1517 lines
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<article id="post-25855" class="post-25855 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-archives-manuscripts category-collections tag-archives tag-chemistry tag-handwriting tag-herbals tag-librarians tag-manuscript">
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<img width="600" height="280" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg1_feature.jpg?resize=600%2C280&ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="A detail of handwritten text in cursive and symbols headed Materia Medica." decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25864" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/9802942pg1_feature/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg1_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C399&ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,399" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="9802942pg1_feature" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg1_feature.jpg?fit=300%2C133&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg1_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C372&ssl=1" />
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<header class="entry-header">
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<h1 class="entry-title">A Secret Language: The Perils of Transcription</h1>
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<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/" title="11:30 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-01-19T11:30:55-05:00">January 19, 2023</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/" rel="category tag">Archives & Manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/#comments">3 comments</a></span></div>
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<div class="entry-content clearfix">
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<p><em>By James Labosier ~</em></p>
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||
<p>The task of producing typed transcriptions of handwritten texts involves familiarity. Often on first glance 18th and 19th century handwriting is discouraging. It doesn’t want you to read it. But once you take some time looking closely at each word, you come to know the writer and how he or she shaped certain letters and words. Once you and the writer understand each other, transcription begins to gather speed. Below is a page of handwriting which, over time, became perfectly understandable to me.</p>
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<figure id="attachment_25869" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25869" style="width: 934px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25869" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/picture1-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?fit=934%2C620&ssl=1" data-orig-size="934,620" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="MS B 109" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Lectures on Chemistry, by George Fordyce, London, ca. 1770<br />
|
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National Library of Medicine #2931109R</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?fit=300%2C199&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?fit=840%2C558&ssl=1" class="wp-image-25869 size-full" title=" MS B 109" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?resize=840%2C558&ssl=1" alt="A page of handwriting in clear elegant script." width="840" height="558" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?w=934&ssl=1 934w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?resize=300%2C199&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?resize=768%2C510&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture1.png?resize=840%2C558&ssl=1 840w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25869" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Lectures on Chemistry</em>, by George Fordyce, London, ca. 1770<br /><a href="https://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2931109R"><em>National Library of Medicine #2931109R</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<h3><strong>MS B 346</strong><strong>: </strong><strong><em>Materia Medica</em>, ca. 1750</strong></h3>
|
||
<p>The transcriber is happiest to come across handwriting that is steady, clean, and perfectly legible producing not one ounce of perspiration. I found such a paragon in the collections of the National Library of Medicine in a notebook, perhaps from a lecture or kept as reference material, by an unknown author. Here is a part of page 13 in <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9802942">MS B 346: <em>Materia Medica</em>, ca. 1750</a>:</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25870" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/picture2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?fit=1167%2C203&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1167,203" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Picture2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?fit=300%2C52&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?fit=840%2C146&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-25870 size-full" title="MS B 346: Materia Medica, ca. 1750" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?resize=840%2C146&ssl=1" alt="Two lines from a handwritten page showing clear, readable cursive handwriting." width="840" height="146" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?w=1167&ssl=1 1167w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?resize=300%2C52&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?resize=1024%2C178&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?resize=768%2C134&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture2.png?resize=840%2C146&ssl=1 840w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a></p>
|
||
<p>But sometimes, those wonderfully legible passages are interspersed with myriad eccentric characters and shapes best known to alien life forces. When Phlorg is out in another part of the galaxy, deciphering falls solely on the transcriber. The characters I encountered are shorthand. This practice of making handwriting quicker and more efficient has been used since antiquity. However, there are a plethora of systems which took hold in different centuries, eras, and languages. The particular shorthand system in question, besmirching the entirety of MS B 346, eluded my ability to find its systemic key.</p>
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||
<p>Below is a sample from page 17.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25871" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/picture3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?fit=1010%2C365&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1010,365" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Picture3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?fit=300%2C108&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?fit=840%2C304&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-25871 size-full" title="MS B 346: Materia Medica, ca. 1750" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?resize=840%2C304&ssl=1" alt="A detail from a handwritten page showing shorthand symbols interspersed with words." width="840" height="304" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?w=1010&ssl=1 1010w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?resize=300%2C108&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?resize=768%2C278&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture3.png?resize=840%2C304&ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a></p>
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||
<figure id="attachment_25872" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25872" style="width: 204px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25872" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/picture4/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?fit=684%2C1006&ssl=1" data-orig-size="684,1006" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Picture4" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?fit=204%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?fit=684%2C1006&ssl=1" class="wp-image-25872 size-medium" title="An Example of 18th Century Shorthand" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?resize=204%2C300&ssl=1" alt="A table showing an example of shorthand where various symbols replace vowels and consonant groups." width="204" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?resize=204%2C300&ssl=1 204w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Picture4.png?w=684&ssl=1 684w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25872" class="wp-caption-text">In <a href="https://archive.org/details/stenographycomp00westgoog/mode/2up"><em>Stenography compleated; or, The art of short-hand brought to perfection</em></a> …, 1743 <br /><em><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ghwpix/26707230">Via Flickr</a></em></figcaption></figure>
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||
<p>Of the various systems of English shorthand commonly used in the 1700s, I came across none that approximated the gibberish I had to decipher. The few systems I found were more focused on letters and partial words. Not only did the symbols in these systems not match those I faced, but it was clear to me that many of the characters I saw represented whole words, not letters. So, at the risk of being embarrassed in the future by someone presenting me with a concise glossary of this shorthand system, I undertook to decipher it myself.</p>
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||
<p>The first few successes were encouraging. Context made it easy to tell what symbols were used for “the” and “is”. After that, things became trickier. When I found a certain shape recurring and couldn’t easily figure its meaning, I collected a series of instances in context and hoped that eventually I would find the one word that fit all those “blanks.”</p>
|
||
<p>Here is how the word “keep” was wrested from the world of doodles:</p>
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<blockquote><p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25868" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/keep/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep.jpg?fit=264%2C302&ssl=1" data-orig-size="264,302" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1666698590","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="keep" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep.jpg?fit=262%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep.jpg?fit=264%2C302&ssl=1" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-25868 alignleft" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep-150x150.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" alt="The printed word "KEEP" under a curved line." width="150" height="150" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/keep.jpg?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1 200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a>Does this symbol mean: dry? stand? exert? <strong>keep?</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>p107 – “in ointment it does not [ ] much, and sometimes retains the acidity”</li>
|
||
<li>p135 – “the Seeds do not [ ] much and are weaker”</li>
|
||
<li>p153 – “for often the Egg. Gum, or sugar which was to [ ] its parts separate are washed away”</li>
|
||
<li>p183 – “says it is excellent in the cricis [ ] of inflam: Fevers, though more especially in putrid Fevers.”</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25866" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/articles/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?fit=897%2C321&ssl=1" data-orig-size="897,321" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1666698590","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="articles" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?fit=300%2C107&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?fit=840%2C301&ssl=1" class="alignright wp-image-25866 size-medium" title="Symbols for Articles" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?resize=300%2C107&ssl=1" alt="Various angular symbols labeled ALL, AT, IT, and IT'S." width="300" height="107" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?resize=300%2C107&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?resize=768%2C275&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?resize=840%2C301&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/articles.jpg?w=897&ssl=1 897w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a>Eventually, I learned that most of the symbols stood for prepositions, articles, and regularly used small words. I tried to group the similar shapes together, hoping that there was some meaningful relation in the variations of a particular shape. As seen here, that theory has its faults.</p>
|
||
<p>So, after I was satisfied that each squiggle stood for a word, I found clearly handwritten words with squiggles appended to them, which upset the entire system. They were <em>not</em> whole words! In time, I determined that they stood for common end parts of words.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25873" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/suffixes/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?fit=1560%2C347&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1560,347" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1666698592","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="suffixes" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?fit=300%2C67&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?fit=840%2C187&ssl=1" class="alignnone wp-image-25873 size-large" title="Symbols for Suffixes" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=840%2C187&ssl=1" alt="Six symbols consisting of dots or angular shapes identified as: -ON, -AGES, -AL, -ENTS ,-NTS, and -MENT." width="840" height="187" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=1024%2C228&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=300%2C67&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=768%2C171&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=1536%2C342&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=1200%2C267&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?resize=840%2C187&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/suffixes.jpg?w=1560&ssl=1 1560w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25867" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/compound/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?fit=828%2C311&ssl=1" data-orig-size="828,311" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1666698570","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="compound" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?fit=300%2C113&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?fit=828%2C311&ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-25867 size-medium" title="Symbols for Compound Words" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?resize=300%2C113&ssl=1" alt="Symbols that resemble "d" and "dc" labeled BE and BECOME, BECOMING respectively." width="300" height="113" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?resize=300%2C113&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?resize=768%2C288&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/compound.jpg?w=828&ssl=1 828w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a>Then, just to taunt my smug sense of success, the author threw in compound words made up entirely of symbols. “Be” and “become” presented their inscrutable selves frequently.</p>
|
||
<p>Finally, after I figured all these things out, the writer declared victory by scribbling several shapes, lines, and loops and using them only once or twice. I couldn’t find enough uses in context to learn what they meant, and as the author smiled from the grave I transcribed them as “[illegible]”.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25863" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/unknowns/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?fit=1674%2C442&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1674,442" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1666698592","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="unknowns" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?fit=300%2C79&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?fit=840%2C221&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-25863 size-large" title="Who Knows What These Mean!" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=840%2C221&ssl=1" alt="Five unidentified symbols resembling the letters w, u, m and loops." width="840" height="221" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=1024%2C270&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=300%2C79&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=768%2C203&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=1536%2C406&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=1200%2C317&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?resize=840%2C222&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/unknowns.jpg?w=1674&ssl=1 1674w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" /></a></p>
|
||
<p>And so, in conclusion, the transcription is still imperfect, and some otherwise legible information is lost—but I claim partial victory!</p>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<p>For those dedicated decoders among you, here is a scan page 123 from <em>Materia Medica</em> (MS B 346) along with a deciphered transcription:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_25865" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25865" style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25865" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/9802942pg123_book/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?fit=785%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="785,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="9802942pg123_book" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?fit=196%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?fit=670%2C1024&ssl=1" class="wp-image-25865" title="Page 123 from MS B 346 " src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?resize=250%2C382&ssl=1" alt="A page from a handwritten notebook with information about herbs written in cursive and symbols." width="250" height="382" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?resize=670%2C1024&ssl=1 670w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?resize=196%2C300&ssl=1 196w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?resize=768%2C1174&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9802942pg123_book.jpg?w=785&ssl=1 785w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25865" class="wp-caption-text">Materia Medica<em>, ca.1770 (MS B 346)</em><br /><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9802942">National Library of Medicine #9802942 </a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>a stim: and used instead of Vol: Alk that which it is<br />
|
||
slower and more lasting though heating<br />
|
||
[Stechus] Arabica or<br />
|
||
it is said to participate the virtues of the order.<br />
|
||
the [marjorana] Origanum of Lin: sweet Margoram.<br />
|
||
a pot herb. a warmish aromatic bitterish Taste<br />
|
||
a mild stimulating aromatic and used as one of<br />
|
||
the Ingredients of the Pulvis Cephal: as a milder Sternatutory<br />
|
||
its distilled Water has been used for<br />
|
||
the same Purpose, it has a strong smell though little<br />
|
||
Taste<br />
|
||
the Wild Margoram Origanum.<br />
|
||
it is more stimulating though not so fragrant, its<br />
|
||
Essential oil obtained by the watery Distillation<br />
|
||
is so very acrid and penetrating that it is used to destroy the Nerves<br />
|
||
in a Caries of the Tooth Oil of Origanum.<br />
|
||
Dictamnus Creticus. Dittany of Candy, or of Creta<br />
|
||
stimulating to a strong Degree and aromatic, Uterine<br />
|
||
deservedly commended in hard labor. Diagor:<br />
|
||
we hardly even have it here fit for use. the antients<br />
|
||
are extravagant in its Praise.<br />
|
||
the Marum Vulgare common Herb Mastick. the Mastichum of Lin:<br />
|
||
subacrid arom: Taste agrees intirely with the Order.<br />
|
||
the Saturia Hortensis of Lin: the Summer Savory.<br />
|
||
the Med Virt: the same as the Order.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p>And here is part of my hard-won guide to deciphered symbols:</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="25862" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/symbol-dictionary/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?fit=2550%2C3300&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2550,3300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="symbol-dictionary" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?fit=232%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?fit=791%2C1024&ssl=1" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-25862" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&ssl=1" alt="A full page of symbols and their definitions." width="791" height="1024" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&ssl=1 791w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=232%2C300&ssl=1 232w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=768%2C994&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&ssl=1 1187w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&ssl=1 1583w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=1200%2C1553&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?resize=840%2C1087&ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?w=1680&ssl=1 1680w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/symbol-dictionary.jpg?w=2520&ssl=1 2520w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 791px) 100vw, 791px" /></a><em>James Labosier is Associate Curator for the Archives and Modern Manuscripts Program in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.</em></p>
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<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4c365841ef289597b6efc5a115a15631?s=56&d=mm&r=pg' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4c365841ef289597b6efc5a115a15631?s=112&d=mm&r=pg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn">katerisingsun</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/#comment-87896"><time datetime="2023-02-27T17:08:16-05:00">February 27, 2023 at 5:08 PM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>Very impressive. I have some experience trying to decipher cursive from the 18th century. This was a grand illustration of that process. Thank you</p>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/19/a-secret-language-the-perils-of-transcription/#comment-87898"><time datetime="2023-02-28T13:59:37-05:00">February 28, 2023 at 1:59 PM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>Thanks for reading and sharing about your interest and experience.</p>
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<p>This appears to be Aulay MacAulay’s Polygraphy system of shorthand of 1747, the strokes match with the items on your sample page 123, except where you have “though”, this is letter B, so “but” which has a similar meaning. If I can give a shout-out to Reddit Shorthand, this is a great place to get mystery shorthand identified, as folks there have, between them, extensive knowledge of systems of all ages. MacAulay’s book is downloadable from archive dot org.</p>
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<li class="cat-item cat-item-1269102"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/the-great-war/">The Great War</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget widget_tag_cloud clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Explore</h3></div><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1500s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903712 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1500s (35 items)">1500s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1600s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-275516 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 12.666666666667pt;" aria-label="1600s (38 items)">1600s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1700s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-411245 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="1700s (32 items)">1700s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1800s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273905 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 20.88pt;" aria-label="1800s (107 items)">1800s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1900s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273907 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 20.32pt;" aria-label="1900s (99 items)">1900s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24741 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="1950s (26 items)">1950s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1960s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24742 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1960s (35 items)">1960s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/african-american-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-168941 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="African American History (52 items)">African American History</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/america/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-8055 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="America (24 items)">America</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anatomy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-26371 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="anatomy (29 items)">anatomy</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/animals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-490 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="animals (29 items)">animals</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anniversaries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875953 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 11.173333333333pt;" aria-label="anniversaries (31 items)">anniversaries</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/archives/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12080 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 14.533333333333pt;" aria-label="archives (48 items)">archives</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/art/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-177 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.64pt;" aria-label="art (80 items)">art</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/book-illustration/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1480675 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="book illustration (61 items)">book illustration</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/children/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1343 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="children (21 items)">children</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875829 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="COVID-19 (29 items)">COVID-19</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/data/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-22379 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.586666666667pt;" aria-label="data (62 items)">data</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541876 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (35 items)">digital humanities</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digitization/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106484 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="digitization (40 items)">digitization</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-524 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 17.52pt;" aria-label="film (70 items)">film</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/food/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-586 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="food (33 items)">food</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/france/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4704 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="France (29 items)">France</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (39 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women's History (66 items)">Women's History</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
|
||
</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="archives-5" class="widget widget_archive clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3></div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-5">Archives</label>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/09/'> September 2017 </option>
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}
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||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtumblr', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcompocket', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtelegram', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20250305#ver=20250305' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
|
||
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function () {
|
||
const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' );
|
||
const watchReply = function() {
|
||
// Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice.
|
||
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) {
|
||
// Cache the Core function.
|
||
addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm;
|
||
const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' );
|
||
const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' );
|
||
|
||
function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
const url = new URL( iframe.src );
|
||
if ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue )
|
||
} else {
|
||
url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' );
|
||
}
|
||
if( iframe.src !== url.href ) {
|
||
iframe.src = url.href;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( false );
|
||
} );
|
||
|
||
addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( parentId );
|
||
return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments );
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply );
|
||
// In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces.
|
||
document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply );
|
||
|
||
|
||
const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment');
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
|
||
if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId;
|
||
|
||
// Change height for the matching comment iframe
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) {
|
||
const iframe = commentIframes[i];
|
||
const url = new URL(iframe.src);
|
||
const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id');
|
||
if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) {
|
||
iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px';
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|