u00a0E.\u00a0von\u00a0Pirquet and B\u00e9la Schick published the results of their investigation into this phenomenon, in their treatise <i>Serum Sickness<\/i> (in the original German, <a title=\"Catalog Record: LocatorPlus\" href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma993242193406676\"><i>Die Serumkrankheit<\/i><\/a>.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/25\\\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 582px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"582\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 429px; height: 582px;\" data-original-width=\"429\" data-original-height=\"582\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/clemens-e-von-pirquet\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"425\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"578\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3405\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/clemens-e-von-pirquet.png\" data-orig-size=\"881,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Clemens-von-Pirquet\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/clemens-e-von-pirquet.png?fit=220%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/clemens-e-von-pirquet.png?fit=752%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/clemens-e-von-pirquet.png?w=425&h=578&ssl=1\" width=\"425\" height=\"578\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"425\" data-original-height=\"578\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Clemens-von-Pirquet\" alt=\"Photograph of a man in a suit and pince-nez.\" style=\"width: 425px; height: 578px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Clemens E. von Pirquet, ca. 1900. National Library of Medicine #B021350 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 411px; height: 582px;\" data-original-width=\"411\" data-original-height=\"582\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/bela-schick-b023217\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"407\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"578\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3406\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/bela-schick-b023217.png\" data-orig-size=\"845,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Bela-Schick-b023217\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/bela-schick-b023217.png?fit=211%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/bela-schick-b023217.png?fit=721%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/bela-schick-b023217.png?w=407&h=578&ssl=1\" width=\"407\" height=\"578\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"407\" data-original-height=\"578\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Bela-Schick-b023217\" alt=\"A drawing of a man in a suit and glasses dated 1929 and signed by the artist Max Genneider Wien.\" style=\"width: 407px; height: 578px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> B\u00e9la Schick, 1929. National Library of Medicine #b023217 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>Their research demonstrated that patients who were repeatedly injected with serum suffered not only more intense bouts of sickness with each successive injection, but in some cases, antitoxin injections resulted in dangerous anaphylaxis.\u00a0 What patients were experiencing was in fact an allergic reaction to horse proteins present in the antitoxin serum.\u00a0 (Von Pirquet and Schick coined the word \u201callergy\u201d in 1906.)<\/p>\n<p>So now doctors were faced with a conundrum: how to balance the risks of serum sickness with the benefits of controlling diphtheria outbreaks through preventative antitoxin injections?\u00a0 Enter the Schick test.\u00a0 In the early 1910s, Schick developed a simple skin test that allowed doctors to distinguish between those with a natural immunity to diphtheria from previous exposure and those who stood to gain protective temporary immunity from an injection.<\/p>\n<p>Doctors injected a very small dose of diphtheria toxin in a salt solution (1\/50 of the minimal lethal dose for a guinea pig) into the arm of a patient to be tested.\u00a0 As a control, the other arm was injected with the same amount of toxin in a salt solution, mixed with enough antitoxin to neutralize its effect.\u00a0 Within 24-48 hours, those patients who had never been exposed to diphtheria showed a redness at the injection site of the toxin as the body mounted an immune response to the novel substance.\u00a0 This \u201cpositive\u201d Schick test identified which patients would benefit from a dose of preventative antitoxin serum.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/25\\\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 370px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"370\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-2\" style=\"width: 283px; height: 370px;\" data-original-width=\"283\" data-original-height=\"370\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/attachment\/3411\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"279\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"166\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3411\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039492_.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1439,859\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"5","credit":"Rachel Anderson","camera":"Canon PowerShot SX50 HS","caption":"AHB2014q039492","created_timestamp":"1352606267","copyright":"This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. The image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws.","focal_length":"20.427","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.025","title":"??????????????"}\" data-image-title=\"Schick Test_AHB2014q039492\" data-image-description=\"<p>1cc 10 tests bio.75 Diphtheria Toxin Diluted for Schick Test. P. D. &amp; Co. Mar-20-1938<br \/> Inject intradermally.<br \/> Control test is made by injecting intradermally 0.1 cc. of control material in the opposite forearm.<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039492_.jpg?fit=300%2C179&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039492_.jpg?fit=840%2C501&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039492_.jpg?w=279&h=166&ssl=1\" width=\"279\" height=\"166\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"279\" data-original-height=\"166\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Schick Test_AHB2014q039492\" alt=\"A small sealed glass jar and it's cardboard box.\" style=\"width: 279px; height: 166px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Example of the Schick Test: Parke, Davis and Company Diphtheria Toxin Diluted for Schick Test, about 1938. Courtesy National Museum of American History. <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/attachment\/3413\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"279\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"196\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3413\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039521_.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1327,931\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"5","credit":"Rachel Anderson","camera":"Canon PowerShot SX50 HS","caption":"AHB2014q039521","created_timestamp":"1352607265","copyright":"This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. The image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws.","focal_length":"19.27","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.033333333333333","title":"??????????????"}\" data-image-title=\"Schick Test_AHB2014q039521\" data-image-description=\"<p>Scheck Test Control (V-923) (10 tests) For detecting pseudo reactors and testing for sensitivity before Toxoid injection. One Vial of Heated Toxin Test Dose – 0.1 cc. intrarmally Read Enclosed Literature Carefully Before Applying Test Eli Lilly &amp; Company Indianapolis, U. S. A. <\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039521_.jpg?fit=300%2C210&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039521_.jpg?fit=840%2C589&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039521_.jpg?w=279&h=196&ssl=1\" width=\"279\" height=\"196\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"279\" data-original-height=\"196\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Schick Test_AHB2014q039521\" alt=\"A small glass jar with a stopper and it's cardboard box.\" style=\"width: 279px; height: 196px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Example of the Schick Test Control Material: Eli Lilly and Company Schick Test Control, V-923 (10 tests), about 1952. Courtesy National Museum of American History. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 557px; height: 370px;\" data-original-width=\"557\" data-original-height=\"370\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/attachment\/3412\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"553\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"366\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3412\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039497_.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1112,736\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"5","credit":"Rachel Anderson","camera":"Canon PowerShot SX50 HS","caption":"AHB2014q039497","created_timestamp":"1352606402","copyright":"This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. The image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws.","focal_length":"20.427","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.025","title":"??????????????"}\" data-image-title=\"Schick Test_AHB2014q039497\" data-image-description=\"<p>10 tests 1cc. No 2466-05 Lederle. Diphtheria Toxin for Schick Test. Purogenated. Laboratories at Pearl River, N. Y. Lederle Laboratories Division, American Cyanamid Company, New York, N. Y. Expiration Date Sep. 22; 1951 Lot No. 2466-11B<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039497_.jpg?fit=300%2C199&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039497_.jpg?fit=840%2C556&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039497_.jpg?w=553&h=366&ssl=1\" width=\"553\" height=\"366\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"553\" data-original-height=\"366\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Schick Test_AHB2014q039497\" alt=\"A small closed glass jar with a metal cap and it's cardboard box.\" style=\"width: 553px; height: 366px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Example of the Schick Test: American Cynamid Company Diphtheria Toxin for Schick Test, Purogenated, 1951. Courtesy National Museum of American History. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>The test proved useful not only in preventing unnecessary exposure to serum, but in developing a greater understanding of the epidemiology of diphtheria.\u00a0 Schick tests on large groups of people provided data indicating that the time of greatest susceptibility to diphtheria was between the ages of one and four. This window encompassed a period when infants had lost the immunity provided to them from their mothers but before children had enough exposure to non-virulent strains to develop their own immunity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/25\\\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 383px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"383\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 440px; height: 383px;\" data-original-width=\"440\" data-original-height=\"383\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"436\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"379\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3415\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize.png\" data-orig-size=\"1383,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize.png?fit=300%2C260&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize.png?fit=840%2C729&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize.png?w=436&h=379&ssl=1\" width=\"436\" height=\"379\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"436\" data-original-height=\"379\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"schick-test-at-brooklyn-ps-50_smaller_resize\" alt=\"Twenty-eight boys lined up around a room waiting in turn to be seen by a nurse.\" style=\"width: 436px; height: 379px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Lining up for the Schick test at P.S. 50, Brooklyn, New York, early 1920s. Courtesy the National Museum of American History. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 383px;\" data-original-width=\"400\" data-original-height=\"383\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/02\/25\/bela-schick-and-serum-sickness\/baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"396\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"379\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"3414\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize.png\" data-orig-size=\"1254,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize\" data-image-description=\"<p>Diphtheria Prevention<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize.png?fit=300%2C287&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize.png?fit=840%2C804&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize.png?w=396&h=379&ssl=1\" width=\"396\" height=\"379\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"396\" data-original-height=\"379\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"baby-health-station-schick-test_smaller_resize\" alt=\"A group of women in overcoats holding small children sitting in chairs while a woman treats a child on a woman's lap. Nurses work in the background.\" style=\"width: 396px; height: 379px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Diphtheria Prevention: Giving the Schick test in a Baby Health Station, Brooklyn, New York, about 1920. Courtesy the National Museum of American History <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>In 1923, Schick moved to the US, after accepting a post at New York\u2019s Mount Sinai Hospital.\u00a0 Just two years prior to his arrival, his test provided the New York Public Health System with an important tool in their mass diphtheria immunization campaign for the city\u2019s school children.\u00a0 The Schick test determined which students were not yet immune and should receive a dose of a new vaccine which conferred immunity for years rather than the mere three weeks of the earlier antitoxin serum.\u00a0 Students participating in the drive were given buttons reading \u201cI am Schicked! Are you?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In 1957, with diphtheria under control in the United States, an 80 year old, still-practicing Schick was <a title=\"Google Books\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5lYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77&dq=medical+legend+still+going+strong&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QDbgUvriNdWksQT74ICgCw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\">featured in <i>Life <\/i>magazine<\/a>.\u00a0 Despite his lengthy pediatric career, Schick remained best known for his test, prompting him to tell the reporter documenting his day-to-day work \u201cYou see, I\u2019m not just a scratch on the arm!\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Explore<\/em> From DNA to Beer: Harnessing Nature in Medicine & Industry <em>online for yourself at <a title=\"From DNA to Beer: Harnessing Nature in Medicine & Industry\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/fromdnatobeer\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/fromdnatobeer\/index.html<\/a>. To book the traveling exhibition or see when it comes to your town, visit the traveling exhibition page at <a title=\"NLM's Exhibition Program\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/about\/exhibition\/fromdnatobeer-bookinfo.html\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/about\/exhibition\/fromdnatobeer-bookinfo.html<\/a>. Read more posts in this series <a title=\"Circulating Now: From DNA to Beer\" href=\"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/category\/series\/from-dna-to-beer\/\">here<\/a>.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Circulating Now welcomes guest bloggers Diane Wendt and Mallory Warner from the Division of Medicine and Science at the Smithsonian<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":3412,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,2029,207572835,51014,2347],"tags":[273905,273907,15888,2143828,604852,668,52877],"class_list":["post-3394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-exhibitions","category-from-dna-to-beer","category-guests","category-series","tag-1800s","tag-1900s","tag-collaboration","tag-diphtheria","tag-immunization","tag-research","tag-vaccine"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/ahb2014q039497_.jpg?fit=1112%2C736&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-SK","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3394"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3394\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21739,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3394\/revisions\/21739"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |