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{"id":27695,"date":"2023-10-19T11:00:18","date_gmt":"2023-10-19T15:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=27695"},"modified":"2023-10-18T16:25:07","modified_gmt":"2023-10-18T20:25:07","slug":"promising-future-complex-past-artificial-intelligence-and-the-legacy-of-physiognomy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/10\/19\/promising-future-complex-past-artificial-intelligence-and-the-legacy-of-physiognomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Promising Future, Complex Past: Artificial Intelligence and the Legacy of Physiognomy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By Erika Mills ~<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27698\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27698\" style=\"width: 261px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"27698\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/10\/19\/promising-future-complex-past-artificial-intelligence-and-the-legacy-of-physiognomy\/ob22172-pr\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?fit=312%2C359&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"312,359\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"The National Library of Medicine","camera":"CopiBook_V-shape A1 [SN: 384901] - Eagle 50mm [SN: 384501","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"OB22172-pr\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?fit=261%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?fit=312%2C359&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-27698 size-medium\" title=\"Facial appearance was linked to a tendency toward crime in the 19th and early 20th centuries\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?resize=261%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of white man measuring another white man with an apparatus\" width=\"261\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?resize=261%2C300&ssl=1 261w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22172-pr.jpg?w=312&ssl=1 312w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27698\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Apparatuses used to measure convicts\u2019 personal attributes from <em>Criminal man, according to the classification of Cesare Lombroso,<\/em> Cesare and Gina Lombroso, 1911<br \/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma994045473406676\">National Library of Medicine #60611900R<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Today\u2019s artificial intelligence and computer science technologies can identify a person, infer one\u2019s emotions and tendencies, and provide insights about one\u2019s health. They apply cutting edge techniques to an age-old pursuit: to learn about a person\u2019s innerworkings from their outward appearance. In the past, physiognomy, the practice of assessing mental character based on physical attributes, sought to achieve a similar but often misguided goal. Now debunked as pseudoscience, physiognomy enjoyed periods of legitimacy and influence over a history spanning millennia, before being discredited in the 20th century. Society has rejected the unscientific aspects of physiognomy, but efforts to gain information from physical characteristics continue through current technologies which have the potential to make the world safer and improve health, while impacting how data is collected, shared, and preserved.<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/artificial-intelligence-and-physiognomy\/index.html\">Promising Future, Complex Past: Artificial Intelligence and the Legacy of Physiognomy<\/a><\/em>, a new online exhibition from the National Library of Medicine, presents the history of physiognomy and explores its influence on some modern fields of computer science that collect and analyze data from the body. The exhibition showcases NLM collection items from the Renaissance to the 21st century and includes links to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/artificial-intelligence-and-physiognomy\/resources.html\">NLM health information resources<\/a>, as well as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/artificial-intelligence-and-physiognomy\/digitalgallery.html\">digital gallery<\/a> of 17 items from NLM\u2019s Digital Collections related to debunked historical ideas about personal attributes like intelligence and character, historical reasoning, and efforts to ensure accuracy and reliability, mitigate bias, and prevent harmful consequences in late 20th century AI research.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some highlights from <em>Promising Future, Complex Past<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>In the ancient world, physiognomy had been practiced as a form of fortune telling. Classical Greek philosophers and physicians transformed physiognomy into a method to determine one\u2019s character, believing in a symmetry between the soul and the body. <em>Physiognomica<\/em>, a work attributed to followers of Aristotle, describes physiognomy methods, including assigning personality traits based on resemblance to animals, perceived ethnicity, and facial expressions. These influential concepts endured into the 19th century.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27697\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27697\" style=\"width: 701px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"27697\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/10\/19\/promising-future-complex-past-artificial-intelligence-and-the-legacy-of-physiognomy\/ob22161\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?fit=822%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"822,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1669889778","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"OB22161\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?fit=206%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?fit=701%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-27697 size-large\" title=\"Aristotle and many other ancient Greek philosophers espoused physiognomic ideas in their works\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?resize=701%2C1024&ssl=1\" alt=\"Ornately illustrated title page of a book\" width=\"701\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?resize=701%2C1024&ssl=1 701w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?resize=206%2C300&ssl=1 206w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?resize=768%2C1121&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22161.jpg?w=822&ssl=1 822w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27697\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>In Physiognomica Aristotelis commentii,<\/em> Camillo Baldi and Geronimo Tamburini, 1621<br \/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma992340393406676\">National Library of Medicine #2304076R<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Physical anthropologists of the 18th\u201320th centuries used measurements of the face, skull, and body to define race. They correlated these race-defining characteristics with intelligence and moral character and deemed certain races to be superior or inferior based on these assessments. American physician Josiah Clark Nott (1804\u20131873) was a proponent of scientific racism.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27707\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27707\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"27707\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/10\/19\/promising-future-complex-past-artificial-intelligence-and-the-legacy-of-physiognomy\/60411950r-pdf-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?fit=1200%2C746&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,746\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"Nott, Josiah Clark,1804-1873. -","camera":"","caption":"Anthropology - Continental Population Groups - Religion and Science","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"60411950R.pdf","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"60411950R.pdf\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Anthropology – Continental Population Groups – Religion and Science<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?fit=300%2C187&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?fit=840%2C523&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-27707 size-large\" title=\"Nott was a proponent of polygenism, the theory of separate origins of the races, rather a single origin of humanity\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?resize=840%2C523&ssl=1\" alt=\"Illustration of a world map indicating the geographic origins of various racial groups\" width=\"840\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?resize=1024%2C637&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?resize=300%2C187&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?resize=768%2C477&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?resize=840%2C522&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22178.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A world map of racial groups from <em>Types of mankind\u2026,<\/em> Josiah Clark Nott, 1857<br \/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/catalog\/nlm:nlmuid-60411950R-bk\">National Library of Medicine #60411950R<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Today, artificial intelligence and computer science technologies that collect and analyze body data can help uncover the mechanisms behind diseases, assist with diagnosis, predict health outcomes, and provide insights for more effective, individualized care. Here, computer vision, which analyzes images and video, is used to detect hard-to-see polyps from an endoscopy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27701\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27701\" style=\"width: 638px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"27701\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2023\/10\/19\/promising-future-complex-past-artificial-intelligence-and-the-legacy-of-physiognomy\/ob22283\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?fit=638%2C509&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"638,509\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"OB22283\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>dfgdfggdggdf<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?fit=300%2C239&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?fit=638%2C509&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-27701 size-full\" title=\"Computer vision is used in medicine, as well as security\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?resize=638%2C509&ssl=1\" alt=\"Scope image of a digestive tract with polyps pointed out\" width=\"638\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?w=638&ssl=1 638w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OB22283.jpg?resize=300%2C239&ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27701\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cComputer vision and augmented reality in gastrointestinal endoscopy.\u201d <em>Gastroenterol Report,<\/em> Mahmud N, Cohen J, Tsourides K, Berzin TM, 2015<br \/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4527270\/\">PubMed ID #26133175<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>To see more of <em>Promising Future, Complex Past: Artificial Intelligence and the Legacy of Physiognomy,<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/artificial-intelligence-and-physiognomy\/index.html\">visit the exhibition online<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Erika Mills is an exhibit specialist in the Exhibition Program, History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Erika Mills ~ Today\u2019s artificial intelligence and computer science technologies can identify a person, infer one\u2019s emotions and tendencies,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57991628,"featured_media":27718,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,2029],"tags":[72554,5043,2131788,678875950,6],"class_list":["post-27695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-exhibitions","tag-aristotle","tag-computer-science","tag-physiognomy","tag-race","tag-technology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PAI_feature-1.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-7cH","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57991628"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27695"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27776,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27695\/revisions\/27776"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27718"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} 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