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{"id":11945,"date":"2017-07-03T11:00:12","date_gmt":"2017-07-03T15:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=11945"},"modified":"2024-07-18T15:22:07","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T19:22:07","slug":"fire-workes-for-the-17th-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/","title":{"rendered":"“Fire-workes\u201d for the 17th Century"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Kenneth M. Koyle ~<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The 4th of July is a day to celebrate America\u2019s independence, an occasion often marked with a wide range of festivities involving evermore elaborate fireworks displays. As you enjoy these displays, perhaps even igniting a few of your own fireworks (though the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/chronicdisease\/healthequity\/index.htm\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> recommends that you leave the fireworks to the professionals), you may pause to consider the history of these dangerous but undeniably appealing pyrotechnic novelties.<\/p>\n<p>Most people probably know that fireworks originated in China, where the black powder used to make them was invented. The earliest mentions of their use date all the way back to the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, and they were known to be quite common by the 10th and 11th centuries. By the 13th century they had become popular in Arabia, and over the next few centuries they spread across Europe.<\/p>\n<p>So it is that in the early 17th century we find a French mathematician named Jean Leurechon writing about \u201cfire-workes\u201d in his compilation of \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/2376052R\">mathematicall recreations<\/a>,\u201d or entertaining tricks and games based on numbers and mathematics. We have a 1653 English translation of this wonderful little book in our collections here at the National Library of Medicine, produced by the famed mathematician and inventor of the slide rule, William Oughtred. In our edition Oughtred even included descriptions of two versions of his circular slide rule, a double horizontal dial for use in astronomy and a horological ring for determining the time \u201cin all Countreys lying North of the Aequinoctiall <em>(equator).<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2017\\\/07\\\/03\\\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 691px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"691\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 421px; height: 691px;\" data-original-width=\"421\" data-original-height=\"691\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/_dsc9095\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"417\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"687\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"11949\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9095.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"971,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"22","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1497535273","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.4","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"_DSC9095\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9095.jpg?fit=182%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9095.jpg?fit=621%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9095.jpg?w=417&h=687&ssl=1\" width=\"417\" height=\"687\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"417\" data-original-height=\"687\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"_DSC9095\" alt=\"A text only title page for Mathematicall Recreattions by William Oughtred, 1653.\" style=\"width: 417px; height: 687px;\" \/> <\/a> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 419px; height: 691px;\" data-original-width=\"419\" data-original-height=\"691\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/_dsc9094\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"415\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"687\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"11948\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9094.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"966,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"22","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1497535256","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.5","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"_DSC9094\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9094.jpg?fit=181%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9094.jpg?fit=618%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/dsc9094.jpg?w=415&h=687&ssl=1\" width=\"415\" height=\"687\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"415\" data-original-height=\"687\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"_DSC9094\" alt=\"Title page with a grid of small illustrations surrounding the text.\" style=\"width: 415px; height: 687px;\" \/> <\/a> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<figure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\" style=\"width: 800px;\">Two title pages of William Oughtred\u2019s 1653 English translation of <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/2376052R\"><em>Mathematicall Recreations<\/em><\/a>. The NLM copy of the book includes both the printed title page, which would have been included in regular print runs, and an engraved title page with reproduced images from the book, which would have been added by an engraver later.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11951\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11951\" style=\"width: 177px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworkes-chapter-page-from-mathematicall-recreations-1653.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"11951\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/fireworkes-chapter-page-from-mathematicall-recreations-1653\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworkes-chapter-page-from-mathematicall-recreations-1653.jpg?fit=728%2C1237&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"728,1237\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"Fireworkes Chapter page from Mathematicall Recreations (1653)\" data-image-description=\"<p>2376052R<br \/>\nArtificiall fire-workes<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"<p>Fireworkes Chapter page from Mathematicall Recreations, 1653<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworkes-chapter-page-from-mathematicall-recreations-1653.jpg?fit=177%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworkes-chapter-page-from-mathematicall-recreations-1653.jpg?fit=603%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-11951 size-medium\" title=\"Artificial Fireworks\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworkes-chapter-page-from-mathematicall-recreations-1653.jpg?resize=177%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"The first page of a chapter on how to make artificial fireworks, including the composition of rockets.\" width=\"177\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11951\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fireworkes Chapter page from <a href=\"http:\/\/resource.nlm.nih.gov\/2376052R\"><em>Mathematicall Recreations<\/em><\/a>, 1653<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>One might ask why a book about mathematical puzzles and tricks is part of the History of Medicine collections. In and amongst the tricks and puzzles, Leurechon and Oughtred included problems of using a thermometer to determine temperatures, calculating the proportions of human bodies, how to keep wine fresh without ice in the summer (very important when wine was a primary medical supplement), and various ways that optics can be used for magnification and examination. Given these helpful tips and the wide popularity that the book enjoyed, it is very likely that medical practitioners of the time were reading and using this book to help them in their work.<\/p>\n<p>Practicality aside, let\u2019s get back to the fireworks. The final chapter of the book, before Oughtred\u2019s slide rule appendices, is titled \u201cArtificiall fire-Workes: Or the manner of making of <em>Rockets<\/em> and <em>Balls<\/em> of fire, as well for the Water, as for the Aire; with the composition of Starres, Golden-rain, Serpents, Lances, Wheels of fire, and such like, pleasant and recreative\u201d (emphasis in the original). This unwieldy title, typical of books in the 17th century, introduces the reader to all the glorious and spectacular pyrotechnical delights that can be created with the detailed formulas contained in the ensuing pages. In the section on rockets, for example, Leurechon tells us how much powder to use for projectiles ranging from two ounces to ten pounds.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mathematicall-recreations-1653-nlm-copy_page_316_crop.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"11952\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/mathematicall-recreations-1653-nlm-copy_page_316_crop\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mathematicall-recreations-1653-nlm-copy_page_316_crop.jpg?fit=725%2C758&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"725,758\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Mathematicall Recreations (1653) NLM COPY_Page_316_crop\" data-image-description=\"<p>Rockets may be placed fierie Dragons, Combatants, or such like to meet one another, having lights placed in the concavity of their bodies which will give great grace to the action.<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mathematicall-recreations-1653-nlm-copy_page_316_crop.jpg?fit=287%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mathematicall-recreations-1653-nlm-copy_page_316_crop.jpg?fit=725%2C758&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11952 size-medium\" title=\"Dragon Rocket!\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mathematicall-recreations-1653-nlm-copy_page_316_crop.jpg?resize=287%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"A rough woodcut engraving showing rockets, one of them dragon shaped moving along lines strung between houses.\" width=\"287\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>After listing the amounts of powder and formulas for the various rocket sizes, Leurechon elaborates on precisely how to roll, shape, and tie the charges to create fireworks of \u201csundry kindes,\u201d including serpents, reports (loud fireworks), stars, and \u201cgolden rain.\u201d To create a serpent firework, for example, Leurechon recommends making the charge \u201cabout the bignesse of ones little finger.\u201d A \u201creport\u201d firework is made about the same size, but with \u201cthe paper somewhat thicker to give the greater report.\u201d One ounce of powder dust is added to the Sulphur and salt-peter to make \u201cthe best kinde of stares,\u201d with the charge tied up in a ball \u201cas great as a hasel-nut or a little wal-nut.\u201d A spectacular \u201cGolden Raine\u201d display required the maker to pack \u201cquilles\u201d of powder into the head of a rocket. Leurechon seemed particularly fond of this type of display, describing it in vivid terms:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cNow if the head of a Rocket be loaded with a thousand of those Quilles, it\u2019s a goodly sight to see how pleasantly they spread themselves in the Aire, and come downe like streames of Gold much like the falling downe of Snow being agitated by some turbulent winde.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>While the instructions for creating elaborate fireworks like the Golden Rain would be useful for big public celebrations, Leurechon also showed a playful (if somewhat reckless) flair by including descriptions of pyrotechnic pranks a reader could pull on family or friends. A \u201cdeceitful candle\u201d could be made by filling the bottom half a candle with powder covered by tallow and making the top half of clean tallow or wax, with a wick extending the length of the two halves. When the clean half of the candle was consumed, the powder would ignite \u201cnot without great noise and astonishment to those which are ignorant of the cause.\u201d Imagine the laughs as one\u2019s seemingly ordinary candle suddenly exploded in a fiery blast of gunpowder! That\u2019s assuming, of course, that the person being pranked was not killed or maimed by the explosion, and their home was not destroyed by fire.<\/p>\n<p>In another prank, Leurechon recommended placing \u201ca dozen or twenty\u201d of the serpent charges he described earlier into the base of a candlestick, with a hole passing through the socket of the candlestick into the candle itself. When the candlestick was placed on a table and the candle burned down to the socket, a primer would fire the serpents and cause the candlestick to fly around the room, with each serpent giving \u201ca report like a pistol.\u201d To alleviate any concerns that this practical joke might burn down the house, Leurechon asserted, \u201cThis will astonish some, thinking the house will be fired, though the whole powder together makes not an ounce, and hath no strength to do such an effect.\u201d His confidence in the safety of these pranks seems a bit overly optimistic, considering the amount of wood and other flammable materials used in constructing European homes at the time. This reflects an interesting difference between modern attitudes and the way Leurechon\u2019s and Oughtred\u2019s contemporaries thought about personal safety in a time when life was \u201cnasty, brutish, and short,\u201d as Thomas Hobbes described it in 1651.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11953\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11953\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/dsc9099.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"11953\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/_dsc9099\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/dsc9099.jpg?fit=1600%2C1200&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"22","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1497535628","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.4","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"_DSC9099\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>One of the more interesting (and concerning) topics in the chapter on fireworks is \u201cnight combatants,\u201d where men armed with clubs, maces, and shields laden with gunpowder would fight for the entertainment of spectators.<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/dsc9099.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/dsc9099.jpg?fit=840%2C630&ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-11953 size-large\" title=\"Night Combatants\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/dsc9099.jpg?resize=840%2C630&ssl=1\" alt=\"an open book with woodcuts of firworks bursting over a town and men fighting amoung various weapons augmented with fireworks.\" width=\"840\" height=\"630\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11953\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the more interesting (and concerning) topics in the chapter on fireworks is \u201cnight combatants,\u201d where men armed with clubs, maces, and shields laden with gunpowder would fight for the entertainment of spectators.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A further testament to the strikingly different attitudes of 17th century society is provided in a section called <em>Of night-Combatants.<\/em> In this section, Leurechon explains that the \u201cClubbes, Targets, Faulchons (a type of sword), and Maces\u201d of night combatants can be filled with charges and rockets that can be \u201cfired at pleasure\u201d so that \u201cif two men, the one having a target in his hand, and the other a Falchon, or Mace of fire, shall begin to fight, it will appeare very pleasant to the Spectators.\u201d The streams of fire, he went on, \u201cwill make them more beautifull and resplendent in that action.\u201d And some people think today\u2019s mixed martial arts fights are violent entertainment!<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, society has changed and evolved over the past 350 years. While fireworks are still a mainstay of many celebrations, we approach them with much more care than in Leurechon\u2019s time. Few would be amused by the prospect of violently exploding candles or rocket-propelled candlesticks, and even if the thought of such pranks might seem comical, recognition of the inherent dangers would temper any such action. Fireworks were relatively new and novel to Europeans in the 1600s, and the risks and dangers may have been less obvious to casual observers. Today the risks are well-known and documented, and we hope our readers will take this into account and exercise extreme caution around fireworks this Independence Day. For more on fireworks safety, visit the Consumer Products Safety Commission\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpsc.gov\/safety-education\/safety-education-centers\/fireworks\">Fireworks Information Center<\/a>, or visit NLM\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/vsearch.nlm.nih.gov\/vivisimo\/cgi-bin\/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&v%3Asources=medlineplus-bundle&query=fireworks&_ga=2.180124132.1358313168.1496340932-1409869387.1495191125\">MedlinePlus<\/a> for links to over 100 external sources with fireworks safety information.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpsc.gov\/safety-education\/safety-education-centers\/fireworks\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"11954\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2017\/07\/03\/fire-workes-for-the-17th-century\/fireworks2014infographic416x212\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworks2014infographic416x212.jpg?fit=416%2C212&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"416,212\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}\" data-image-title=\"Fireworks2014InfoGraphic416x212\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworks2014infographic416x212.jpg?fit=300%2C153&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworks2014infographic416x212.jpg?fit=416%2C212&ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11954 size-full\" title=\"U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/fireworks2014infographic416x212.jpg?resize=416%2C212&ssl=1\" alt=\"Infographic showing most injured body parts in fireworks-related injuries.\" width=\"416\" height=\"212\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 60px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2277\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2013\/11\/11\/the-eleventh-hour\/koyle\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?fit=681%2C713&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"681,713\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"4.5","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D700","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1345802906","copyright":"","focal_length":"105","iso":"500","shutter_speed":"0.033333333333333","title":""}\" data-image-title=\"Koyle\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?fit=287%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?fit=681%2C713&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2277\" title=\"Kenneth M. Koyle\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/koyle.jpg?resize=100%2C105\" alt=\"Portrait of Kenneth M. Koyle\" width=\"100\" height=\"105\" \/><\/a>Kenneth M. Koyle is Deputy Chief of the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.<\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Kenneth M. Koyle ~ The 4th of July is a day to celebrate America\u2019s independence, an occasion often marked<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":11962,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"\"Fire-workes\u201d for the 17th Century - enjoy a chapter on recreational fireworks in Mathematicall Recreations, 1653. 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