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{"id":14592,"date":"2018-05-17T11:00:06","date_gmt":"2018-05-17T15:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=14592"},"modified":"2024-11-13T13:40:32","modified_gmt":"2024-11-13T18:40:32","slug":"transplanting-technology-dr-michael-debakey-and-cold-war-technology-transfer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/05\/17\/transplanting-technology-dr-michael-debakey-and-cold-war-technology-transfer\/","title":{"rendered":"Transplanting Technology: Dr. Michael DeBakey and Cold War Technology Transfer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Heidi Morefield, MSc, will give the <a href=\"https:\/\/videocast.nih.gov\/summary.asp?live=26999&bhcp=1\">annual Michael E. DeBakey Lecture<\/a> on May 24, 2018 at 2:00 ET in the Lister Hill Auditorium at the National Library of Medicine. <\/em><em>Ms. Morefield is a doctoral candidate in the Department of the History of Medicine at\u00a0 The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland and a 2017 NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow in the History of Medicine. Follow her on Twitter\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/heidimorefield\">@heidimorefield<\/a>. <\/em>Circulating Now<em> interviewed her about her research and upcoming lecture.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Circulating Now:<\/strong> Tell us a little about yourself. Where are you from? What do you do?<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/heidi-morefield.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14596\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/05\/17\/transplanting-technology-dr-michael-debakey-and-cold-war-technology-transfer\/heidi-morefield-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/heidi-morefield.jpg?fit=801%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"801,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Heidi-Morefield\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/heidi-morefield.jpg?fit=200%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/heidi-morefield.jpg?fit=684%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-14596\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/heidi-morefield.jpg?resize=200%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"An informal outdoor portrait.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>Heidi Morefield: <\/strong>I was born and raised in Toronto, Canada. I am currently a Ph.D. Candidate in the history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University. My dissertation focuses on the history of \u201cappropriate technology\u201d in global health. I trace the concept from its early intellectual roots through to its implementation in American foreign aid programs and, a bit later, in local community-based development efforts in Southern Africa. Through some very direct linkages with these earlier projects, I argue that the appropriate technology movement formed the backbone of the techno-centric structure of global health as practiced today by major donors like the Gates Foundation.<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>My background is in international development and global health, and before I started my doctoral studies I worked as a Project Manager for a USAID contractor in the DR Congo and Ghana. This experience as a practitioner has been very valuable in informing my current work.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CN: <\/strong>In your upcoming talk \u201cTransplanting Technology\u201d we\u2019ll hear about Dr. Michael DeBakey\u2019s work in the Cold War period. Would you give us a little background on international medicine in this period?<\/p>\n<p><strong>HM:\u00a0<\/strong>The politics of international health during the Cold War are often surprising. A common narrative we often hear is that the so-called First and Second Worlds, or the American and Soviet spheres of influence, were pitted against each other in trying to win the \u201chearts and minds\u201d of the Third World through international health programs. This is true to an extent, however there were also moments of consensus and collaboration\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.nlm.nih.gov\/againsttheodds\/exhibit\/preventing_disease\/making_history.cfm\">smallpox eradication<\/a> is perhaps the most well-known example, but on a more individual level I would also point to Dr. DeBakey\u2019s work with both Soviet and Chinese practitioners. The relationships both between and within the Cold War blocs were more dynamic than is often portrayed. One of the major themes of my larger dissertation project is the degree of agency that countries within the Third World\u2014which was far from a homogenous bloc\u2014held in negotiating the objectives of international health and development programs.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14597\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14597\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbfy.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14597\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/05\/17\/transplanting-technology-dr-michael-debakey-and-cold-war-technology-transfer\/fjbbfy\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbfy.jpg?fit=1209%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1209,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"FJBBFY\" data-image-description=\"<p>DeBakey is standing third from the right. DeBakey visited the Soviet Union from December 15-20, 1958, at a time when the United States and USSR were locked in a deadly arms race, the Cold War. People lived in fear of nuclear annihilation, anticommunist politicians created an atmosphere of suspicion and paranoia in the United States government, and the people of each country looked upon each other with mounting hostility. DeBakey’s visit, enabled by Boris Petrovsky, Minister of Health, and Professor Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, was nothing short of remarkable. DeBakey continued to foster medical collaboration with the Soviet Union, making a number of subsequent visits from the 1960s to the 1990s, when he advised President Boris Yeltsin’s physicians about his coronary bypass surgery. <\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Michael DeBakey with Russian Colleagues, 1960<br \/>\nCourtesy Katrin DeBakey<br \/>\nNLM Profiles in Science<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbfy.jpg?fit=300%2C298&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbfy.jpg?fit=840%2C834&ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14597\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbfy.jpg?resize=840%2C834&ssl=1\" alt=\"Seven men in white coats and surgical caps pose outdoors for a photograph.\" width=\"840\" height=\"834\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14597\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael DeBakey with Russian Colleagues, 1960<br \/><em>Courtesy Katrin DeBakey<\/em><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/101743405X81\">NLM Profiles in Science<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>CN:\u00a0<\/strong>How did DeBakey\u2019s diary inform your understanding of how technology and medicine transfer across cultures?<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14598\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14598\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbgj.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14598\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/05\/17\/transplanting-technology-dr-michael-debakey-and-cold-war-technology-transfer\/fjbbgj\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbgj.jpg?fit=966%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"966,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"FJBBGJ\" data-image-description=\"<p>Dr. DeBakey went on several trips to Asia as a goodwill ambassador and guest lecturer. During his stay in 1979, he visited Wu Fai hospital in Peking, met about 20 doctors, saw some patients, and learned about the disease entities of primary importance to China. He also lectured at Peking Medical College, traveled to the cities of Luoyang and Xian, and saw many tourist attractions, including the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. <\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Michael DeBakey with Chinese patient in Peking, 1979<br \/>\nCourtesy Katrin DeBakey<br \/>\nNLM Profiles in Science<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbgj.jpg?fit=242%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbgj.jpg?fit=824%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14598\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fjbbgj.jpg?resize=242%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"DeBakey, in a western suit, uses a stethescope to examine a patient lying on a bed.\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14598\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael DeBakey with Chinese patient in Peking, 1979<br \/><em>Courtesy Katrin DeBakey<\/em><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/101743405X89\">NLM Profiles in Science<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>HM:\u00a0<\/strong>When we think of technology transfer, particularly in the historical context of international development programs, we tend to think of state-based actors. Dr. DeBakey\u2019s diaries and the letters he exchanged with Chinese and Soviet colleagues, as well as fellow Americans, point to a less visible and less organized form of technology transfer. It was far more personal. As just one example, on a trip to China he brought with him a heart-lung machine as a gift to the hospital that hosted him. While there, he helped train individual surgeons to use the machine and paid the freight charges to have spare parts sent for it, so that it could be put to real use and be properly maintained. This heart-lung machine added a whole new capacity to Chinese cardiac surgery, and also provided them a model they could base the production of more heart-lung machines on.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CN:<\/strong> Were you drawn to any particular story about Dr. DeBakey\u2019s international work?<\/p>\n<p><strong>HM:\u00a0<\/strong>One of the many wonderful things about working in a personal paper collection is the way you get to know your actor through their correspondence, diaries, marginalia, and even through what they chose to keep in their files. One of the items I was most drawn to was a <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/101743405X250\">series of letters<\/a> he exchanged with President Nixon about his travels in the Soviet Union and China, because his personality really shines through. The letters are at once highly complimentary and\u2014as Dr. DeBakey was an inveterate educator in all his endeavors\u2014Socratic interchanges that are clearly intended to lead the President towards a more humanitarian view of the world. There is also a subtext of personal tension, both in Dr. DeBakey\u2019s letters and in President Nixon\u2019s responses, as Dr. DeBakey had recently topped the academics on the list of the President\u2019s \u201cenemies.\u201d The letters were an exercise in diplomacy, and a very real way in which Dr. DeBakey tried to mediate some of the tension between the US and Soviet spheres.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CN:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0How did DeBakey\u2019s travels in this period inform his work in America?<\/p>\n<p><strong>HM:<\/strong>\u00a0Dr. DeBakey\u2019s work in the United States was always interspersed with lots of travel around the world. He also welcomed foreign visitors and patients of all social classes to his Houston clinic on a regular basis. I therefore don\u2019t read his work abroad as separate from, but rather integral to, his work at home. He had a lot of respect for medical systems that served the people well, even with less advanced technology and more, as he called it, \u201cstark\u201d conditions. At the same time, visits to these countries drove a sense of responsibility in him as an educator and as a <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/09\/12\/tinkering-with-profitability-debakey-and-the-affordable-blood-transfusion-instrument\/\">steward of medical technology<\/a>\u2014he wanted to bring the more advanced techniques to the people who needed them. He saw medicine as a form of humanitarianism which had the potential to bring peace to the world by improving individual lives.<\/p>\n<h3>Watch on YouTube<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"2nd Annual Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine\" width=\"840\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rGc5MPZAICY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Heidi Morefield’s presentation is part of our ongoing <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/hmd\/happening\/lectures\/\"><em>history of medicine lecture series<\/em><\/a><em>, which promotes awareness and use of the National Library of Medicine and other historical collections for research, education, and public service in biomedicine, the social sciences, and the humanities. All lectures are <a href=\"https:\/\/videocast.nih.gov\/summary.asp?live=22006&bhcp=1\">live-streamed<\/a> globally, and subsequently archived, by <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/videocast.nih.gov\/PastEvents.asp?c=221\"><em>NIH VideoCasting<\/em><\/a><em>. Stay informed about the lecture series on Twitter at <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/NLMHistTalk?src=hash&lang=en\"><em>#NLMHistTalk.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Heidi Morefield, MSc, will give the annual Michael E. DeBakey Lecture on May 24, 2018 at 2:00 ET in the<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":14599,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Transplanting Technology: Dr. Michael DeBakey and Cold War Technology Transfer - Watch the lecture by 2017 Michael E. 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