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{"id":16636,"date":"2019-07-03T12:00:55","date_gmt":"2019-07-03T16:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=16636"},"modified":"2019-07-03T10:26:45","modified_gmt":"2019-07-03T14:26:45","slug":"the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2019\/07\/03\/the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture\/","title":{"rendered":"The Phantom of the Anatomy Lecture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Michael Sappol ~<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Originally published in <\/em><a title=\"NLM's Hidden Treasure (PDF)\" href=\"http:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/HiddenTreasure\">Hidden Treasure: The National Library of Medicine<\/a><em>, 2011<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16639\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16639\" style=\"width: 404px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_059.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"16639\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2019\/07\/03\/the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture\/ht_059\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_059.jpg?fit=1086%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1086,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"James T. White, 1886\" data-image-description=\"<p>The manikin\u2019s flaps correspond to lecture topics such as the circulatory system, the brain and nervous system, the skeleton and muscles, venereal disease and the physiology of reproduction (male and female), first aid, and the dangers of corseting (visible in the far right). D r. Franke\u2019s Phantom (1891), a deluxe edition of White\u2019s Physiological Manikin, also contains flaps showing the stages of gestation and possible positions of fetuses and twins\u2014a pregnant hermaphrodite. The German \u201cDr. Franke\u201d is probably a corruption of \u201cDr. Frank Hamilton,\u201d whose endorsement was featured in American versions and who wrote an accompanying booklet.<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>White\u2019s Physiological Manikin, 1886<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101564128<br \/>\nPhotography by Arne Svenson<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_059.jpg?fit=272%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_059.jpg?fit=840%2C928&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-16639\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_059.jpg?resize=404%2C447&ssl=1\" alt=\"A lifesized layered cardboard anatomical chart propped in a sitting position.\" width=\"404\" height=\"447\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16639\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>White\u2019s Physiological Manikin<\/em>, 1886<br \/>James T. White & Co. New York. Chromolithograph flaps sewn onto varnished cardboard; die-cut leaves; 23 5\u20448 x 68 1\u20442 in.<br \/>The manikin\u2019s flaps correspond to lecture topics such as the circulatory system, the brain and nervous system, the skeleton and muscles, venereal disease and the physiology of reproduction (male and female), first aid, and the dangers of corseting (visible in the far right). D r. Franke\u2019s Phantom (1891), a deluxe edition of White\u2019s Physiological Manikin, also contains flaps showing the stages of gestation and possible positions of fetuses and twins\u2014a pregnant hermaphrodite. The German \u201cDr. Franke\u201d is probably a corruption of \u201cDr. Frank Hamilton,\u201d whose endorsement was featured in American versions and who wrote an accompanying booklet.<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101564128\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101564128<\/em><\/a><br \/><em>Photography by Arne Svenson<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>There he sits in retirement, still bearing the legend \u201cExamined and Approved by Frank H. Hamilton, M.D.\u201d (a prominent surgeon and one of the four physicians who attended President Garfield). But during his career, the life-size manikin worked standing up, or, more precisely, hanging from a hook. Then he sustained a wound: the stress of suspending his 8.2 pounds wore out the cardboard and he fell. It might have happened front stage at a medicine show, where a pitchman of nostrums was getting the suckers worked up by enumerating the \u201cthousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to.\u201d Or in a doctor\u2019s office, where the manikin served as a 100-in-1 quick reference wall chart. Or in a classroom, where he bore witness to lectures on the respiratory system, first aid, or nutrition.<\/p>\n<p>He was stiff and sharply delineated, contained. Yet he came equipped with extravagant foliage\u2014layers, sublayers, and openings\u2014like some tropical plant that just can\u2019t stop growing. On the right half of his torso alone there sprouted seventeen flaps, printed on both sides. He was a gadget that does too much: a Swiss Army knife with a thousand blades. A reviewer described him: \u201cBesides exhibiting the form, position, color, and relation of the organs of a healthy body\u2026the manikin is accompanied by a series of microscopical plates showing sections of lung, vein, valve, bone, hair, finger-end, skin, wall of stomach, cross-section of muscle, etc. The cranial, spinal, and sympathetic nerve systems, and their connections are also illustrated.\u201d Another writer raved about the many \u201csurgical operations\u201d presented in the manikin: \u201cLigations of Arteries, Amputations in the Seven Surgical Divisions of the Arm and Leg\u2026Lines of Exsections of Joints,\u201d etc.<\/p>\n<p>Some openings were morally instructive. Colored plates demonstrated \u201cthe effects of alcohol and narcotics on the human stomach,\u201d deformations of the female rib cage caused by corsetry, and \u201cmicroscopical sections representing pathological changes occurring in several maladies,\u201d including venereal diseases. The manikin\u2014obviously masculine, but an effigy of the universal human\u2014also contained both male and female organs of \u201cgeneration.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16640\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16640\" style=\"width: 207px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_058.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"16640\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2019\/07\/03\/the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture\/ht_058\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_058.jpg?fit=827%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"827,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"HT_058\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>The head of White\u2019s Physiological Manikin, 1886<br \/>\nNational Library of Medicine #101564128<br \/>\nPhotography by Arne Svenson<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_058.jpg?fit=207%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_058.jpg?fit=706%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16640\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_058.jpg?resize=207%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard.\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16640\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The head of <em>White\u2019s Physiological Manikin<\/em>, 1886<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/101564128\"><em>National Library of Medicine #101564128<\/em><\/a><br \/><em>Photography by Arne Svenson<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At an 1887 educational exposition in Chicago it was showered with \u201cspecial praise.\u201d At the time reformers claimed that every civilized person should have a basic knowledge of the human body and the laws of health. Twenty-five states required the teaching of physiology in public schools. But, for this task, books and lectures were insufficient. Visual and tactile aids were needed, argued Dr. Roger S. Tracy of the New York City Health Department. \u201cHuman dissection being out of the question,\u201d schools should buy three-dimensional \u201cdissectable\u201d manikins to \u201cafford the pupil a vivid and exact conception\u201d of the organs \u201cin their situations, connections, and relative dimensions.\u201d But such papier-m\u00e2ch\u00e9 manikins, imported from France, cost from $250 to $1,500\u2014too expensive for financially pressed school systems. White\u2019s Manikin, in contrast, went for $35. The school superintendent of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, ordered four for his grammar school classrooms. It was marketed for at least twenty years. A deluxe edition was repackaged in Germany as Dr. Franke\u2019s Phantom (1891), clairvoyantly anticipating its current status: a ghostly relic of late-nineteenth-century anatomical pedagogy.<\/p>\n<p><em>Learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/tag\/anatomy\/\">anatomy<\/a> in the historical collections of the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/katalog.uu.se\/profile\/?id=N16-1296\">Michael Sappol<\/a> was formerly historian and scholar-in-residence in the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine. In June 2016 he relocated to Stockholm, Sweden. He is the author of <\/em>A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-Century America <em>and <\/em>Dream Anatomy<em> and co-editor of <\/em>A Cultural History of the Body in the Age of Empire<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Michael Sappol ~ Originally published in Hidden Treasure: The National Library of Medicine, 2011. There he sits in retirement,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":16638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,347145303],"tags":[273905,26371,177,27942,3550,396604,1487506],"class_list":["post-16636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-rare-books-journals","tag-1800s","tag-anatomy","tag-art","tag-atlas","tag-germany","tag-health-education","tag-hidden-treasure"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ht_059-head_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-4kk","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16636"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16636\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16644,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16636\/revisions\/16644"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |