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{"id":25423,"date":"2022-11-23T11:00:50","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T16:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=25423"},"modified":"2022-11-22T16:43:11","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T21:43:11","slug":"coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/11\/23\/coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Coffee Rationing During World War II"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Anne Rothfeld ~<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Coffee shops today are ubiquitous: nearly every street corner, airport, hotel, grocery store offers coffee in a myriad of forms.\u00a0 Yet, this was not the case during World War II.\u00a0 From early 1942 to the immediate postwar years, American military and civilians experienced coffee rationing.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25428\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25428\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"25428\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/11\/23\/coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii\/2762087r\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?fit=669%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"669,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"2762087R\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>A treatise Concerning the Properties and Effects of Coffee, 1792<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #2762087R<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?fit=167%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?fit=571%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-25428\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?resize=300%2C538&ssl=1\" alt=\"Printed Title Page\" width=\"300\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?resize=571%2C1024&ssl=1 571w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?resize=167%2C300&ssl=1 167w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2762087R.jpg?w=669&ssl=1 669w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25428\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Treatise Concerning the Properties and Effects of Coffee, 1792<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/2762087R\"><em>National Library of Medicine #2762087R<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Coffee has long been a mainstay of many cultures. With its bitter taste and the stimulating effects of caffeine, coffee has evolved into a drug of choice and is enjoyed from the Middle East to Europe to the Americas. Coffee has its origins in Persian homes and coffeehouses as early as ninth century, and the Islamic physician, Abu ibn Sina (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/arabic\/bioA.html\">Avicenna<\/a>), wrote about coffee around the year 1000. Arab traders in Africa first introduced coffee to Europeans in the late fourteenth century, and two hundred years later, Prospero Alpino of Padua\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma992335703406676\">described<\/a> the pleasure in drinking coffee. By the mid-1700s, coffee houses were <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/2762087R\">well established in Europe<\/a>, and Dutch and French traders introduced coffee to American plantations.<\/p>\n<p>Coffee was the most important beverage to serve U.S. Army troops. The War Department considered coffee an essential element to the troops\u2019 diet as it lifted the welfare and morale of the men. Military men believed that a warm cup of coffee completed the ration meal. In fact, the Army requisitioned \u201cten times\u201d more coffee in 1942 than in 1941, before Pearl Harbor.<\/p>\n<p>The War Department developed <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/14110590R\">different types of rations<\/a> for the U.S. troops, and coffee allotments varied with ration type. The garrison ration was issued for peace times, troops traveling who were separated from field kitchens, and for national emergencies. For troops in active combat, the Army field forces commanders issued C, K, or D rations each including high-calorie foodstuffs.\u00a0 Powdered coffee was delivered in C-rations to military troops, whereas field ration K was issued with \u201c5 grams soluble coffee\u201d at breakfast only.\u00a0 In contrast, the peacetime or garrison ration consisted of two ounces of roasted and ground coffee. Whatever the form of coffee provided, soldiers in the field often found it difficult to boil the water needed to prepare it. Soldiers warmed up water over \u201csome little candles.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25430\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25430\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"25430\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/11\/23\/coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii\/31110330r_pg15\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?fit=765%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"765,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"31110330R_pg15\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>This Hungry World in Food in War and in Peace, 1944<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #31110330R<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?fit=191%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?fit=653%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-25430\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?resize=300%2C471&ssl=1\" alt=\"A cartoon of Uncle Sam feeding a globe with a huge mouth from a bowl.\" width=\"300\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?resize=653%2C1024&ssl=1 653w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?resize=191%2C300&ssl=1 191w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/31110330R_pg15.jpg?w=765&ssl=1 765w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25430\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Hungry World in<em> Food in War and in Peace<\/em>, 1944<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/31110330R\"><em>National Library of Medicine #31110330R<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ersatz concoctions were developed to stretch or replace rations when coffee was scarce, including the boiling of the taproots of chicory, soybeans, barley, and grains as a potable dark liquid. Some soldiers mixed roasted grains (such as barley or acorns) with molasses, and if available chicory and dried fruits. Troops in the Pacific War steeped burnt rice in water as a coffee substitute.<\/p>\n<p>Food rationing on the home front took a toll on civilians\u2019 accustomed coffee consumption. The primary reason for wartime rationing was the equitable distribution of limited quantities of food to the American people. A second reason was to rally support for the European war.\u00a0 In the spring of 1942, the Office of Price Administration (OPA) implemented food rationing. The OPA asked all Americans to do with less at home so the troops have enough at the front and to rationing meant fair shares for everyone.\u00a0 Sacrificing on the Homefront was soon equated with supporting the military. The War Ration Book \u201cprovided \u2026 about a pound per person every five weeks, sufficient for a cup each day.\u201d The government asked Americans to reuse their brewed coffee grounds to stretch supplies. Additionally, and to prevent hoarding, the OPA requested that every American family report how many pounds were stored in pantries. Before long, American workers and housewives complained that rationing made their coffee tasted like dishwater, and affected their work performance as coffee rationing cut consumption from three cups to one per day.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25429\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25429\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"25429\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/11\/23\/coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii\/attachment\/101443305\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?fit=1600%2C1286&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1286\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"101443305\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Red Cross volunteer canteen workers serve refreshments to all blood donors, 1944<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101443305<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?fit=300%2C241&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?fit=840%2C675&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25429\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=840%2C675&ssl=1\" alt=\"People drink from mugs in a crowded cafe area staffed by women in nursing uniforms.\" width=\"840\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=1024%2C823&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=300%2C241&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=768%2C617&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=1536%2C1235&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=1200%2C965&ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?resize=840%2C675&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101443305.jpg?w=1600&ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25429\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red Cross Volunteer Canteen Workers Serve Refreshments to All Blood Donors, 1944<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101443305\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101443305<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Troops used coffee for its stimulant qualities. Stamina and alertness functions were necessary for nighttime combat, keeping soldiers\u2019 performance at high-levels. Coffee enabled troops to endure fighting fatigue. To combat drowsiness in the field, military cooks judiciously added coca leaves to the urns of brewed coffee. A doctor in the Pacific War recalled the scents of portable coffee pots drifting through the jungle.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25432\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25432\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"25432\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/11\/23\/coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii\/attachment\/101442867\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?fit=1600%2C1191&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1191\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"101442867\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Line at outdoor mess hall, 1942<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101442867<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?fit=300%2C223&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?fit=840%2C625&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25432\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=840%2C625&ssl=1\" alt=\"Military personnel stand in two long lines and make their way down a outdoor mess hall table. Two large tents stand in the background.\" width=\"840\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=1024%2C762&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=300%2C223&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=768%2C572&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=1536%2C1143&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=200%2C150&ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=1200%2C893&ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?resize=840%2C625&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg?w=1600&ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Line at an Outdoor Mess Hall, 1942<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101442867\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101442867<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hot coffee acted as a therapeutic in the fields. To prevent injured soldiers going into shock, field medics instructed the soldiers to give hot coffee, a teaspoon at a time, equal to a cup once an hour. Once resuscitated and conscious, the stimulants in the hot coffee, helped restore the patient\u2019s strength.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25431\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25431\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"25431\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/11\/23\/coffee-rationing-during-world-war-ii\/14230840r-pg13_comfort\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?fit=1600%2C1056&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1056\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"14230840R-pg13_comfort\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Receiving Ward and a Comforting Hand in The 108th Evacuation Hospital Travelogue, 1945<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #14230840R<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?fit=300%2C198&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?fit=840%2C555&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25431\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=840%2C555&ssl=1\" alt=\"A woman with a red cross armband helps a soldier with a bandaged face to refreshment.\" width=\"840\" height=\"555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=1024%2C676&ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=300%2C198&ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=768%2C507&ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=1536%2C1014&ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=1200%2C792&ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?resize=840%2C554&ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/14230840R-pg13_comfort.jpg?w=1600&ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25431\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receiving Ward and a Comforting Hand in <em>The 108th Evacuation Hospital Travelogue<\/em>, 1945<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/14230840R\"><em>National Library of Medicine #14230840R<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The war accelerated Nescafe\u2019s development and demand of instant and powered coffee\u2014a product that many of us today take for granted. Packaged in small envelopes, coffee powder could be easily carried, filling soldiers\u2019 needs to boost energy anywhere and anytime. Troops <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/atwar.blogs.nytimes.com\/2013\/08\/16\/the-marines-secret-weapon-coffee\/\">acquired a taste<\/a> for burned, bitter, black coffee; taking in both its stimulating effects and opportunity to bond with other soldiers.<\/p>\n<p><em>Anne Rothfeld, PhD, is a librarian and historian in the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Anne Rothfeld ~ Coffee shops today are ubiquitous: nearly every street corner, airport, hotel, grocery store offers coffee in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":25433,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,347145303],"tags":[6200,586,488,62291],"class_list":["post-25423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-rare-books-journals","tag-drugs","tag-food","tag-military","tag-world-war-ii"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/101442867.jpg_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-6C3","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25423"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25439,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25423\/revisions\/25439"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25433"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |