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{"id":29345,"date":"2024-06-18T11:00:13","date_gmt":"2024-06-18T15:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=29345"},"modified":"2024-07-05T08:49:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-05T12:49:52","slug":"juneteenth-history-and-healing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/18\/juneteenth-history-and-healing\/","title":{"rendered":"Juneteenth: History and Healing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Kenneth M. Koyle ~<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Every year on June 19th we celebrate Juneteenth, a holiday commemorating the abolition of slavery in the United States, and the end to what is arguably the darkest period of our nation\u2019s history. African people had been captured, enslaved, and transported to North America since the early 16th century. Slavery had been a contentious issue since America\u2019s founding, with fierce debate and complicated compromises about the \u201cpeculiar institution\u201d threatening to undermine the work of the Continental Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Washington\/04-04-02-0019\">George Washington wrote in 1786<\/a> that:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201c…there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of [slavery]; but there is only one proper and effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is by Legislative authority.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>It would take almost 80 years, and another 15 presidential administrations, before that legislative authority was finally enacted.<\/p>\n<p>By 1861 the issue of slavery had become so divisive in the United States that the nation went to war over it. At first the focus of the U.S. government was entirely on preserving the union, regardless of the impact on slavery in the states where it was still legal. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/node\/342162\">Abraham Lincoln famously said in 1862<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cIf I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>But even as he was making this statement it was clear that the Union could not be restored to its antebellum status. Lincoln signed the <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/catalog\/nlm:nlmuid-101653973-bk\">Emancipation Proclamation<\/a> just a month later, and it became effective on January 1, 1863, freeing all slaves held in states in rebellion.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29354\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29354\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29354\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/18\/juneteenth-history-and-healing\/general-orders-139_101653973\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?fit=719%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"719,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"General-orders-139_101653973\" data-image-description=\"<p>“That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognise and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Lincoln\u2019s Emancipation Proclamation, September 24, 1862<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101653973<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?fit=180%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?fit=614%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-29354\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?resize=250%2C417&ssl=1\" alt=\"A page of printed text headed General Orders 139, by the President of the United States, A Proclamation.\" width=\"250\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?resize=614%2C1024&ssl=1 614w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?resize=180%2C300&ssl=1 180w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/General-orders-139_101653973.jpg?w=719&ssl=1 719w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29354\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emancipation Proclamation, 1862<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101653973\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101653973<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>“…That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognise and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”<\/p>\n<p> <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Of course, the Emancipation Proclamation was a document of the United States government, and the Confederate states who had seceded from that government stood in opposition to it. Word of the proclamation spread slowly through the southern states, carried by Union soldiers as they fought through the territory. It would be two and a half long years, June 19, 1865, before Major General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas with 2,000 Union troops and read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/news\/articles\/juneteenth-original-document\">General Order No. 3<\/a>, informing the people of Texas that slaves in the state were free, with \u201can absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29352\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29352\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29352\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/18\/juneteenth-history-and-healing\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?fit=1200%2C439&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,439\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>General Orders No. 3, read by MG Gordon Granger, June 19, 1865<br \/>\nNational Archives #182778372<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?fit=300%2C110&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?fit=840%2C308&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-29352 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?resize=840%2C308&ssl=1\" alt=\"Handwritten text on lined paper dated June 19, 1865, stamped "War Records: Copied"\" width=\"840\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?resize=1024%2C375&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?resize=300%2C110&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?resize=768%2C281&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?resize=840%2C307&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/juneteenth-gen-order3-banner-780-285.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29352\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">General Orders No. 3, read by Major General Gordon Granger, June 19, 1865<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.archives.gov\/id\/182778372\"><em>National Archives #182778372<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>One year later, on June 19, 1866, the first Juneteenth commemoration was held at Emancipation Park, on land in Houston that had been purchased by newly free African Americans.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29371\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29371\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29371\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/18\/juneteenth-history-and-healing\/pica-05476_austinhc\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?fit=1506%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1506,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"PICA-05476_AustinHC\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Picnic At Emancipation Day Celebration, June 19, 1900<br \/>\nAustin History Center #PICA-05476<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?fit=300%2C239&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?fit=840%2C669&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?resize=840%2C669&ssl=1\" alt=\"A photograph of four well-dressed Black men and two Black women posed in a park, with horses and carriages in the background.\" width=\"840\" height=\"669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?resize=1024%2C816&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?resize=300%2C239&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?resize=768%2C612&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?resize=1200%2C956&ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?resize=840%2C669&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC.jpg?w=1506&ssl=1 1506w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29371\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picnic At Emancipation Day Celebration, June 19, 1900<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/ahc.access.preservica.com\/uncategorized\/IO_75b0ffd1-4e0c-47bc-bc97-858e62d317b2\/\"><em>Austin History Center #PICA-05476<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>While emancipation meant freedom for hundreds of thousands of enslaved people throughout the south, it also opened a new chapter in the struggle of Black Americans that persists to this day. Freedom did not convey equality, and pervasive racism made it virtually impossible for the emancipated population to obtain the basic necessities of life, like reliable healthcare. During the Civil War the U.S. government established <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101459954?_gl=1*1u5zm6e*_ga*MTE1MDk5OTYxMC4xNjYyMTQ1NDI3*_ga_7147EPK006*MTcxMzIwMTIyNi4zMDkuMS4xNzEzMjAxMzU3LjAuMC4w*_ga_P1FPTH9PL4*MTcxMzIwMTIyNi4zMTEuMS4xNzEzMjAxMzU3LjAuMC4w\">Freedmen\u2019s Hospitals<\/a> to provide care in Union-occupied cities throughout the south including Memphis, Tennessee and Joplin, Missouri. In 1863 General Oliver Otis Howard established the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2642276\/\">Freedmen\u2019s Hospital in Washington, DC<\/a>, which still exists as the Howard University Hospital.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29350\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29350\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"29350\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2024\/06\/18\/juneteenth-history-and-healing\/feedmans-hospital_101459954\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?fit=1600%2C1017&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1017\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Feedmans-hospital_101459954\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Freeman Hospital, Joplin, Missouri, 1925<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101459954<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?fit=300%2C191&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?fit=840%2C534&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29350\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=840%2C534&ssl=1\" alt=\"A postcard with a photograph of a large, urban, colonial brick building with a five story wing and a front lawn.\" width=\"840\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=1024%2C651&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=300%2C191&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=768%2C488&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=1536%2C976&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=1200%2C763&ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?resize=840%2C534&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Feedmans-hospital_101459954.jpg?w=1600&ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29350\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freeman Hospital, Joplin, Missouri, 1925<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101459954\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101459954<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Despite the emergence of hospitals and a <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101658664?_gl=1*abgnzl*_ga*NjI0NjIxMzMyLjE3MDk5MTA3NTI.*_ga_7147EPK006*MTcxNjMxMDg2Mi4xMDcuMS4xNzE2MzEzMzAwLjAuMC4w*_ga_P1FPTH9PL4*MTcxNjMxMDg2Mi4xMTIuMS4xNzE2MzEzMzAwLjAuMC4w\">Freedmen\u2019s Bureau<\/a> dedicated to caring for Black Americans, racist policies in most medical schools meant that there were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/bindingwounds\/index.html?_gl=1*181go4v*_ga*NzgwOTM1ODcxLjE3MTY5MDMyNTM.*_ga_P1FPTH9PL4*MTcxNzQxMzk5MC4yNC4xLjE3MTc0MTU1NjUuMC4wLjA.\">too few Black doctors<\/a> to care for the population, and too few White doctors were willing to care for Black patients. Health disparities persisted and grew throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/resources\/understanding-health-disparities\/srd.html\">structural racism and discrimination<\/a> has been an ever-present problem throughout our history.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10197\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10197\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/louis-w-sullivan.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"10197\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/09\/27\/a-personal-perspective-on-race-opportunity-and-the-u-s-health-system\/louis-w-sullivan\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/louis-w-sullivan.jpg?fit=693%2C927&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"693,927\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"louis-w-sullivan\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/louis-w-sullivan.jpg?fit=224%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/louis-w-sullivan.jpg?fit=693%2C927&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-10197\" title=\"Louis Sullivan \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/louis-w-sullivan.jpg?resize=300%2C401&ssl=1\" alt=\"Formal Portrait of Louis W. Sullivan\" width=\"300\" height=\"401\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10197\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Sullivan, ca. 2016 <br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/11\/02\/louis-w-sullivan-papers-now-available-for-research\/\"><em>Explore the Louis Sullivan Papers at NLM<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In recent years the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health have focused energy and resources on reducing <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/healthdisparities.html\">health disparities<\/a> and improving <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/resources\/understanding-health-disparities\/health-equity.html\">health equity<\/a>. NIH established the Office of Minority Programs in 1990 under the guidance of then Secretary of Health and Human Services, <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/09\/27\/a-personal-perspective-on-race-opportunity-and-the-u-s-health-system\/\">Dr. Louis Sullivan<\/a>. The office sponsored conferences and funded several prominent research initiatives. It was expanded first into the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD) in 2000, then into the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) in 2010. Today NIMHD funds both intramural and extramural research to better understand minority health and reduce health disparities, they collaborate with partners across NIH (<a href=\"https:\/\/infocus.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/05\/04\/mentoring-in-medicine-event-surprises-and-motivates-students\/\">including NLM<\/a>), and they conduct <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/programs\/edu-training\/\">education and outreach programs<\/a> to expand the scientific knowledge base and disseminate research findings and health information.<\/p>\n<p>Many <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2023\/06\/09\/more-than-half-of-states-now-recognize-juneteenth-as-an-official-holiday\/\">states<\/a> have observed Juneteenth in various forms for more than 40 years, and President Joe Biden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/117\/plaws\/publ17\/PLAW-117publ17.pdf\">signed legislation<\/a> making Juneteenth a national holiday on June 17, 2021. This Juneteenth, as we celebrate how far we have come since Major General Granger read the Emancipation Proclamation to the people of Texas in 1865, we must also recognize how much is left to do and set ourselves to the work of finally completing the emancipation by eliminating structural racism and ensuring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.support8cre.com\/\">health equity for all<\/a>. There is so much work to do, but there is reason for optimism with the emergence of institutions ready to meet the challenge.<\/p>\n<p><em><span class=\"ui-provider a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2277\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2013\/11\/11\/the-eleventh-hour\/koyle\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?fit=681%2C713&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"681,713\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"4.5","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D700","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1345802906","copyright":"","focal_length":"105","iso":"500","shutter_speed":"0.033333333333333","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Koyle\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?fit=287%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?fit=681%2C713&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2277\" title=\"Kenneth M. Koyle\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?resize=100%2C105&ssl=1\" alt=\"Formal portrait of a white man in a suit.\" width=\"100\" height=\"105\" \/><\/a>Kenneth M. Koyle is Deputy Chief of the Engagement Branch in the User Services and Collection Division at the National Library of Medicine<\/span>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On June 19, 1866, the first Juneteenth commemoration was held at Emancipation Park, on land in Houston that had been purchased by newly free African Americans, but freedom did not convey equality. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":29364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[14520,42333869,12763,4940351,347145303],"tags":[168941,678875941,678875950],"class_list":["post-29345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-about-us","category-archives-manuscripts","category-collections","category-prints-photographs","category-rare-books-journals","tag-african-american-history","tag-health-disparities","tag-race"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/PICA-05476_AustinHC_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-7Dj","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29345","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29345"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29345\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29481,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29345\/revisions\/29481"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29345"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29345"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29345"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |