1393 lines
150 KiB
HTML
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150 KiB
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<article id="post-3603" class="post-3603 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-collections category-rare-books-journals tag-1800s tag-disease tag-food tag-horticulture tag-ireland tag-nutrition tag-plants">
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<img width="900" height="400" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?resize=900%2C400&ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="A some shaped stone structure with an open rectangualar doorway and plants taken root on it standing in a medow." decoding="async" data-attachment-id="3620" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/17/famine-ships/famine-hut/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?fit=1600%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1600,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"11","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1378194657","copyright":"","focal_length":"85","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.002","title":""}" data-image-title="Famine Hut" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>A deserted stone hut, once inhabited by dispossessed farmers waiting to make the voyage to America.<br />
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Courtesy Stephen Greenberg</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?fit=840%2C630&ssl=1" />
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<header class="entry-header">
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<h1 class="entry-title">Famine Ships</h1>
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<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/17/famine-ships/" title="11:00 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2014-03-17T11:00:55-04:00">March 17, 2014</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/rare-books-journals/" rel="category tag">Rare Books & Journals</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/17/famine-ships/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span></div>
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<p><i>By Stephen J. Greenberg<br />
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</i></p>
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<p>Ireland is a beautiful country, but it is a haunted one as well. Invasions, civil wars, massacres, religious and political repression, terrorism and counter-terrorism, famine, disease, forced emigration: all mar her history with a doleful regularity. But there can be no doubt that the greatest scar on the national memory is the Great Famine of 1845-1852, when the failure of the potato crop, destroyed by blight, reduced much of the population to a level of poverty, starvation, and disease rarely matched in history.</p>
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<p>This is not the place to detail all the history and anomalies of the famine, although it is worth noting that, even in the worst years of the famine, Ireland was still a net <i>exporter</i> of food. But these exports were of grains (wheat and barley) that the poor people who normally subsisted on potatoes and little else could not afford to buy. It is also worth noting that Ireland had another export that peaked during the famine years: her people. Ireland’s population, if they could, fled in unprecedented numbers: to England, to the Continent, but most importantly, to America.</p>
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<figure id="attachment_3620" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3620" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="3620" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/17/famine-ships/famine-hut/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?fit=1600%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1600,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"11","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1378194657","copyright":"","focal_length":"85","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.002","title":""}" data-image-title="Famine Hut" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>A deserted stone hut, once inhabited by dispossessed farmers waiting to make the voyage to America.<br />
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Courtesy Stephen Greenberg</p>
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" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?fit=840%2C630&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-3620" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/famine-hut.jpg?resize=300%2C225" alt="A some shaped stone structure with an open rectangualar doorway and plants taken root on it standing in a medow." width="300" height="225" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3620" class="wp-caption-text">A deserted stone hut, once inhabited by dispossessed farmers waiting to make the voyage to America.<br /><em>Courtesy Stephen Greenberg</em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>It is not easy to determine how many people left Ireland in those years. Certainly the population plummeted, with the usual estimates being a drop of 20-25%, or from over eight million in 1841 to six million or so in 1851. In 2011, the population of Ireland was still under six and a half million. It is unclear how many died of starvation outright, and how many succumbed to disease brought on by their debilitated condition. For those who emigrated (at least a million and probably many more), the statistics were nearly as grim. At a conservative estimate, perhaps one in five of those who sailed to the United States or Canada did not survive the voyage. On some trips, the mortality rate was much higher. In the over-crowded ships, with only the most rudimentary sanitary arrangements, cholera and typhus were inevitable.</p>
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<p>In the town of New Ross, County Wexford, Ireland (about two hours south of Dublin), there is a unique memorial to the famine and the immigration it triggered. It is a fully rigged sailing ship called the <i>Dunbrody</i>, and it is a modern replica of an actual ship that took Irish immigrants to the United States and Canada during the famine years. The captain of the <i>Dunbrody</i> was said to be a good man, merciful, God-fearing, and considerate of his passengers. Nevertheless, the passage was grim. For £7, a mother and two small children could book steerage passage to New York, sleeping eight persons to a bunk bed (four upper, four lower). Some landlords even put up the fare for their starving tenants, in order to clear the land for the grazing of sheep and cattle, far more lucrative enterprises than subsistence farming. The passage was supposed to take three to four weeks, but could easily take six if the weather was poor and the winds contrary. Passengers were confined below for most of the trip, with an hour a day on deck for fresh air, weather permitting. Toilets facilities consisted of an oaken bucket. Food was provided, but it was often hardtack biscuits and a bit of salted meat.</p>
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<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="840" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/03\/17\/famine-ships\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 840px; height: 321px;" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="321" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 414px; height: 321px;" data-original-width="414" data-original-height="321" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/17/famine-ships/dunbrody4/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="410"> <meta itemprop="height" content="317"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="3619" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody4-e1395063566568.jpg" data-orig-size="1552,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"11","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D800","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1379665300","copyright":"","focal_length":"60","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.125","title":""}" data-image-title="Dunbrody4" data-image-description="<p>William Graves &amp; Son the Qyay, New Ross Passengers’ Contract Ticket<br /> N.B. Any one receiving money from or in respect of any passenger about leaving the United Kingdom for any Place in North America, without taking this Form and effectively filling up the blanks therein, and signing it with his name in full, will be liable to a penalty not exceeding 10 pounds for each such passenger. Ship Dunbrody of 458 tons register burthen, to sale from New Ross for New York on the 18th day of March 1849. I engage that the parties herein named shall be provided with a steerage passage to New York in the ship Dunbrody with not less than 10 cubic feet for luggage for each statute adult, for the sum of seven pounds including head money if any at the place of landing and every other charge; and I here by acknowledge to have received the sum of [blank] in [blank] payment. Water and Provisions, according to the annexed scale will be supplied by the Ship as required by law, and also fires, and suitable hearths for cooking. Bedding and utensils for eating and drinking must be provided by the passengers. Signature William Graves, Date [blank]<br /> Scale of Provisions and Water that will be supplied to each adult by the ship. 3lbs of biscuit; 3 and a half pounds in all of flour, oatmeal or rice, or a proportionate quantity of potatos, (5 pounds of potatos being computed as equal to 1 pound of the other articles enumerated) 3 quarts of water per day. All of this per week, issued not less often than twice a week. To be paid at [blank] before the 18 March 1849 or deposit forfeited to William Graves.<br /> Not Transferable<br /> Names Biddy Hannan (30yrs.) Michael Hannan (4 yrs.) William Hannan (2 yrs.)</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody4-e1395063566568.jpg?fit=300%2C232&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody4-e1395063566568.jpg?fit=840%2C649&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody4-e1395063566568.jpg?w=410&h=317&ssl=1" width="410" height="317" loading="lazy" data-original-width="410" data-original-height="317" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Dunbrody4" alt="A printed ticket with blanks filled in promissing passage to New York for Biddy, Michael, and William Hannan." style="width: 410px; height: 317px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Facsimile ticket for passage on the Dunbrody from New Ross to New York, 1849. For £7, the Hannan family (a mother with two small children) made the voyage. All three survived. Courtesy Stephen Greenberg </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 426px; height: 321px;" data-original-width="426" data-original-height="321" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/dunbrody3/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="422"> <meta itemprop="height" content="317"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="3618" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody3.jpg" data-orig-size="1599,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"4","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1378016561","copyright":"","focal_length":"16","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":""}" data-image-title="Dunbrody3" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody3.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody3.jpg?fit=840%2C630&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody3.jpg?w=422&h=317&ssl=1" width="422" height="317" loading="lazy" data-original-width="422" data-original-height="317" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Dunbrody3" alt="A short wooden bunk bed secured to the deck and hull, with sheets. A basket and metal tea pot and some ropes are on the lower bunk" style="width: 422px; height: 317px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Below decks on the Dunbrody. This berth would have slept eight passengers. Courtesy Stephen Greenberg </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
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<p>Under such circumstances, it is no surprise that many passengers fell ill, but adding to this that many of the passengers were already weak and debilitated, it is hardly a shock that a “good” ship like the <i>Dunbrody</i> might have a routine mortality rate of 20%. There was no proper doctor on board, so cause of death was not always recorded. A burial at sea was the end for many. But there were many ships with far worse conditions than the <i>Dunbrody.</i> Numerous reports of 50% mortality rates on these ships exist. The bark <i>Ajax</i> sailed from Dublin on 30 May 1847, with over 100 passengers, half of who died at sea, with others ill and dying at their port of arrival, Grosse Isle, a quarantine station hastily set up on an island in the St. Lawrence River. A monument to the immigrants was dedicated on Grosse Isle in 1997; 5000 are believed to be buried there. There can be little wonder why the <i>Dunbrody </i>and the <i>Ajax </i>and so many others were dubbed “coffin ships.”</p>
|
||
<p>There is no graveyard at New Ross, where the reconstructed <i>Dunbrody </i>is moored (the original ship foundered off the coast of Canada in 1875). But there is a visitor center with an “Irish Emigrant Wall of Honour” and access to a database of Irish immigrants (40 million American can claim some level of Irish ancestry). There is also an eloquent monument at the site to those who risked on the voyage: a world globe enclosing an eternal flame. The flame was lit earlier this year by Caroline Kennedy, on behalf of her immigrant ancestors.</p>
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<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="840" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2014\/03\/17\/famine-ships\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery" > <div class="gallery-row" style="width: 840px; height: 373px;" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="373" > <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 281px; height: 373px;" data-original-width="281" data-original-height="373" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/dunbrody1/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="277"> <meta itemprop="height" content="369"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="3616" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody1.jpg" data-orig-size="1200,1600" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"9","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1378013192","copyright":"","focal_length":"31","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.00125","title":""}" data-image-title="Dunbrody1" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody1.jpg?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody1.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody1.jpg?w=277&h=369&ssl=1" width="277" height="369" loading="lazy" data-original-width="277" data-original-height="369" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Dunbrody1" alt="A tall ship of three masts at dock with no sails set." style="width: 277px; height: 369px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> The replica of the Dunbrody, at anchor in New Ross in Ireland. Courtesy Stephen Greenberg </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> <div class="gallery-group images-1" style="width: 559px; height: 373px;" data-original-width="559" data-original-height="373" > <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/dunbrody2/" border="0" itemprop="url"> <meta itemprop="width" content="555"> <meta itemprop="height" content="369"> <img decoding="async" class="" data-attachment-id="3617" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody2.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,1062" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"5","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1378013375","copyright":"","focal_length":"45","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.001","title":""}" data-image-title="Dunbrody2" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody2.jpg?fit=300%2C199&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody2.jpg?fit=840%2C558&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dunbrody2.jpg?w=555&h=369&ssl=1" width="555" height="369" loading="lazy" data-original-width="555" data-original-height="369" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Dunbrody2" alt="An open grid globe with sheetmental continents on a granite stage which says The Emmigrant Flame. Tall ship riggin visible in the background." style="width: 555px; height: 369px;" /> </a> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> The Emigrant Memorial at New Ross Courtesy Stephen Greenberg </div> </div> </div> <!-- close group --> </div> <!-- close row --> </div>
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<figure id="attachment_3623" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3623" style="width: 207px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/treatment-of-diseases-of-the-potato.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="3623" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/17/famine-ships/treatment-of-diseases-of-the-potato/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/treatment-of-diseases-of-the-potato.jpg?fit=829%2C1200&ssl=1" data-orig-size="829,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Treatment-of-Diseases-of-the-Potato" data-image-description="<p>The Prevention and Treatment of Disease in the Potato and Other Crops by John Parkin, M.D. Honorary fellow of the Royal Academies of Medicine and Surgery in Madrid, Barcelona and Cadiz; corresponding Member of the Royal Peloritan Society, Messina; of tje Medical Society, Barcelona: Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, etc., etc.<br />
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“Nature speaks to us in a peculiar language, in the language of phenomenon; she answers, at all times, the questions which are put to her; and such questions are experiments.” Baron Liebig<br />
|
||
London: W. Wood: 39, Tavistock St., Covent Garden: Bookseller to the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1847. Price Two Shillings and Sixpence.</p>
|
||
" data-image-caption="<p>The Prevention and Treatment of Disease in the Potato and Other Crops by John Parkin, M.D.<br />
|
||
National Library of Medicine #</p>
|
||
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/treatment-of-diseases-of-the-potato.jpg?fit=207%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/treatment-of-diseases-of-the-potato.jpg?fit=707%2C1024&ssl=1" class="size-medium wp-image-3623 " title="The Prevention and Treatment of Disease in the Potato and Other Crops" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/treatment-of-diseases-of-the-potato.jpg?resize=207%2C300" alt="A darkened, repaired cover of the book The Prevention and Treatment of Disease in the Potatoe and Other Crops." width="207" height="300" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3623" class="wp-caption-text"><em>The Prevention and Treatment of Disease in the Potato and Other Crops</em> by John Parkin, M.D.<br /><a title="Catalog Record: LocatorPlus" href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994160483406676"><em>NLM #62310190R</em></a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>The famine and the subsequent immigration are represented in the collections of the History of Medicine Division (HMD), but the impact is remarkably small. The <i>Index Catalogue </i>print volumes and the IndexCat™ database have a few dozen articles and dissertations about “potato-disease” (as it was called in the contemporary literature), but fewer than one might expect. One such pamphlet, written by John Parkin, MD, and published in London in 1847, is entitled<i><a title="Catalog Record: LocatorPlus" href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994160483406676"> The Prevention and Treatment of Disease in the Potato and other Crops</a>. </i>Parkin notes that the disease affecting the potatoes in Ireland was totally unknown before 1830, when similar outbreaks with much less virulence were seen in Germany and the United States. Nothing, however, matched the sheer destructiveness of the Irish outbreak. Parkin suggests that, as a preventative, fields to be sown with potatoes be prepared with a mixture of powdered chalk and common salt, or Glauber’s salts (a crystalized form of sodium sulfate), or magnesium sulphate. <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>, the microorganism that causes potato blight, is still difficult to control today. It is doubtful that Parkin’s suggestions would have made much of a dent.</p>
|
||
<p>Another HMD pamphlet of 1847, John Walker’s <i><a title="Catalog Record: LocatorPlus" href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma994160503406676">Essay on the Epidemic and Pestilential State of the Elements</a>,</i> draws attention to the historical correlation between crop failures and epidemic disease. Walker was living in Kilbirnie, a small town on the western coast of Scotland at the time. He would not have needed to go far to see the effects of the potato blight on the health of the Irish people, whether they stayed in their stricken country or chose to emigrate.</p>
|
||
<p>One of the tasks of the United States Public Health Service (it would have still been the Marine Hospital Service in the 1840s) was to guard against ships entering US ports bearing cholera cases, but there had been no severe outbreaks of cholera in this country since 1834, and would not be again until 1866. Quarantine was not mandatory in the 1840s and 1850s, and the tighter control of the health of immigrants belongs to a later period (Ellis Island did not open until 1892). But one must only look once at the rebuilt <i>Dunbrody</i> and the bright, shining monument at her mooring to remember what the blight, the famine, and their aftermath did to an entire people.</p>
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<p><i><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/stephen-j-greenberg.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="848" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/23/medicine-museums-and-unicorns/stephen-j-greenberg/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/stephen-j-greenberg.jpg?fit=1143%2C1600&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1143,1600" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"5.6","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D800","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1372757718","copyright":"","focal_length":"24","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":""}" data-image-title="Stephen J Greenberg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/stephen-j-greenberg.jpg?fit=214%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/stephen-j-greenberg.jpg?fit=732%2C1024&ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-848" title="Stephen J Greenberg" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/stephen-j-greenberg.jpg?resize=75%2C105" alt="Stephen J Greenberg in his office" width="75" height="105" /></a>Stephen J. Greenberg, PhD, is Coordinator of Public Services for the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.</i></p>
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<li class="cat-item cat-item-1359464"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/films-videos/">Films & Videos</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-4940351"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/prints-photographs/">Prints & Photographs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-347145303"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/rare-books-journals/">Rare Books & Journals</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-2029"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/">Exhibitions</a>
|
||
<ul class='children'>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-51873791"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/confronting-violence/">Confronting Violence</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-51136828"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/for-all-the-people/">For All the People</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-207572835"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/from-dna-to-beer/">From DNA to Beer</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-43646346"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/graphic-medicine/">Graphic Medicine</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-39242778"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/harry-potters-world/">Harry Potters World</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-678875970"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/making-the-greatest-medical-library-in-america/">Making the Greatest Medical Library in America</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-51014"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/">Guests</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/news/">News</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-2347"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/">Series</a>
|
||
<ul class='children'>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-608566155"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/a-new-history-of-nlm/">A New History of NLM</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-204221395"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/andreas-vesalius-at-500/">Andreas Vesalius at 500</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-354547839"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/curious-herbals/">Curious Herbals</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-321229776"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/deciphering-the-genetic-code/">Deciphering the Genetic Code</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-8370612"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/garfield-assassination/">Garfield Assassination</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-610680187"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/making-exhibition-connections/">Making Exhibition Connections</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-678875949"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/nlm-collections-tour/">NLM Collection Tour</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-76943049"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="cat-item cat-item-1269102"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/the-great-war/">The Great War</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget widget_tag_cloud clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Explore</h3></div><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1500s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903712 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1500s (35 items)">1500s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1600s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-275516 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 12.666666666667pt;" aria-label="1600s (38 items)">1600s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1700s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-411245 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="1700s (32 items)">1700s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1800s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273905 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 20.88pt;" aria-label="1800s (107 items)">1800s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1900s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273907 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 20.32pt;" aria-label="1900s (99 items)">1900s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24741 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="1950s (26 items)">1950s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1960s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24742 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1960s (35 items)">1960s</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/african-american-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-168941 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="African American History (52 items)">African American History</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/america/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-8055 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="America (24 items)">America</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anatomy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-26371 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="anatomy (29 items)">anatomy</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/animals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-490 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="animals (29 items)">animals</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anniversaries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875953 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 11.173333333333pt;" aria-label="anniversaries (31 items)">anniversaries</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/archives/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12080 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 14.533333333333pt;" aria-label="archives (48 items)">archives</a>
|
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/art/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-177 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.64pt;" aria-label="art (80 items)">art</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/book-illustration/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1480675 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="book illustration (61 items)">book illustration</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/children/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1343 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="children (21 items)">children</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875829 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="COVID-19 (29 items)">COVID-19</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/data/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-22379 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.586666666667pt;" aria-label="data (62 items)">data</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541876 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (35 items)">digital humanities</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digitization/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106484 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="digitization (40 items)">digitization</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-524 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 17.52pt;" aria-label="film (70 items)">film</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/food/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-586 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="food (33 items)">food</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/france/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4704 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="France (29 items)">France</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (39 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women's History (66 items)">Women's History</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
|
||
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
|
||
</aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="archives-5" class="widget widget_archive clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3></div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-5">Archives</label>
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/* ]]> */
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</script>
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<script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/_static/??-eJyNj8EKwjAQRH/IdCtC1YP4KdIm27DtNgndTYN/b9DeRPA4w7wZpiRDwXJ2KDAJOBKFDYOLK5RkUuTnSMzNQqGZ5FAtG4NiUEicPYUKoabezvCoNTBwtLOA5EHsSkkp1sRGWH7A/UyyoH7gXZhxfafcX4OZ2EEh51EFfIye0ejaB+Fe8cvYf9yX2/F8ul7aru0uLzfvYWU='></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit&ver=14.4" id="google-translate-js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra">
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/* <![CDATA[ */
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var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
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/* ]]> */
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</script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.4" id="sharing-js-js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after">
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/* <![CDATA[ */
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var windowOpen;
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( function () {
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function matches( el, sel ) {
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return !! (
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el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
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el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
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);
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}
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document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
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if ( ! event.target ) {
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return;
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}
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var el;
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if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) {
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el = event.target;
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} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) {
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el = event.target.parentNode;
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}
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if ( el ) {
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event.preventDefault();
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// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
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if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
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windowOpen.close();
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}
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windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' );
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return false;
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}
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} );
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} )();
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var windowOpen;
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( function () {
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function matches( el, sel ) {
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return !! (
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el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
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el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
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);
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}
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document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
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if ( ! event.target ) {
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return;
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}
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var el;
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if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
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el = event.target;
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} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) {
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el = event.target.parentNode;
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}
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if ( el ) {
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event.preventDefault();
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// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
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if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
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windowOpen.close();
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}
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windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' );
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return false;
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}
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} );
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} )();
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var windowOpen;
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( function () {
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function matches( el, sel ) {
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return !! (
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el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
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el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
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);
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}
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document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
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if ( ! event.target ) {
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return;
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}
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var el;
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if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) {
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el = event.target;
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} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) {
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el = event.target.parentNode;
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}
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if ( el ) {
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event.preventDefault();
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// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
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if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
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windowOpen.close();
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}
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windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtumblr', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
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return false;
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}
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} );
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} )();
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var windowOpen;
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( function () {
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function matches( el, sel ) {
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return !! (
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el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
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el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
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);
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}
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document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
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if ( ! event.target ) {
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return;
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}
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||
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var el;
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if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
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el = event.target;
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||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) {
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||
el = event.target.parentNode;
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||
}
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||
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if ( el ) {
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||
event.preventDefault();
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||
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||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
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||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
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||
windowOpen.close();
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}
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windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' );
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return false;
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}
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} );
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} )();
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var windowOpen;
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( function () {
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||
function matches( el, sel ) {
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||
return !! (
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el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
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el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
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);
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}
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document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
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||
if ( ! event.target ) {
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||
return;
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||
}
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||
|
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var el;
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if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) {
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el = event.target;
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||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) {
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||
el = event.target.parentNode;
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||
}
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||
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||
if ( el ) {
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||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
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||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
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||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcompocket', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
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||
return false;
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||
}
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||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
var windowOpen;
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||
( function () {
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||
function matches( el, sel ) {
|
||
return !! (
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||
el.matches && el.matches( sel ) ||
|
||
el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel )
|
||
);
|
||
}
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||
|
||
document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
|
||
if ( ! event.target ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var el;
|
||
if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target;
|
||
} else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) {
|
||
el = event.target.parentNode;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( el ) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
|
||
// If there's another sharing window open, close it.
|
||
if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
windowOpen.close();
|
||
}
|
||
windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtelegram', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' );
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
} );
|
||
} )();
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20250305#ver=20250305' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
|
||
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function () {
|
||
const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' );
|
||
const watchReply = function() {
|
||
// Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice.
|
||
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) {
|
||
// Cache the Core function.
|
||
addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm;
|
||
const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' );
|
||
const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' );
|
||
|
||
function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
const url = new URL( iframe.src );
|
||
if ( commentParentValue ) {
|
||
url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue )
|
||
} else {
|
||
url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' );
|
||
}
|
||
if( iframe.src !== url.href ) {
|
||
iframe.src = url.href;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( false );
|
||
} );
|
||
|
||
addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) {
|
||
tellFrameNewParent( parentId );
|
||
return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments );
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply );
|
||
// In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces.
|
||
document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply );
|
||
|
||
|
||
const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment');
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
|
||
if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId;
|
||
|
||
// Change height for the matching comment iframe
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) {
|
||
const iframe = commentIframes[i];
|
||
const url = new URL(iframe.src);
|
||
const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id');
|
||
if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) {
|
||
iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px';
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
<!--
|
||
generated in 0.363 seconds
|
||
154853 bytes batcached for 300 seconds
|
||
-->
|