1514 lines
169 KiB
HTML
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169 KiB
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<article id="post-15028" class="post-15028 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-archives-manuscripts category-guests category-revealing-data tag-data tag-research tag-web-collecting">
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<img width="900" height="400" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph_feature1.jpg?resize=900%2C400&ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Detail from a line graph showing the distribution of ages for Twitter-Latest, Twitter-Top, Google, and NLM seed URLs." decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15064" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/age-graph_feature/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph_feature1.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Age-Graph_feature" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph_feature1.jpg?fit=300%2C133&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph_feature1.jpg?fit=840%2C373&ssl=1" />
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<h1 class="entry-title">Revealing Data: Why We Need Humans to Curate Web Collections</h1>
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<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/" title="11:00 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2018-08-14T11:00:07-04:00">August 14, 2018</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/" rel="category tag">Archives & Manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/" rel="category tag">Guests</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/" rel="category tag">Revealing Data</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/#comments">7 comments</a></span></div>
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<p><em>In this Revealing Data series we explore data in historical medical collections, and how preserving this data helps to ensure that generations of researchers can reexamine it, reveal new stories, and make new discoveries. Future researchers will likely want to examine the data of the web archive collections, collected and preserved by libraries, archives, and others, using a wide range of approaches, to document unfolding events. Today Circulating Now welcomes guest blogger Alexander Nwala (<a href="https://twitter.com/acnwala">@acnwala</a><a href="https://twitter.com/acnwala">)</a>, writing on his research using NLM web archive collections to compare different methods of selecting web content, and some of the difficulties encountered in generating seeds automatically.</em></p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/alexandercnwala.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15049" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/alexandercnwala/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/alexandercnwala.jpg?fit=648%2C648&ssl=1" data-orig-size="648,648" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AlexanderCNwala" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/alexandercnwala.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/alexandercnwala.jpg?fit=648%2C648&ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-15049" title="Alexander C. Nwala" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/alexandercnwala.jpg?resize=243%2C243&ssl=1" alt="Informal portrait of a young man." width="243" height="243" /></a>I am a Computer Science PhD student and member of the <a href="https://oduwsdl.github.io/">Web Science and Digital Libraries</a> research group at <a href="https://www.odu.edu/">Old Dominion University</a>, Norfolk Virginia. For the past three years, I have been researching generating collections for stories and events under the supervision of <a href="https://www.odu.edu/directory/people/m/mnelson">Dr. Michael Nelson</a> and <a href="https://www.odu.edu/directory/people/m/mweigle">Dr. Michele Weigle</a>. There is a shortage of curators to build web archive collections in a world of rapidly unfolding events. A primary objective of my research is investigating how to automatically generate seeds (in the absence of domain knowledge) to create or augment web archive collections.</p>
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<figure id="attachment_15040" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15040" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://leconomiste.com/flash-infos/rdc-un-nouveau-deces-du-au-virus-ebola-confirme"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15040" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/leconomiste/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/leconomiste.jpg?fit=1286%2C1040&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1286,1040" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="L’economiste" data-image-description="<p>Flash: RDC: un nouveau décès dû au virus Ebola confirmé</p>
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" data-image-caption="<p>L’Economiste DRC: New Ebola death confirmed</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/leconomiste.jpg?fit=300%2C243&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/leconomiste.jpg?fit=840%2C679&ssl=1" class="wp-image-15040 size-medium" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" title="Screenshot of L'Economiste Online Article" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/leconomiste.jpg?resize=300%2C243&ssl=1" alt="A screen capture of a news story in L'Economiste about Ebola dated May 25, 2018" width="300" height="243" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15040" class="wp-caption-text">“<a href="https://www.leconomiste.com/flash-infos/rdc-un-nouveau-deces-du-au-virus-ebola-confirme">DRC: New Ebola death confirmed</a>” in <em>L’Economiste</em>, May 25, 2018</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>In the past four years there have been three outbreaks of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/outbreaks/index.html">Ebola virus in Western and Central Africa</a>. Between March 2014 and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/outbreaks/index.html">June 2016</a>, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone experienced the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/outbreaks/index.html">largest Ebola epidemic in history with over 11,000 deaths</a>. More recently (2017–2018), the Democratic Republic of Congo in Central Africa has been grappling with another Ebola outbreak.</p>
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||
<p>Two months after the <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/20190722132540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-20140808/en/">World Health Organization declared the 2014 Ebola outbreak</a> a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), the NLM Web Collecting and Archiving Working Group started collecting website URLs as part of the <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/4887/?fc=websiteGroup%3AEbola+Outbreak+2014">NLM Global Health Events web archive collection</a>. The NLM Ebola virus web archive collection includes websites of organizations, journalists, healthcare workers, and scientists related to the 2014 Ebola virus discourse. More recently as part of a new web archiving initiative, historian Christine Wenc and archivist Erin Mashni collaborated with NLM to collect URLs for the <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/8400">HIV/AIDS web archive collection</a>. This collection consists of websites and social media archived to document HIV/AIDS in the early 21st century.</p>
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||
<p>Anyone who has ever clicked a link and was presented with a disappointing 404 response indicating the absence of a resource understands the impermanence of web resources. You’ve probably seen many 404 pages from the conventional (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/polihtics">CNN</a>) to the creative (<a href="https://www.pixar.com/404">Pixar</a>)</p>
|
||
<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="840" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/08\/14\/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 840px; height: 234px;" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="234" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 426px; height: 234px;" data-original-width="426" data-original-height="234" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/cnn_-2/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="422"> <meta itemprop="height" content="230"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="15059" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cnn_1.jpg" data-orig-size="713,388" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="404 CNN – Conventional" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cnn_1.jpg?fit=300%2C163&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cnn_1.jpg?fit=713%2C388&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cnn_1.jpg?w=422&h=230&ssl=1" width="422" height="230" loading="lazy" data-original-width="422" data-original-height="230" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="404 CNN - Conventional" alt="The CNN 404 page says "Uh-Oh!" and provides a search and suggested articles." style="width: 422px; height: 230px;" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 414px; height: 234px;" data-original-width="414" data-original-height="234" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/pixar_/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="410"> <meta itemprop="height" content="230"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="15056" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pixar_.jpg" data-orig-size="712,399" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="404 Pixar – Creative" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pixar_.jpg?fit=300%2C168&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pixar_.jpg?fit=712%2C399&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pixar_.jpg?w=410&h=230&ssl=1" width="410" height="230" loading="lazy" data-original-width="410" data-original-height="230" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="404 Pixar - Creative" alt="The Pixar 404 page says "Aww...Don't Cry" illustrated by Sadness from the film Inside Out." style="width: 410px; height: 230px;" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
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<p>This decay of web links over time is known as <em>link rot</em>. Consequently, the preservation of elements of our collective digital heritage, ranging from disease outbreaks to elections is critical, and this is a primary purpose of web archive collections such as the <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/4887/">NLM Ebola virus</a> and <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/8400">HIV/AIDS</a> collections.</p>
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<figure id="attachment_15041" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15041" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://perma.cc/"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15041" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/perma/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/perma.jpg?fit=1431%2C437&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1431,437" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Perma" data-image-description="<p>Links start healthy. New citations have been vetted and verified. Afer one year over 20% of cited links may be dead or otherwise inaccessible. After five years, the situation is much worse – over 50% of cited links can be affected. As time goes on. Link rot is inevitable and rarely reversible. the longer the wait, the more likely a link will have rotted.</p>
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" data-image-caption="<p>An illustration from Perma.cc showing how links rot (orange circles) over time</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/perma.jpg?fit=300%2C92&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/perma.jpg?fit=840%2C257&ssl=1" class="wp-image-15041 size-large" title="Link Rot Over Time" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/perma.jpg?resize=840%2C257&ssl=1" alt="A flower pattern of dots, repeated 4 times with progressively more dots turning red representing broken links." width="840" height="257" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15041" class="wp-caption-text">An illustration from <a href="https://perma.cc/">Perma.cc</a> showing how links rot (orange circles) over time, August 10, 2018</figcaption></figure>
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<p>Web archive collections consist of groups of web pages that are copied into an archive so as to resist link rot on the live web. These collections share a common topic e.g., “Ebola virus” or “2018 Winter Olympics”, and begin with an initial selection of website URLs called <em>seeds</em>. For example, below is a sample of five seeds selected by NLM for the <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/4887/?fc=websiteGroup%3AEbola+Outbreak+2014">Archive-It Ebola virus collection</a>:</p>
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||
<ol>
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||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/*/http:/www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ebolaMarburg/understandingEbola/">http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ebolaMarburg/understandingEbola/</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/*/http:/www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/facts-about-ebola-french.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/facts-about-ebola-french.pdf</a></li>
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||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/*/http:/nypost.com/2014/10/29/ebola-doctor-lied-about-his-nyc-travels-police/">http://nypost.com/2014/10/29/ebola-doctor-lied-about-his-nyc-travels-police/</a></li>
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||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/*/http:/blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2014/11/06/eman-reports-ebola-ground-zero/">http://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2014/11/06/eman-reports-ebola-ground-zero/</a></li>
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||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/*/http:/blogs.plos.org/speakingofmedicine/2014/10/22/ebola-taught-us-crucial-lesson-views-irrational-health-behaviors/">http://blogs.plos.org/speakingofmedicine/2014/10/22/ebola-taught-us-crucial-lesson-views-irrational-health-behaviors/</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
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||
<p>Quality seeds lead to quality archive collections. A collection of seeds with variations of “buy cheap Rolex watches” or “we sell gold nuggets” is not expected to yield a good web archive collection for the “2009 Swine Flu outbreak.” This is where curators come into the picture. Curators must ensure they select seeds that are relevant for the collection topic. This means curators such as those at NLM not only have the responsibility of searching for URLs to populate the seed list, but they also serve as filters to remove irrelevant URLs. This is a time consuming process because it is mostly done manually. For example, it took several months to collect the <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/4887/?fc=websiteGroup%3AEbola+Outbreak+2014">NLM Ebola virus seeds</a>. A natural question is: Can we automate the seed generation process? In other words, to what extent can a computer program replicate creating seeds for web archive collection?</p>
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||
<p>See: “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3209542.3209560">Bootstrapping Web Archive Collections from Social Media</a>,” for more details about automating the seed generation process.</p>
|
||
<h3>Can We Automate the Seed Generation Process?</h3>
|
||
<p>To answer this question I compared seed URLs from the NLM HIV/AIDS collection to those generated automatically on June 18, 2018 from search results on Google and Twitter.</p>
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<blockquote><p><strong>TL;DR</strong></p>
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||
<p>Automating seed selection is hard. It is difficult to encode the various nuanced objectives of collections with a narrow scope, consequently, machine-generated seeds are not well-suited for collections with a narrow scope. But machine-generated seeds are suitable for collections with a broad scope especially when off-topic seeds are removed.</p></blockquote>
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<p><strong>Generating seeds automatically from Google and Twitter</strong></p>
|
||
<p>The Google seeds were generated automatically by issuing the query “hiv aids” to Google and extracting 115 links from the first five pages. Two sets of seeds (Twitter-Top and Twitter-Latest) were generated automatically by extracting URLs from tweets with the hashtag #hivaids from the <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23hivaids&src=typd">Top</a> (157 URLs) and <a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&vertical=default&q=%23hivaids&src=typd">Latest</a> (146 URLs) <a href="https://twitter.com/search-home">Twitter search </a>results. These automatically generated URLs constitute the seeds for the Google, Twitter-Top, and Twitter-Latest collections, in comparison with the human selected seeds of the NLM collection, for the purposes of this study.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Seed comparison: Human curated NLM HIV/AIDS vs Google and Twitter generated HIV/AIDS seeds</strong></p>
|
||
<p>The NLM seeds were compared to the seeds from Google and Twitter across four dimensions: precision, percentage of top-level sites, age distribution, and topical coverage.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Precision</strong></p>
|
||
<p>A precision score of 0 indicates that no URL is relevant to HIV/AIDS, while a precision score of 1 indicates that all URLs under consideration are relevant. To measure precision, all URLs in the Google and Twitter collections were manually inspected and assigned a relevance score of 0, 0.5, or 1. A 0 was assigned to URLs irrelevant to the HIV/AIDS topic, 0.5—somewhat related, and 1—primarily related. Subsequently, the sum of all the relevance scores of each URL divided by the seed list size produced the precision.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/precision-graph.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15043" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/precision-graph/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/precision-graph.jpg?fit=480%2C480&ssl=1" data-orig-size="480,480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Precision Graph" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Unsurprisingly, URLs from Google (0.98) outranked URLs from Twitter (0.70 – 0.77) in the precision ranking. Also, more relevant URLs were included in tweets from Twitter’s Top (0.77) than the Latest (0.70) search results – popularity may be correlated to quality.</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/precision-graph.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/precision-graph.jpg?fit=480%2C480&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-15043" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" title="Precision Values of Seeds" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/precision-graph.jpg?resize=480%2C480&ssl=1" alt="A bar graph showing seed precision rankings." width="480" height="480" /></a></p>
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||
<p>Unsurprisingly, URLs from Google (0.98) outranked URLs from Twitter (0.70<span class="TextRun SCXW164499747 BCX8" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164499747 BCX8">–</span></span>0.77) in the precision ranking (Fig. 1). Also, more relevant URLs were included in tweets from Twitter’s Top (0.77) than the Latest (0.70) search results—popularity may be correlated to quality.</p>
|
||
<figure id="attachment_15037" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15037" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/charmin-ttp.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15037" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/charmin-ttp/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/charmin-ttp.jpg?fit=1275%2C380&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1275,380" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Charmin-TTP" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Two (charmin &amp; tppkills) spam and/or promoted web pages found in the tweet collection.</p>
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||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/charmin-ttp.jpg?fit=300%2C89&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/charmin-ttp.jpg?fit=840%2C250&ssl=1" class="wp-image-15037 size-large" title="Non-Relevant Results from Automated Seeds" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/charmin-ttp.jpg?resize=840%2C250&ssl=1" alt="Screen captures of non-relevant results. including a Charmin ad and a petition from a cancer organization. " width="840" height="250" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15037" class="wp-caption-text">Two (<a href="https://www.charmin.com/en-us/enjoy-ultra-soft-coupons-and-save">Charmin</a> & TPPKills) spam and/or promoted web pages found in the tweet collection.</figcaption></figure>
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||
<p>These precision results show that we cannot blindly include URLs generated automatically in a seed list without inspection, especially if the URLs are from tweets, since hashtags are frequently used by spammers. However, Twitter and Google still offer an opportunity for generating good seeds, but URLs extracted from these sources should be screened to remove off-topic URLs.</p>
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<figure id="attachment_15035" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15035" style="width: 840px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/seeingred-loveyourself.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15035" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/seeingred-loveyourself/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/seeingred-loveyourself.jpg?fit=1418%2C654&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1418,654" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="seeingred-loveyourself" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Two (Seeing Red &amp; loveyourself) non-spam web pages found in the tweet collection.</p>
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||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/seeingred-loveyourself.jpg?fit=300%2C138&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/seeingred-loveyourself.jpg?fit=840%2C387&ssl=1" class="wp-image-15035 size-large" title="Relevant Results from Automated Seeds" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/seeingred-loveyourself.jpg?resize=840%2C387&ssl=1" alt="Screen captures of relevant results from Seeing Red and loveyourself.. " width="840" height="387" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15035" class="wp-caption-text">Two (Seeing Red & loveyourself) non-spam web pages found in the tweet collection.</figcaption></figure>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Percentage of top-level sites</strong></p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/depth-graph.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15039" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/depth-graph/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/depth-graph.jpg?fit=480%2C480&ssl=1" data-orig-size="480,480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Depth Graph" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Almost half (47%) of the URLs in the NLM HIV/AIDS seed list are top-level sites (e.g., http://hiv-age.org/) (Fig. 2). This is in contrast to Twitter and Google, which tend to give deep links (e.g., http://hiv-age.org/2018/04/06/75-deaths-older-adults-non-hiv/), which typically correspond to a narrow topic or specific story.</p>
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||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/depth-graph.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/depth-graph.jpg?fit=480%2C480&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-15039 size-full" style="border: 1px solid #000000;" title="Percentage of Seeds Which are Top-Level Sites" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/depth-graph.jpg?resize=480%2C480&ssl=1" alt="A bar graph showing seed top level sites." width="480" height="480" /></a></p>
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<p>Almost half (47%) of the URLs in the NLM HIV/AIDS seed list are top-level sites (e.g., <a href="http://hiv-age.org/">http://hiv-age.org/</a>) (Fig. 2). This is in contrast to Twitter and Google, which tend to give deep links, which typically correspond to a narrow topic or specific story.</p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Age distribution</strong></p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="15036" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/age-graph/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph.jpg?fit=1336%2C1270&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1336,1270" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Age Graph" data-image-description="<p>Twitter Latest produced the youngest seeds. NLM produced the oldest URLs:<br />
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70% of NLM URLs are &lt;=11.7 years old<br />
|
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70% of Google URLs are &lt;=6.5 years old<br />
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70% of Twitter-Top URLs are &lt;=5.2 years old<br />
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70% of Twitter-Latest URLs are &lt;=36.5 days old</p>
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" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph.jpg?fit=300%2C285&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph.jpg?fit=840%2C799&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-15036" title="ECDF of Seed Ages. NLM seeds produced the oldest documents (to the left - younger, to the right - older) " src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/age-graph.jpg?resize=600%2C570&ssl=1" alt="A line graph showing the distribution of ages for Twitter-Latest, Twitter-Top, Google, and NLM seed URLs." width="600" height="570" /></a></p>
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||
<p>The date a web page was created can be used to rule out the kinds of topics it discusses. For example, web pages created before January 2017 are not expected to discuss the policies President Trump implemented to combat HIV/AIDS, since the Trump administration began in January 2017 (of course, a page created in October 2016 could speculate about future events (2017) or review past events (1987), but we focus only on the date the page was created (2016)). This means that without analyzing the content of seeds, we may be able to use the creation dates of the URLs to predict the topics to expect. As a result, we expect the creation dates of the NLM seeds to cover a broad range, providing a 21st century perspective on HIV/AIDS. The age distribution confirms this expectation—the NLM seeds produced the oldest documents.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Topical coverage</strong></p>
|
||
<p>The seeds from Google and Twitter are a mix of various topics on HIV/AIDS ranging from the worsening <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/russia-s-hivaids-epidemic-getting-worse-not-better">AIDS epidemic in Russia</a> to a <a href="https://twitter.com/campfoundftl/status/1006176830938853376">tweet encouraging men to get tested</a>. The intent of the NLM HIV/AIDS collection is broadly scoped, so these seeds would be at home in the NLM collection. But a more narrowly scoped collection, such as the 2018 Ebola outbreak vs. the 2016 outbreak vs. the 2014 outbreak, would be more challenging to create with seeds from Google and Twitter.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Why We Need Human Curators to Generate Seeds</strong></p>
|
||
<p>In a web plagued by disappearing resources, archived collections stand as a valuable means of preserving some of the web resources important to the study of past events such as disease outbreaks. These archived collections start with seeds (URLs) hand-selected by curators. Human curators produce high quality seeds by removing irrelevant URLs, adding URLs from credible and authoritative sources, but most importantly, they include only URLs that meet the collecting policy of the collection. The collecting policy could be broad (e.g., HIV/AIDS in the 21st century) or narrow (e.g., 2017 Opioid epidemic in Pennsylvania) and the curator has the ability to adapt to the multiple objectives of a collection. But this ability comes at a cost: it is time consuming to collect these seeds.</p>
|
||
<p>Machines, on the other hand, are fast and can discover a lot of seeds quickly, but even if content analysis is applied to filter non-relevant URLs, it is still hard to seamlessly adapt specific collecting policies (broad or narrow scope). Although search engines and social media can be used to generate seeds for collections with a broad scope, collections with nuance and subtlety are harder to automate. This is a primary objective of my research: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3209542.3209560">to leverage the collective domain expertise of users on social media</a> by extracting seeds from their social media “micro-collections” instead of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3197026.3197056">simply using search engines</a> and social media directly.</p>
|
||
<p>The web archive community has invested significant effort in building collections for specific topics through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focused_crawler">focused-crawling</a>. But not much research effort addresses the discovery of seeds needed by focused-crawlers. My research addresses automating the seed generation stage of building web archive collections.</p>
|
||
<p><em>Learn more about <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/webcollecting/">Web Collecting</a> at NLM.</em></p>
|
||
<p><em>We hear about data every day. In historical medical collections, data abounds, both quantitative and qualitative. In its format, scope, and biases, data inherently contains more information than its face value. This series, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a>, explores how, by preserving the research data of the past and making it publicly available, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) helps to ensure that generations of researchers can reexamine it, reveal new stories, and make new discoveries. As the NLM becomes the new home of data science at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), </em>Circulating Now<em> explores</em> w<em>hat researchers from a variety of disciplines are learning from centuries of preserved data, and how their work can help us think about the future preservation and uses of the data we collect today.</em></p>
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Pingback: <a href="https://www.infodocket.com/2018/08/14/blog-post-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Blog Post: “Why We Need Humans To Curate Web Collections” | LJ infoDOCKET</a> </div>
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Pingback: <a href="http://rbfirehose.com/2018/08/15/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections-national-library-of-medicine/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Revealing Data: Why We Need Humans To Curate Web Collections (National Library of Medicine) | ResearchBuzz: Firehose</a> </div>
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Pingback: <a href="http://researchbuzz.me/2018/08/15/ellis-island-twitter-3d-printing-more-wednesday-buzz-august-15-2018/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Ellis Island, Twitter, 3D Printing, More: Wednesday Buzz, August 15, 2018 – ResearchBuzz</a> </div>
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Pingback: <a href="https://news.nnlm.gov/mar/2018/08/17/weekly-postings-57/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Weekly Postings | The MARquee</a> </div>
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<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/95bc6fdaef4d66dc2db4b8034326d41b?s=56&d=mm&r=pg' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/95bc6fdaef4d66dc2db4b8034326d41b?s=112&d=mm&r=pg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn">Mark Evans</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/14/revealing-data-why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/#comment-51989"><time datetime="2018-08-23T02:39:22-04:00">August 23, 2018 at 2:39 AM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>A great article and good to see my colleague Erin Mashni at History Associates get a well deserved mention for the excellent work she has been doing for NLM.<br />
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At History Associates we recognize the value of human curation , but at the same time are exploring the ever increasing potential of machine learning technologies to supplement the work our staff perform.</p>
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Pingback: <a href="http://stephenslighthouse.com/2018/08/27/why-we-need-humans-to-curate-web-collections/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">New Why We Need Humans To Curate Web Collections – Stephen's Lighthouse</a> </div>
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<p>thank you for the info</p>
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</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget widget_tag_cloud clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Explore</h3></div><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1500s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903712 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1500s (35 items)">1500s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1600s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-275516 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 12.666666666667pt;" aria-label="1600s (38 items)">1600s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1700s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-411245 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="1700s (32 items)">1700s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1800s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273905 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 20.88pt;" aria-label="1800s (107 items)">1800s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1900s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273907 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 20.32pt;" aria-label="1900s (99 items)">1900s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24741 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="1950s (26 items)">1950s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1960s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24742 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1960s (35 items)">1960s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/african-american-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-168941 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="African American History (52 items)">African American History</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/america/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-8055 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="America (24 items)">America</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anatomy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-26371 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="anatomy (29 items)">anatomy</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/animals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-490 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="animals (29 items)">animals</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anniversaries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875953 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 11.173333333333pt;" aria-label="anniversaries (31 items)">anniversaries</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/archives/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12080 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 14.533333333333pt;" aria-label="archives (48 items)">archives</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/art/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-177 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.64pt;" aria-label="art (80 items)">art</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/book-illustration/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1480675 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="book illustration (61 items)">book illustration</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/children/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1343 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="children (21 items)">children</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875829 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="COVID-19 (29 items)">COVID-19</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/data/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-22379 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.586666666667pt;" aria-label="data (62 items)">data</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541876 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (35 items)">digital humanities</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digitization/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106484 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="digitization (40 items)">digitization</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-524 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 17.52pt;" aria-label="film (70 items)">film</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/food/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-586 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="food (33 items)">food</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/france/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4704 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="France (29 items)">France</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a>
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||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (39 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women's History (66 items)">Women's History</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
|
||
</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="archives-5" class="widget widget_archive clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3></div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-5">Archives</label>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/06/'> June 2017 </option>
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if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtumblr', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcompocket', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
|
||
( function () {
|
||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
|
||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtelegram', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20250305#ver=20250305' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
|
||
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function () {
|
||
const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' );
|
||
const watchReply = function() {
|
||
// Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice.
|
||
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) {
|
||
// Cache the Core function.
|
||
addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm;
|
||
const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' );
|
||
const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' );
|
||
|
||
function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
const url = new URL( iframe.src );
|
||
if ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue )
|
||
} else {
|
||
url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' );
|
||
}
|
||
if( iframe.src !== url.href ) {
|
||
iframe.src = url.href;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( false );
|
||
} );
|
||
|
||
addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( parentId );
|
||
return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments );
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply );
|
||
// In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces.
|
||
document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply );
|
||
|
||
|
||
const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment');
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
|
||
if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId;
|
||
|
||
// Change height for the matching comment iframe
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) {
|
||
const iframe = commentIframes[i];
|
||
const url = new URL(iframe.src);
|
||
const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id');
|
||
if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) {
|
||
iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px';
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|