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{"id":15087,"date":"2018-10-11T11:00:46","date_gmt":"2018-10-11T15:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=15087"},"modified":"2021-07-23T13:17:57","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T17:17:57","slug":"fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/","title":{"rendered":"Fifteenth Century Books: From the Cradle of Printing in the West"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Laura Hartman ~<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Zodiac Man. Critical Days. Secrets of women. Chiromancy. Plague. Poisons. \u00a0Aristotle.\u00a0 Hippocrates. You can explore these topics and many more common themes of late medieval medical philosophy and practice in the National Library of Medicine collection of incunabula.<\/p>\n<p>Incunabula is a term coined in the 17th century to refer to books printed \u201cin the cradle\u201d or infancy of the Western printing press, generally from the early 1450s to 1500.\u00a0 The root word derives from the Latin for the leather straps that were used by the Romans to bind or swaddle infants in their cradles.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15099\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15099\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9203768_p1.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15099\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/9203768_p1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9203768_p1.jpg?fit=799%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"799,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"9203768_p1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>De pollution nocturna by Jean Gerson (1363\u20131429) Printed in Cologne by Ulrich Zell, ca. 1466<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9203768_p1.jpg?fit=200%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9203768_p1.jpg?fit=682%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-15099 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9203768_p1.jpg?resize=200%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"A printed page in Latin in one column with handwritten initial letters in red.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15099\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/9203768\"><em>De pollution nocturna<\/em><\/a> by Jean Gerson (1363\u20131429) Printed in Cologne by Ulrich Zell, ca. 1466<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The first works printed on the printing press were indulgences and Bibles. \u00a0Religious works were soon followed by secular ones.\u00a0 Medical and scientific works started to appear in the late 1460s.\u00a0 Initially they were simply printed editions of well-known (and frequently copied) manuscripts.<\/p>\n<p>The earliest printed books resemble their manuscript predecessors in many ways: they typically lack title pages; are <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.utexas.edu\/ransomcentermagazine\/2017\/01\/30\/page-turn-gutenberg\/\">rubricated<\/a>, meaning embellished in red ink (though they sometimes used blue); begin each major section with large initials; and frequently abbreviate\u00a0the words of the text or replace them with marks of contraction.\u00a0 \u00a0A few of these marks, such as the ampersand (&), are still used today. \u00a0\u00a0Illustrations, which began to appear in the early 1460s were rarely printed in color, but were hand-colored afterwards.<\/p>\n<p>Book production was expensive.\u00a0 A typical print run was only 200\u2013300 copies.\u00a0 Everything from the paper, to the ink, to the type, was made by hand.\u00a0 The type was set by hand, letter by letter, upside down and backwards, generally by illiterate typesetters who were following copy they could not read.\u00a0 The pages were <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/\">printed on sheets<\/a>, to be folded and bound together later.\u00a0 When mistakes were made, the press was stopped and the errors corrected, but the sheets with the errors were not discarded.\u00a0 Thus, minor differences in print settings between copies sometimes allow scholars to track the production history of a book.<\/p>\n<p>Title pages were rarely used before 1485.\u00a0 The first ones contained only a brief title and perhaps the author\u2019s name.\u00a0 Sometimes printers would add a device or mark, but there are many works printed during the incunable period that do not have a printer\u2019s name or date.\u00a0\u00a0 Scholars study the paper, type fonts, and wood-cuts to identify these printers and establish printing dates for these books.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 489px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"489\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 489px; height: 489px;\" data-original-width=\"489\" data-original-height=\"489\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/9413030_printers-device\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"485\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"485\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"15103\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9413030_printers-device.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Titlepage NLM #9413030\" data-image-description=\"<p>The titlepage is rubricated and includes contractions, it reads:<br \/> Ugo senensi super aphorismos Hypo. [et] sup[er] co[m]me[n]tu[m] Gal. eius interpretis<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9413030_printers-device.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9413030_printers-device.jpg?fit=840%2C840&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/9413030_printers-device.jpg?w=485&h=485&crop=1&ssl=1\" width=\"485\" height=\"485\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"485\" data-original-height=\"485\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Titlepage NLM #9413030\" alt=\"A few printed lines with a red initial capital on an otherwise blank but time worn page.\" style=\"width: 485px; height: 485px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Titlepage of Expositio super Aphorismos Hippocratis et Galeni commentum by Ugo Benzi (active 1376\u20131439), November 15, 1493 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 351px; height: 489px;\" data-original-width=\"351\" data-original-height=\"489\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/9410623_6\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"347\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"485\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"15234\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/9410623_6.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"859,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Titlepage NLM #9410623\" data-image-description=\"<p>The titlepage includes a long, title with contractions that reads: Astrolabium planum in tabulis ascendens: co[n]tinens qualibet hora atq[ue] minuto : equationes domo[rum] celi : mora[m] nati in vtero matris cum quoda[m] tractatu natiuitatum vtili ac ornato : necnon horas inequales pro quolibet climate mundi.<br \/> It also includes handwritten annotations.<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/9410623_6.jpg?fit=215%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/9410623_6.jpg?fit=733%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/9410623_6.jpg?w=347&h=485&ssl=1\" width=\"347\" height=\"485\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"347\" data-original-height=\"485\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Titlepage NLM #9410623\" alt=\"Nine printed lines in an inverse triangle shape and a fleur-de-lis with the intials L. A.\" style=\"width: 347px; height: 485px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Titlepage of Astrolabium planum in tabulis ascendens by Johannes Angelus (active 1463\u20131512), June 9, 1494 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>Of special interest to medical historians is Johannes de Ketham\u2019s <em>Fasciculus Medicinae<\/em>. This was the first printed medical work that was illustrated.\u00a0 A well-known collection of medieval medical texts, the incunable editions feature ten illustrations including a <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/16\/mode\/2up\">Urine Circle<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/40\/mode\/2up\">Disease Man<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/26\/mode\/2up\">Pregnant Woman<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/20\/mode\/2up\">Vein Man<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/34\/mode\/2up\">Wound Man<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/26\/mode\/2up\">Zodiac Man<\/a>, and a <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2211056R-bk#page\/46\/mode\/2up\">Plague Patient<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0 Complete copies of <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/?f%5Bdrep2.isMemberOfCollection%5D%5B%5D=DREPINCUN&q=Fasciculus+medicine&utf8=%E2%9C%93\">four incunable editions<\/a> of this work (1493\/1494, 1495, 1500, 1500\/1501) are available in <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/?f%5Bdrep2.isMemberOfCollection%5D%5B%5D=DREPINCUN\">NLM Digital Collections<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 311px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"311\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 210px; height: 311px;\" data-original-width=\"210\" data-original-height=\"311\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/2211056r_p15\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"206\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"307\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"15091\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p15.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"805,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Frontispiece\" data-image-description=\"<p>2211056R_p15<br \/> The frontispiece features the commentator, translator, and philologist Petrus de Montagnana. He is portrayed as a prototypical Humanist, a man of books, rather than as a physician. Let\u2019s note, however, that the books in his surroundings are medical and include a dozen captioned volumes calling forth the physician\u2019s great authorities. <\/p> <p>In the second and more recognizable reference to medicine which may remind us of today\u2019s doctor\u2019s office: two persons have been waiting to exhaustion. They, and the boy who has just entered, may not even be patients but messengers who have brought, in the prominently displayed baskets, the urines of others for examination. <\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p15.jpg?fit=201%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p15.jpg?fit=687%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p15.jpg?w=206&h=307&ssl=1\" width=\"206\" height=\"307\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"206\" data-original-height=\"307\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Frontispiece\" alt=\"A man sits at a high desk with books, people wait on the floor before him.\" style=\"width: 206px; height: 307px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Petrus de Montagnana and His Library in Fasciculus Medicinae, 1500\/01 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 210px; height: 311px;\" data-original-width=\"210\" data-original-height=\"311\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/2211056r_p16\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"206\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"307\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"15092\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p16.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"805,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Uroscopy\" data-image-description=\"<p>2211056R_p16<br \/> For at least six centuries, the inspection of urines was a demonstration, like the examination by stethoscope in a later era, of the physician\u2019s ability to recognize symptoms hidden to ordinary people. This ability is dramatized here by the senior doctor who, in full academic garb with the professor\u2019s distinctive hat, toga, and stole, points at a flask in a gesture of understanding and teaching, instructing the four junior colleagues accompanying him what \u201csigns\u201d or diagnosis he reads in the urine, as in \u201cGrand Rounds.\u201d <\/p> <p>In this illustration, as in others in the book, the images are reversed because of the woodblock printing process; this creates some images that would have been disturbing to many of the late medieval period: people point or carry things using their left hand, which would have been considered rude in the extreme. Earlier editions of this book have the images in mirror reversal, showing the use of the right hand instead. even be patients but messengers who have brought, in the prominently displayed baskets, the urines of others for examination. <\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p16.jpg?fit=201%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p16.jpg?fit=687%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p16.jpg?w=206&h=307&ssl=1\" width=\"206\" height=\"307\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"206\" data-original-height=\"307\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Uroscopy\" alt=\"A group of robed people stand in a fine room while a child and a well off man offer them samples in glass vessels.\" style=\"width: 206px; height: 307px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Uroscopy: Diagnosis of Disease Using the Patient\u2019s Urine in Fasciculus Medicinae, 1500\/01 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 210px; height: 311px;\" data-original-width=\"210\" data-original-height=\"311\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/2211056r_p27\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"206\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"307\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"15096\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p27.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"805,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Astrology\" data-image-description=\"<p>2211056R_p27<br \/> Medical astrology was based on the belief that the body\u2019s \u201cmicrocosm\u201d corresponded to the \u201cmacrocosm\u201d of the planets and stars and gave order to the seemingly random course of life and health. Thus, it assisted the physician in prescribing treatment, in predicting the course of a disease, and in casting horoscopes. This woodcut shows which constellation, symbolized by a sign of the zodiac, governs each region of the body. Aries governs the head as well as March (which was once the first month of the year), and so on. Consequently, the table advises that a region of the body should not receive medication when the corresponding sign is dominant. Thus, it is bad to treat the head in March, and \u201canyone who does so will cause a concussion or die.\u201d<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p27.jpg?fit=201%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p27.jpg?fit=687%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p27.jpg?w=206&h=307&ssl=1\" width=\"206\" height=\"307\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"206\" data-original-height=\"307\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Astrology\" alt=\"An outline of the figure of a man labeled with zodiac figures and relevant information.\" style=\"width: 206px; height: 307px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> \u201cZodiac Man\u201d in Fasciculus Medicinae, 1500\/01 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 210px; height: 311px;\" data-original-width=\"210\" data-original-height=\"311\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/2211056r_p54\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"206\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"307\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"15097\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p54.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"805,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Dissection\" data-image-description=\"<p>2211056r_p54<br \/> This is the first realistic depiction of an anatomy lecture held at a university, namely in an academic hall at the University of Padua. In the chair, a relatively junior doctor, the lector, is set to recite from Mondino\u2019s Anathomia. Behind the table, to our right, a senior doctor begins to point, in his role of demonstrator or ostensor. The basket in front will collect all the parts, to be carefully reunited with the corpse for burial. One only wishes we could see the faces of the attending students, from whose angle we are looking at the scene.<\/p> \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p54.jpg?fit=201%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p54.jpg?fit=687%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p54.jpg?w=206&h=307&ssl=1\" width=\"206\" height=\"307\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"206\" data-original-height=\"307\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Dissection\" alt=\"A man sits on a high lecturn with a book while another cuts a body on a table while others look on.\" style=\"width: 206px; height: 307px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Dissection of a Cadaver in Fasciculus Medicinae, 1500\/01 <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15094\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15094\" style=\"width: 244px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p17-detail.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15094\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/10\/11\/fifteenth-century-books-from-the-cradle-of-printing-in-the-west\/2211056r_p17-detail\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p17-detail.jpg?fit=1102%2C1353&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1102,1353\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"2211056R_p17-detail\" data-image-description=\"<p>If diagnosis by uroscopy was supposed to be scientific, the differences in urine needed to be sorted and standardized. The diversity was made manageable by reducing urines to twenty or twenty-one types, identified by color, contents, and consistency. Here, the focus is on colors, each of which is represented by a matula or flask. The color of urine also reflected the predominance of one of the four humors in the examined person; this predominance determined one\u2019s \u201ctemperament\u201d as (clockwise, from top left) sanguine, choleric, melancholic, or phlegmatic. Finding this kind of diagram helpful in bedside consultations, some practitioners carried a \u201cwheel\u201d like this to help them in diagnostics.<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Illumination on Urine Circle in Fasciculus medicine, 1500\/01<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p17-detail.jpg?fit=244%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p17-detail.jpg?fit=834%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15094\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/2211056r_p17-detail.jpg?resize=244%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"The hand colored illustration of liquid in clear vessels includes two gilded examples difficult to appreciate from the scan.\" width=\"244\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15094\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination on Urine Circle in <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/2211056R\"><em>Fasciculus medicine<\/em><\/a>, 1500\/01<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As wonderful as it is to present the NLM copies of these treasures to the world, the digital images cannot completely capture their beauty.\u00a0 For example, in the 1500\/1501 <em>Fasciculus Medicinae<\/em>, two of the urine flasks are illuminated with burnished gold or gilt.\u00a0 They appear as a flat tawny brown in the scanned image.<\/p>\n<p>Incunabula are all unique. Because of the craftsmanship, the short print runs, and the long individual history of each surviving book as it passed from hand to hand through the years, each one has something different to tell us. NLM holds nearly 600 incunabula and approximately ten percent of this collection has been scanned and placed in <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/?f%5Bdrep2.isMemberOfCollection%5D%5B%5D=DREPINCUN\">NLM Digital Collections<\/a>, with thirty more titles to be added each year.\u00a0 We\u2019ll be featuring some of these very special books here on <em>Circulating Now<\/em>, as we process them for digitization to share them with the world.<\/p>\n<p>You can arrange a tour of the NLM and its incunabula collection by contacting the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/about\/vcenter.html\">NLM Visitor Center<\/a>. For information on access to the collections explore our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/collections\/books.html\">website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Laura Hartman is Rare Book Cataloger in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Laura Hartman ~ Zodiac Man. Critical Days. Secrets of women. Chiromancy. Plague. Poisons. \u00a0Aristotle.\u00a0 Hippocrates. You can explore these<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":15289,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,347145303],"tags":[413021,177,25008,1183026,393736,1140399],"class_list":["post-15087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-rare-books-journals","tag-1400s","tag-art","tag-diagnosis","tag-incunabula","tag-rare-books","tag-woodcuts"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/9203768_p1_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-3Vl","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15087"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21863,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15087\/revisions\/21863"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |