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{"id":29772,"date":"2024-09-19T11:00:52","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T15:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=29772"},"modified":"2024-10-01T12:53:12","modified_gmt":"2024-10-01T16:53:12","slug":"ghayat-al-itqan-vs-ghayat-al-bayan-similarities-and-differences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/09\/19\/ghayat-al-itqan-vs-ghayat-al-bayan-similarities-and-differences\/","title":{"rendered":"Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n vs Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n: Similarities and differences"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Ayman Yasin Atat ~<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29776\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29776\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29776\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/09\/19\/ghayat-al-itqan-vs-ghayat-al-bayan-similarities-and-differences\/a135b_9404698\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?fit=798%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"798,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"a135b_9404698\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p><em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>, 1749<br \/>\n<a href="https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma997488233406676"><em>National Library of Medicine #9404698<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?fit=200%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?fit=681%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-29776\" title=\"MS A 13\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?resize=400%2C602&ssl=1\" alt=\"A page of a manuscript in Arabic with a decorative page heading in blue and gold.\" width=\"400\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?resize=681%2C1024&ssl=1 681w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?resize=200%2C300&ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?resize=768%2C1155&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a135b_9404698.jpg?w=798&ssl=1 798w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>, 1749<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma997488233406676\"><em>National Library of Medicine #9404698<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>During my recent visit to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) I explored the manuscripts authored by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/arabic\/bioI.html#sallum\">Ibn Sall\u016bm al-\u1e24alab\u012b<\/a>, a pivotal figure in integrating the principles of what was known as the new chemical medicine into Ottoman and Arabic medical knowledge. The main two books of Ibn Sall\u016bm are <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> (The Culmination of Perfection) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/arabic\/chemical_medicine2.html\">MS A13<\/a>) and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/13\/ghayat-al-bayan-a-master-storyteller-of-medical-knowledge-transmission\/\">Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/a><\/em> (The Culmination of Explanation) (MS A30 & MS A12). Their titles may initially seem similar to those unfamiliar with the topic. However, upon closer examination, it becomes clear that they are different. Having had the opportunity to consult both works, I found it valuable to delve into their similarities and differences, shedding light on the distinct features of each manuscript and their significance.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29779\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29779\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29779\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/09\/19\/ghayat-al-itqan-vs-ghayat-al-bayan-similarities-and-differences\/a121a_9404698\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?fit=811%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"811,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"a121a_9404698\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n, 1826<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #9404724<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?fit=203%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?fit=692%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-29779\" title=\"MS A30 & MS A12\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?resize=400%2C592&ssl=1\" alt=\"A page of manuscript in Arabic with words emphasized with size and color.\" width=\"400\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?resize=692%2C1024&ssl=1 692w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?resize=203%2C300&ssl=1 203w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?resize=768%2C1136&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698.jpg?w=811&ssl=1 811w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29779\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n, 1826<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma997488483406676\"><em>National Library of Medicine #9404724<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Before diving into the comparison, it’s crucial to address the languages in which they were originally written. While both manuscripts at NLM are in Arabic, it’s noteworthy that Ibn Sall\u016bm initially authored <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> in Ottoman Turkish, and it was subsequently translated into Arabic. Conversely, <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> was directly composed in Arabic by Ibn Sall\u016bm.<\/p>\n<p>Although both <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> and <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> consist of four treatises, their titles are not similar. In <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em>, Ibn Sall\u016bm organizes the content into four treatises, each addressing distinct facets of medical knowledge. The first treatise examines the six necessary conditions essential for maintaining health, such as air quality, nutrition, etc. The second treatise delves into the realm of pharmacy, categorizing drugs into two chapters: simple drugs and compound formulations. The third treatise extends the discussion to diseases and ailments from head to toe. Finally, the fourth treatise encompasses generalized diseases, those affecting the body as a whole rather than targeting specific organs like fever, poisoning, etc.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29781\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29781\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29781\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/09\/19\/ghayat-al-itqan-vs-ghayat-al-bayan-similarities-and-differences\/9403778-pg322\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?fit=703%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"703,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"9403778-pg322\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Qa\u0304nu\u0304n fi\u0304 al-t\u0323ibb, 13th century<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #9403778<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?fit=176%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?fit=600%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-29781\" title=\"Avicenna's Canon of Medicine \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?resize=400%2C683&ssl=1\" alt=\"A page of a manuscript in Arabic with a decorative page heading in blue and gold and annotation in the margin.\" width=\"400\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?resize=600%2C1024&ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?resize=176%2C300&ssl=1 176w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9403778-pg322.jpg?w=703&ssl=1 703w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29781\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Qa\u0304nu\u0304n fi\u0304 al-t\u0323ibb, 13th century<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/9403778\"><em>National Library of Medicine #9403778<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>, on the other hand, comprises four extensive volumes, each offering a distinct perspective on medical knowledge. The first volume is dedicated to a comprehensive discussion of the most common diseases, divided into four treatises elucidating various ailments and their treatment modalities. The second volume delves into the rules governing drug preparation, detailing the substances and the methodologies involved across three treatises. The third volume shifts focus to compound drugs, exploring their formulations and applications through two treatises. Notably, the fourth volume, titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/08\/15\/unveiling-the-manuscript-ms-a78-at-nlm-the-new-chemical-medicine\/\">The New Chemical Medicine<\/a>,\u201d stands out as a distinct entity within the manuscript tradition. This particular volume, housed individually as MS A78 in the NLM collection, addresses the emerging field of chemical medicine. It’s important to note that the <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> manuscript housed at the NLM contains only the first volume, which focuses on diseases and their treatments.<\/p>\n<p>Upon closer examination of the structural composition of each manuscript, it becomes evident that <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> bears a striking resemblance to Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine. This similarity can be attributed to several factors, the main one being the historical context in which <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> was conceived. Authored in Ottoman Turkish, <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> sought to fulfill the need for a comprehensive medical encyclopedia akin to Avicenna’s work, but in the vernacular language, particularly since the Canon had not yet been translated into Turkish during that period.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Comparison of Quotations between <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> & <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is widely acknowledged that Ibn Sall\u016bm al-\u1e24alab\u012b was significantly influenced by European medical knowledge, particularly in the realm of what came to be known as the new chemical medicine. His pioneering efforts in incorporating the works of European authors into his own manuscripts played a pivotal role in disseminating this emerging knowledge among physicians of the time. Therefore, in considering his methodology of quoting these European sources, despite the overarching similarity in their thematic content, a closer examination of Ibn Sall\u016bm’s works (<em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> & <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em>) reveals intriguing differences in the quotations of the European sources he employs. These distinctions raise an interesting question about the reasons for his selective quotations of some sources more than others.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29783\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29783\" style=\"width: 207px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29783\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/09\/19\/ghayat-al-itqan-vs-ghayat-al-bayan-similarities-and-differences\/sennert_101428784\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?fit=826%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"826,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Sennert_101428784\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Daniel Sennert (1572\u20131637)<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101428784<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?fit=207%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?fit=705%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-29783\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?resize=207%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"An engraving of a White man in a robe holding a scroll with his hand on an anatomical book.\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?resize=207%2C300&ssl=1 207w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?resize=705%2C1024&ssl=1 705w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?resize=768%2C1116&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sennert_101428784.jpg?w=826&ssl=1 826w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29783\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Sennert (1572\u20131637)<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101428784\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101428784<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In both <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> and <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>, Ibn Sall\u016bm frequently quotes Daniel Sennert, with some quotations being identical in both works. However, an intriguing observation emerges regarding Ibn Sall\u016bm’s use of other European sources. In <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em>, numerous quotations from Nicolaus Myrepsus, particularly concerning recipes, abound, while a striking absence of Myrepsus’ recipes is notable in <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>. The reason behind this discrepancy remains unclear. Additionally, while <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> often denotes European medical practitioners of the time by using general terms like \u201cthe chemical physicians\u201d, <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> explicitly the names of European authors such as Luis Mercado, Johannes Platearius, Oswald Croll, among others. This differentiation in citation style underscores a notable difference between the two works, raising questions about Ibn Sall\u016bm’s approach to incorporating European medical knowledge in each book.<\/p>\n<p>The differences in citation style between <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> and <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> prompt consideration of Ibn Sall\u016bm’s broader intentions behind these variations. As previously discussed, upon examining Ibn Sall\u016bm’s four-book compilation on the new chemical medicine, it becomes apparent that he specifically dedicates <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> to delve into the principles and practices of this emerging field. Coupled with the explicit naming of European authors, this demonstrates Ibn Sall\u016bm’s keen interest in introducing and disseminating the latest medical knowledge from European sources. Conversely, the predominant focus of <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> appears to be on offering a comprehensive representation of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine in Ottoman Turkish, while also incorporating elements of this new medical knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, in the comparison between <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> and <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>, a notable discrepancy arises concerning the inclusion of prophetic medicine quotations. While <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> is abundant with references to prophetic medicine, <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> strikingly lacks such mentions. This omission prompts reflection on Ibn Sall\u016bm’s underlying motivations. Notably, Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine lacks mention of prophetic medicine, which makes Ibn Sall\u016bm’s decision to incorporate such references in <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> significant. By blending elements of prophetic medicine and European medical knowledge with classical medical traditions, Ibn Sall\u016bm likely sought to make <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> emerge as a multifaceted work, offering a broader perspective compared to Avicenna’s Canon.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In concluding our comparative analysis of <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em> and <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em>, it becomes evident that while both manuscripts share similarities in authorship and thematic content, they diverge significantly in their structural organization and citation practices.<\/p>\n<p>This comparative study underscores Ibn Sall\u016bm’s approach to integrating diverse medical knowledge sources and prompts questions about his motivations. Furthermore, the structural variances between the two works highlight Ibn Sall\u016bm’s diverse intellectual pursuits. On one hand, he aimed to offer a comprehensive medical encyclopedia akin to Avicenna’s Al-Qanun with <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Bay\u0101n<\/em>. On the other hand, <em>Gh\u0101yat al-Itq\u0101n<\/em> demonstrates his focus on the emerging field of chemical medicine. These differences offer valuable insights into Ibn Sall\u016bm’s contributions to the medical knowledge landscape of his time.<\/p>\n<p><em>It has been a great pleasure to access numerous manuscripts housed at the National Library of Medicine, particularly in the field of the history of pharmacy, made possible through the funding I received from The NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellowship in the History of Medicine. I extend my sincere gratitude to the staff at the NLM for their invaluable assistance and support.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29401\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/13\/ghayat-al-bayan-a-master-storyteller-of-medical-knowledge-transmission\/atat\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?fit=500%2C375&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"500,375\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"Ayman Yasin Atat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?fit=500%2C375&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-29401\" title=\"Ayman Yasin Atat\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?resize=100%2C75&ssl=1\" alt=\"Informal portrait of a man in front of library shelves.\" width=\"100\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?w=500&ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?resize=400%2C300&ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Atat.jpg?resize=200%2C150&ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>Ayman Yasin Atat is a pharmacist with a PhD in the history of pharmacy and a 2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/get-involved\/debakey-fellowship.html\">NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow in the History of Medicine<\/a>. He currently serves as a principal investigator on a project at the Department for the History of Pharmacy at TU Braunschweig in Germany funded by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The call for applications for the 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/get-involved\/debakey-fellowship.html\">NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellowship in the History of Medicine<\/a> is closing soon! Applications are due by September 30, 2024.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ayman Yasin Atat ~ During my recent visit to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) I explored the manuscripts<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":29786,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,51014,347145303],"tags":[275516,273905,21106,6200,58980,668],"class_list":["post-29772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-guests","category-rare-books-journals","tag-1600s","tag-1800s","tag-arabic","tag-drugs","tag-fellowship","tag-research"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/a121a_9404698_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-7Kc","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29772"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32829,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29772\/revisions\/32829"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |