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{"id":10566,"date":"2016-11-29T11:00:34","date_gmt":"2016-11-29T16:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/?p=10566"},"modified":"2023-05-26T13:45:41","modified_gmt":"2023-05-26T17:45:41","slug":"a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/","title":{"rendered":"A Book Unfinished: Paracelsus in Hand-Press Sheets"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>By Stephen J. Greenberg ~<br \/>\n<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Books today, as physical objects, have reached a very odd place in our consciousness. Readers are increasingly offered books (or at least texts\u2014there is a difference: books are physical objects; texts are their intellectual contents) in a bewildering array of electronic alternatives. Print (on paper) is dead, we are told, at the same time that the latest Harry Potter story sold two million print copies in the United States and Canada in its first two days of availability.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, at no time in the history of printing has it been easier to produce a physical book.\u00a0 Websites such as Blurb.com and Lulu.com allow authors to self-publish books in a variety of formats, with drag-and-drop interfaces, fast turnover times, and remarkably good results.\u00a0 Self-publishing is hardly new, but modern technology allows for extremely small press-runs; even as small as a single copy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10595\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10595\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig1.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"10595\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig1.jpg?fit=1200%2C1600&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479898648","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.033333333333333","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Sheet with Preface\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"<p>A full sheet showing the preface and three other pages of text.<\/p>\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig1.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig1.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10595\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig1.jpg?resize=225%2C300&ssl=1\" alt=\"A sheet in four quadrents, the lower right is the first page of the preface, the upper two are printed upside down.\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10595\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A full sheet of the <em>Prognosticatio<\/em> from a hand-press showing the preface and three other pages of text, 1610<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This is NOT how it was.\u00a0 During the hand-press era of Western printing (roughly 1450 to the early 19th century), books were laboriously created with hand-set type, on single sheets of hand-made paper, with clumsy wooden (eventually iron) presses operated by human muscle. Although there were exceptions in special cases, a press run needed to be about 1500 copies for anyone (author, printer, or publisher) to make any money. The large sheets of paper were printed on one side, allowed to dry, printed on the other side (the technical term was \u201cperfecting\u201d) allowed to dry again, folded, gathered, stitched, and (possibly) bound for sale. None of this work was mechanized until well into the 19th century.<\/p>\n<p>It is exceedingly rare to see an original hand-press book in an intermediate stage of production. But in the collections of the National Library of Medicine, there exists just such a book: printed sheets from 1610, never folded, never bound, never quite finished. It is entitled <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/permalink\/01NLM_INST\/1o1phhn\/alma9916478653406676\"><em>Prognosticatio Eximii Doctoris Theophrasti Paracelsi<\/em><\/a>, which translates (roughly) from the Latin as predictions or prophecies from the famous doctor, pharmacologist, alchemist, astrologer, and much else, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493\u20131541), normally just known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/paracelsus\/index.html\">Paracelsus<\/a>. His work in toxicology, particularly involving the medical uses of mercury, was groundbreaking.\u00a0 His philosophical and mystical work, particularly as shown in this book, which was reprinted many times, simply demonstrates how flexible the boundaries were between science and medicine at the time.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Prognosticatio<\/em> consists of ten sheets, roughly 47×38 centimeters (18.5×15 inches) each, of handmade paper just as it would have emerged from the press after the second side was printed. Four pages of text and illustrations are visible on each side of the sheet; their orientation depending on how the sheet was to be folded. In this case, the sheet was to be folded twice, to provide a quarto-format gathering of eight pages.\u00a0 Had the sheet shown two pages per side, designed to be folded once, it would have been a folio; had it been printed with eight pages showing, designed the be folded three times, it would have been an octavo. It\u2019s worth remembering that the terms folio, quarto, octavo, and so on refer to how the sheet was to be folded after printing.\u00a0 They have no direct bearing on the size of the book itself in the hand-press era.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2016\\\/11\\\/29\\\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 559px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"559\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 420px; height: 559px;\" data-original-width=\"420\" data-original-height=\"559\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig2\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"416\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"555\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"10596\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479899565","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.066666666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Sheet with Text and Illustrations\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig2.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig2.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig2.jpg?w=416&h=555&ssl=1\" width=\"416\" height=\"555\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"416\" data-original-height=\"555\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Sheet with Text and Illustrations\" alt=\"A sheet in four quadrents, the lower right and upper left have illustrations with text beneath, the upper is upside down.\" style=\"width: 416px; height: 555px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> A full sheet showing letterpress text and engraved illustrations. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 420px; height: 559px;\" data-original-width=\"420\" data-original-height=\"559\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig3\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"416\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"555\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"10597\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1151,1535\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479899224","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"A Crooked Sheet\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig3.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig3.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig3.jpg?w=416&h=555&ssl=1\" width=\"416\" height=\"555\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"416\" data-original-height=\"555\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"A Crooked Sheet\" alt=\"A sheet in quadrants, the text blocks are not well aligned to the edges of the sheet.\" style=\"width: 416px; height: 555px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Another full sheet, carelessly printed. The paper was not well secured in the printing press. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 631px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"631\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 631px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"631\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig4\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"836\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"627\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"10591\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig4.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479899224","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"How the Sheet is Structured\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig4.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig4.jpg?fit=840%2C630&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig4.jpg?w=836&h=627&ssl=1\" width=\"836\" height=\"627\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"836\" data-original-height=\"627\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"How the Sheet is Structured\" alt=\"A detail showing the center of the sheet and the relation of the text blocks.\" style=\"width: 836px; height: 627px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> A close-up of the preceding sheet, showing how the text needed to be oriented to give the proper order once the sheet was folded. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>Often, printed sheets would have additional letters called \u201csignatures\u201d in the lower margins to help the bookbinder place the gatherings in the correct order for sewing. This would be especially important when gatherings were to be nested inside each other, a common type of book structure.\u00a0 The main advantage of such nesting was that it needed less sewing to put the book together; the disadvantage was that it made the job of typesetting more complicated, as the text needed to be oriented just right over multiple settings of type.\u00a0 Both systems were commonly used.\u00a0 In this book it is clear, based on the signature letters, that nesting was not used.\u00a0 The letters also indicate that the book is complete, as there are no gaps in the letter order.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\\\/\\\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\\\/2016\\\/11\\\/29\\\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\\\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 840px; height: 296px;\" data-original-width=\"840\" data-original-height=\"296\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 223px; height: 296px;\" data-original-width=\"223\" data-original-height=\"296\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig5\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"219\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"292\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"10592\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig5.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479899510","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.066666666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"The Signature Letter\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig5.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig5.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig5.jpg?w=219&h=292&ssl=1\" width=\"219\" height=\"292\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"219\" data-original-height=\"292\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"The Signature Letter\" alt=\"A detail of a sheet showing the code that helped order the pages in assembly.\" style=\"width: 219px; height: 292px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> A close-up of a single page with text and illustration. The signature letter is clearly visible in the lower right corner. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 394px; height: 296px;\" data-original-width=\"394\" data-original-height=\"296\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig6\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"390\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"292\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"10593\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig6.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1201\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479898991","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"The Plate Mark\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig6.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig6.jpg?fit=840%2C631&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig6.jpg?w=390&h=292&ssl=1\" width=\"390\" height=\"292\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"390\" data-original-height=\"292\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"The Plate Mark\" alt=\"A detail showing the ebossing caused by the copperplate printing process.\" style=\"width: 390px; height: 292px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> A close-up of an engraved illustration. The plate mark (the slightly darker rim around the picture) is the tell-tale evidence of the use of a rolling press to print the engraving. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 223px; height: 296px;\" data-original-width=\"223\" data-original-height=\"296\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/11\/29\/a-book-unfinished-paracelsus-in-hand-press-sheets\/fig7\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"219\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"292\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"10594\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig7.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"29","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D750","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1479899351","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.066666666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Finis\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig7.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig7.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/fig7.jpg?w=219&h=292&ssl=1\" width=\"219\" height=\"292\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"219\" data-original-height=\"292\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Finis\" alt=\"A sheet in quadrents, three bolocks of text and the signature mark finis.\" style=\"width: 219px; height: 292px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> The final full sheet, with the work \u201cFinis,\u201d confirming that the set of ten sheets is complete. <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<p>The <em>Prognosticatio<\/em> does, however, present one additional complication.\u00a0 It is profusely illustrated with obscure, if interesting, mystical pictures.\u00a0 In this edition, they are copperplate engravings.\u00a0 The engravings are beautifully done, and clearly added meaning to the text (for those in the know), but for the printer, they added another layer of complexity to the production. For technical reasons, the copperplates needed to go through a different sort of press for printing. Earlier editions were illustrated with woodcuts, which did not present this problem, but were also inferior in quality to the engravings.\u00a0 For the printer, including engravings meant that each sheet of paper went through presses four times: once on each side for the image, and once on each side for the text.<\/p>\n<p>It will never be known why this copy was left uncompleted. Presumably, it simply didn\u2019t sell. Sheets could bound at the time of sale, or folded and stitched without binding, or even sold loose and unfolded, with the purchaser taking responsibility for the finishing. However, someone must have thought the sheets worth keeping. There were many other uses to which waste sheets could be put by either the printer or the bookbinder.<\/p>\n<p><em>For more information about this book and other collections, please contact the History of Medicine Division at <a href=\"https:\/\/support.nlm.nih.gov\/ics\/support\/KBList.asp?folderID=150&from=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NLM Customer Support<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><i><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/steve-by-bill.jpg?ssl=1\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8166\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8166\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2016\/12\/06\/a-nurses-scrapbook-from-the-great-war\/steve-by-bill\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/steve-by-bill.jpg?fit=1200%2C1600&ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{"aperture":"2","credit":"","camera":"DSC-RX1","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1445167342","copyright":"","focal_length":"35","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.0025","title":"","orientation":"1"}\" data-image-title=\"Steven Greenberg\" data-image-description=\"<p> by Bill<\/p>\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/steve-by-bill.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/steve-by-bill.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-8166\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/steve-by-bill.jpg?resize=79%2C106&ssl=1\" alt=\"Steven Greenberg\" width=\"79\" height=\"106\" \/><\/a>Stephen J. Greenberg is Coordinator of Public Services for the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Stephen J. Greenberg ~ Books today, as physical objects, have reached a very odd place in our consciousness. Readers<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19605840,"featured_media":10614,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"A Book Uncut: Paracelsus Hand-Press Sheets - New to NLM, these sheets are rare examples of a 1610 book in process, printed but not bound","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[12763,103,347145303],"tags":[1480675,48209211,1747077,20470,393736,2971278],"class_list":["post-10566","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-collections","category-news","category-rare-books-journals","tag-book-illustration","tag-copperplate-engraving","tag-paracelsus","tag-printing","tag-rare-books","tag-recent-acquisitions"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/prognostications_feature.jpg?fit=932%2C367&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xcDk-2Kq","jetpack-related-posts":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10566","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19605840"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10566"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26786,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10566\/revisions\/26786"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10566"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10566"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |