nih-gov/www.nlm.nih.gov/research/researchstaff/YuYiKuo.html
2025-02-26 13:17:41 -05:00

410 lines
43 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta name="title" property="og:title" content="Senior Investigator, Computational Biology Branch">
<meta name="type" property="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="image" property="og:image" content="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/NLMgeneric.jpg">
<meta name="image:alt" property="og:image:alt" content="National Library of Medicine (NLM)">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@NLM_NIH">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Senior Investigator, Computational Biology Branch">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/NLMgeneric.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content ="National Library of Medicine (NLM)">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/research/css/main.css" media="screen" >
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/research/css/styles.css" media="screen" >
<title>NLM Intramural Research Program - Yi-Kuo Yu, PhD</title>
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" title="The Dublin Core metadata Element Set" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="NLM Intramural Research Program - Yi-Kuo Yu, PhD" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="U.S. National Library of Medicine" />
<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="2019-12-16" />
<meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="2024-09-20" />
<meta name="NLMDC.Date.LastReviewed" content="2024-09-20" />
<meta name="NLM.Contact.Email" content="NLMCommunications@nlm.nih.gov" />
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Staff Biographical Sketches" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Public Domain" />
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MT6MLL');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MT6MLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="googletagmanager"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<header class="header">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="header-container">
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" class="icon_logo" title="National Library of Medicine" aria-label="National Library of Medicine" id="anch_0">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 2039.55 243.26"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#fff;}</style></defs><g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2"><g id="Text_outlines" data-name="Text outlines"><path class="cls-1" d="M266.77,67.24V176H248.18v-49.2H199.53V176H180.4V67.24H199v43.19h48.66V67.24ZM161.26,176H142.68V67.24h18.58Zm-37.17,0H104.41L55.76,96.21h-.55V176h-18V67.24H56.85l49.2,79.81h.55V67.24h18V176Zm208.83-54.66L266.77,0H21.87A22.05,22.05,0,0,0,0,22.41V220.85a22.05,22.05,0,0,0,21.87,22.41H266.22Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M283.17,242.72l66.69-121.36L283.17,0h16.4c9.29,0,20.23,6.56,24.6,14.76l58.49,106.6L324.17,228c-4.37,8.2-15.31,14.76-24.6,14.76Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M428.15,66.88h16.5l40.75,65.75h.25V66.88h14.88v89.25H484L443.4,90.5H443v65.63H428.15Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M571.15,141.75a7.54,7.54,0,0,0,.69,3.75,2.9,2.9,0,0,0,2.69,1.13H576a9.16,9.16,0,0,0,2-.25v9.87c-.5.17-1.15.36-1.94.57s-1.61.39-2.44.56a23.93,23.93,0,0,1-2.5.37,20,20,0,0,1-2.12.13,13.68,13.68,0,0,1-7.25-1.75Q558.9,154.38,558,150a25.29,25.29,0,0,1-10.44,6,41.17,41.17,0,0,1-11.94,1.88,29.25,29.25,0,0,1-8.37-1.19,21.77,21.77,0,0,1-7.07-3.5,16.81,16.81,0,0,1-4.87-5.87,18.11,18.11,0,0,1-1.81-8.32,19.18,19.18,0,0,1,2.18-9.75,16.27,16.27,0,0,1,5.75-5.87,25.79,25.79,0,0,1,8-3.06,90.4,90.4,0,0,1,8.94-1.44,73.25,73.25,0,0,1,7.38-1.06,34.66,34.66,0,0,0,6.18-1.07,9.39,9.39,0,0,0,4.25-2.31,6.37,6.37,0,0,0,1.57-4.69,7.28,7.28,0,0,0-1.32-4.5,8.78,8.78,0,0,0-3.25-2.68,14,14,0,0,0-4.31-1.25,34.25,34.25,0,0,0-4.5-.32,17.93,17.93,0,0,0-9.87,2.5,9.74,9.74,0,0,0-4.38,7.75H515.9a21.45,21.45,0,0,1,3-10.37,20.76,20.76,0,0,1,6.69-6.63,27.57,27.57,0,0,1,9.19-3.5,55.13,55.13,0,0,1,10.5-1,44.65,44.65,0,0,1,9.37,1A26.74,26.74,0,0,1,563,94a18,18,0,0,1,5.94,5.82,15.93,15.93,0,0,1,2.25,8.68Zm-14.25-18a17.24,17.24,0,0,1-8,2.57c-3.17.29-6.33.73-9.5,1.31a31.3,31.3,0,0,0-4.37,1.06,13.18,13.18,0,0,0-3.75,1.88,8.22,8.22,0,0,0-2.57,3.12,10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.93,4.69,6,6,0,0,0,1.37,4,10,10,0,0,0,3.31,2.56,15.17,15.17,0,0,0,4.25,1.31,26.44,26.44,0,0,0,4.19.38A23.14,23.14,0,0,0,546,146a16.81,16.81,0,0,0,5.18-2.12,13.72,13.72,0,0,0,4.07-3.81,9.67,9.67,0,0,0,1.62-5.69Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M580,91.5h10.75V72.13H605V91.5H617.9v10.63H605v34.5a35.69,35.69,0,0,0,.18,3.87,6.71,6.71,0,0,0,.88,2.75,4.15,4.15,0,0,0,2.06,1.69,10.07,10.07,0,0,0,3.75.56c1,0,2,0,3-.06a14.79,14.79,0,0,0,3-.44v11l-4.62.5a41.2,41.2,0,0,1-4.63.25,31.47,31.47,0,0,1-9.06-1.06,12.08,12.08,0,0,1-5.38-3.12,10.85,10.85,0,0,1-2.62-5.19,38.6,38.6,0,0,1-.81-7.13V102.13H580Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M628.52,66.88h14.25v13.5H628.52Zm0,24.62h14.25v64.63H628.52Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M687.9,157.88a35.31,35.31,0,0,1-13.81-2.56,29.4,29.4,0,0,1-10.25-7.07,30.09,30.09,0,0,1-6.38-10.75,43.85,43.85,0,0,1,0-27.37,30.09,30.09,0,0,1,6.38-10.75,29.38,29.38,0,0,1,10.25-7.06,38.39,38.39,0,0,1,27.62,0A29.47,29.47,0,0,1,712,99.38a30.24,30.24,0,0,1,6.38,10.75,44,44,0,0,1,0,27.37A30.24,30.24,0,0,1,712,148.25a29.5,29.5,0,0,1-10.25,7.07A35.31,35.31,0,0,1,687.9,157.88Zm0-11.25a16.37,16.37,0,0,0,8.25-2,17.35,17.35,0,0,0,5.75-5.25,23,23,0,0,0,3.31-7.31,32.91,32.91,0,0,0,0-16.57,22.18,22.18,0,0,0-3.31-7.31,17.83,17.83,0,0,0-5.75-5.19,18,18,0,0,0-16.5,0,17.83,17.83,0,0,0-5.75,5.19,22,22,0,0,0-3.31,7.31,32.61,32.61,0,0,0,0,16.57,22.73,22.73,0,0,0,3.31,7.31,17.35,17.35,0,0,0,5.75,5.25A16.37,16.37,0,0,0,687.9,146.63Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M732.4,91.5h13.5V101l.25.25a23.83,23.83,0,0,1,8.5-8.43,22.65,22.65,0,0,1,11.62-3.07q10.62,0,16.75,5.5t6.13,16.5v44.38H774.9V115.5q-.25-7.62-3.25-11.06T762.27,101a15.41,15.41,0,0,0-6.5,1.32,14,14,0,0,0-4.87,3.62,17.07,17.07,0,0,0-3.13,5.44,19.38,19.38,0,0,0-1.12,6.62v38.13H732.4Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M858.27,141.75a7.54,7.54,0,0,0,.69,3.75,2.9,2.9,0,0,0,2.69,1.13h1.5a9.16,9.16,0,0,0,2-.25v9.87c-.5.17-1.15.36-1.94.57s-1.61.39-2.44.56a23.93,23.93,0,0,1-2.5.37,20,20,0,0,1-2.12.13,13.68,13.68,0,0,1-7.25-1.75q-2.88-1.75-3.75-6.13a25.29,25.29,0,0,1-10.44,6,41.17,41.17,0,0,1-11.94,1.88,29.25,29.25,0,0,1-8.37-1.19,21.87,21.87,0,0,1-7.07-3.5,16.81,16.81,0,0,1-4.87-5.87,18.11,18.11,0,0,1-1.81-8.32,19.29,19.29,0,0,1,2.18-9.75,16.27,16.27,0,0,1,5.75-5.87,25.89,25.89,0,0,1,8-3.06,90.4,90.4,0,0,1,8.94-1.44,73.25,73.25,0,0,1,7.38-1.06,34.66,34.66,0,0,0,6.18-1.07,9.34,9.34,0,0,0,4.25-2.31,6.33,6.33,0,0,0,1.57-4.69,7.28,7.28,0,0,0-1.32-4.5,8.7,8.7,0,0,0-3.25-2.68,14,14,0,0,0-4.31-1.25,34.25,34.25,0,0,0-4.5-.32,17.93,17.93,0,0,0-9.87,2.5,9.74,9.74,0,0,0-4.38,7.75H803a21.45,21.45,0,0,1,3-10.37,20.76,20.76,0,0,1,6.69-6.63,27.57,27.57,0,0,1,9.19-3.5,55.13,55.13,0,0,1,10.5-1,44.65,44.65,0,0,1,9.37,1A26.65,26.65,0,0,1,850.08,94,18,18,0,0,1,856,99.82a15.93,15.93,0,0,1,2.25,8.68Zm-14.25-18a17.24,17.24,0,0,1-8,2.57c-3.17.29-6.33.73-9.5,1.31a31.3,31.3,0,0,0-4.37,1.06,13.18,13.18,0,0,0-3.75,1.88,8.22,8.22,0,0,0-2.57,3.12,10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.93,4.69,6,6,0,0,0,1.37,4,10,10,0,0,0,3.31,2.56,15.27,15.27,0,0,0,4.25,1.31,26.55,26.55,0,0,0,4.19.38,23.14,23.14,0,0,0,5.13-.63,16.81,16.81,0,0,0,5.18-2.12,13.72,13.72,0,0,0,4.07-3.81,9.67,9.67,0,0,0,1.62-5.69Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M874,66.88h14.25v89.25H874Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M940.52,66.88h15.63v75.75h45.37v13.5h-61Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1010.65,66.88h14.25v13.5h-14.25Zm0,24.62h14.25v64.63h-14.25Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1040.77,66.88H1055v33h.25a19.61,19.61,0,0,1,3.63-4.25,22.61,22.61,0,0,1,4.68-3.19,24.84,24.84,0,0,1,5.38-2,23.77,23.77,0,0,1,5.56-.69,30.88,30.88,0,0,1,13.31,2.69,26.32,26.32,0,0,1,9.44,7.38,32,32,0,0,1,5.63,10.93,46.38,46.38,0,0,1,1.87,13.38,47.08,47.08,0,0,1-1.69,12.62,32.79,32.79,0,0,1-5.12,10.82,25,25,0,0,1-21.06,10.31,50.47,50.47,0,0,1-6.57-.44,24.4,24.4,0,0,1-6.31-1.69,21.45,21.45,0,0,1-5.44-3.25,15.76,15.76,0,0,1-4.06-5.25h-.25v8.88h-13.5Zm49.75,57a32.14,32.14,0,0,0-1.12-8.5,23,23,0,0,0-3.38-7.31,17.46,17.46,0,0,0-5.62-5.13,15.32,15.32,0,0,0-7.75-1.94q-9,0-13.57,6.25t-4.56,16.63a33.14,33.14,0,0,0,1.19,9.06,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,3.56,7.19,17.79,17.79,0,0,0,5.69,4.75,16.19,16.19,0,0,0,7.69,1.75,16,16,0,0,0,8.25-2,17.37,17.37,0,0,0,5.56-5.19,20.85,20.85,0,0,0,3.12-7.25A36.51,36.51,0,0,0,1090.52,123.88Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1116.77,91.5h13.37V104h.25a14.47,14.47,0,0,1,2.44-5.12,23.55,23.55,0,0,1,4.38-4.56,22.05,22.05,0,0,1,5.68-3.32,17.13,17.13,0,0,1,6.38-1.25,31.47,31.47,0,0,1,3.44.13l1.93.25v13.75c-1-.17-2-.31-3.06-.44a26.73,26.73,0,0,0-3.06-.19,16.47,16.47,0,0,0-6.81,1.44,15.76,15.76,0,0,0-5.57,4.25,21,21,0,0,0-3.75,6.94,30.24,30.24,0,0,0-1.37,9.5v30.75h-14.25Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1214.89,141.75a7.54,7.54,0,0,0,.69,3.75,2.9,2.9,0,0,0,2.69,1.13h1.5a9.16,9.16,0,0,0,2-.25v9.87c-.5.17-1.15.36-1.94.57s-1.6.39-2.44.56a23.54,23.54,0,0,1-2.5.37,20,20,0,0,1-2.12.13,13.68,13.68,0,0,1-7.25-1.75q-2.88-1.75-3.75-6.13a25.22,25.22,0,0,1-10.44,6,41.07,41.07,0,0,1-11.94,1.88,29.3,29.3,0,0,1-8.37-1.19,21.71,21.71,0,0,1-7.06-3.5,16.73,16.73,0,0,1-4.88-5.87,18.11,18.11,0,0,1-1.81-8.32,19.18,19.18,0,0,1,2.19-9.75,16.11,16.11,0,0,1,5.75-5.87,25.69,25.69,0,0,1,8-3.06,89.73,89.73,0,0,1,8.93-1.44,73.66,73.66,0,0,1,7.38-1.06,34.94,34.94,0,0,0,6.19-1.07,9.45,9.45,0,0,0,4.25-2.31,6.37,6.37,0,0,0,1.56-4.69,7.34,7.34,0,0,0-1.31-4.5,8.86,8.86,0,0,0-3.25-2.68,14,14,0,0,0-4.32-1.25,34.25,34.25,0,0,0-4.5-.32,17.93,17.93,0,0,0-9.87,2.5,9.76,9.76,0,0,0-4.38,7.75h-14.25a21.45,21.45,0,0,1,3-10.37,20.76,20.76,0,0,1,6.69-6.63,27.57,27.57,0,0,1,9.19-3.5,55.13,55.13,0,0,1,10.5-1,44.65,44.65,0,0,1,9.37,1,26.71,26.71,0,0,1,8.32,3.25,18,18,0,0,1,5.93,5.82,15.93,15.93,0,0,1,2.25,8.68Zm-14.25-18a17.21,17.21,0,0,1-8,2.57q-4.74.44-9.5,1.31a31.3,31.3,0,0,0-4.37,1.06,13.18,13.18,0,0,0-3.75,1.88,8.1,8.1,0,0,0-2.56,3.12,10.66,10.66,0,0,0-.94,4.69,6,6,0,0,0,1.37,4,9.94,9.94,0,0,0,3.32,2.56,15.07,15.07,0,0,0,4.25,1.31,26.33,26.33,0,0,0,4.18.38,23.07,23.07,0,0,0,5.13-.63,17,17,0,0,0,5.19-2.12,13.8,13.8,0,0,0,4.06-3.81,9.67,9.67,0,0,0,1.62-5.69Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1230.27,91.5h13.37V104h.25a14.47,14.47,0,0,1,2.44-5.12,23.55,23.55,0,0,1,4.38-4.56,22.05,22.05,0,0,1,5.68-3.32,17.13,17.13,0,0,1,6.38-1.25,31.6,31.6,0,0,1,3.44.13l1.93.25v13.75c-1-.17-2-.31-3.06-.44a26.73,26.73,0,0,0-3.06-.19,16.47,16.47,0,0,0-6.81,1.44,15.76,15.76,0,0,0-5.57,4.25,21,21,0,0,0-3.75,6.94,30.24,30.24,0,0,0-1.37,9.5v30.75h-14.25Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1267.14,91.5h15.63l16.87,48.25h.25l16.38-48.25h14.87L1306,159.63c-1.17,2.92-2.31,5.71-3.44,8.37a30.11,30.11,0,0,1-4.12,7.07,17.89,17.89,0,0,1-6.07,4.87,20.65,20.65,0,0,1-9.25,1.81,64.81,64.81,0,0,1-9.87-.75V169c1.16.17,2.29.36,3.37.57a18.55,18.55,0,0,0,3.38.31,11.51,11.51,0,0,0,4.12-.63,6.81,6.81,0,0,0,2.69-1.81,11.22,11.22,0,0,0,1.81-2.81,27.6,27.6,0,0,0,1.38-3.75l1.62-5Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1403.52,157.88a35.31,35.31,0,0,1-13.81-2.56,29.4,29.4,0,0,1-10.25-7.07,30.09,30.09,0,0,1-6.38-10.75,43.85,43.85,0,0,1,0-27.37,30.09,30.09,0,0,1,6.38-10.75,29.38,29.38,0,0,1,10.25-7.06,38.39,38.39,0,0,1,27.62,0,29.47,29.47,0,0,1,10.25,7.06,30.24,30.24,0,0,1,6.38,10.75,44,44,0,0,1,0,27.37,30.24,30.24,0,0,1-6.38,10.75,29.5,29.5,0,0,1-10.25,7.07A35.35,35.35,0,0,1,1403.52,157.88Zm0-11.25a16.42,16.42,0,0,0,8.25-2,17.35,17.35,0,0,0,5.75-5.25,23,23,0,0,0,3.31-7.31,32.91,32.91,0,0,0,0-16.57,22.18,22.18,0,0,0-3.31-7.31,17.83,17.83,0,0,0-5.75-5.19,18,18,0,0,0-16.5,0,17.73,17.73,0,0,0-5.75,5.19,22,22,0,0,0-3.31,7.31,32.61,32.61,0,0,0,0,16.57,22.73,22.73,0,0,0,3.31,7.31,17.25,17.25,0,0,0,5.75,5.25A16.37,16.37,0,0,0,1403.52,146.63Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1441.64,91.5h10.63V86.13a27.62,27.62,0,0,1,1.5-9.94,14,14,0,0,1,4-5.87,13.1,13.1,0,0,1,5.68-2.75,31.62,31.62,0,0,1,6.69-.69,41,41,0,0,1,10,.87V78.88a19.9,19.9,0,0,0-2.94-.56,30.26,30.26,0,0,0-3.68-.19,8.73,8.73,0,0,0-4.94,1.37c-1.38.92-2.06,2.71-2.06,5.38V91.5h12.12v10.63h-12.12v54h-14.25v-54h-10.63Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1523.89,66.88h22l24.62,69.87h.25l24-69.87h21.75v89.25h-14.87V87.25h-.25l-24.75,68.88h-12.88L1539,87.25h-.25v68.88h-14.87Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1644.39,127.5a24.75,24.75,0,0,0,1.06,7.25,17.8,17.8,0,0,0,3.19,6.13,15.33,15.33,0,0,0,5.37,4.19,17.77,17.77,0,0,0,7.75,1.56q6.26,0,10.07-2.69a15.89,15.89,0,0,0,5.68-8.06H1691a26.76,26.76,0,0,1-10.5,16.31,28.31,28.31,0,0,1-8.68,4.25,35,35,0,0,1-10.07,1.44,34.18,34.18,0,0,1-13.5-2.5,27.91,27.91,0,0,1-9.93-7,29.73,29.73,0,0,1-6.13-10.75,43.83,43.83,0,0,1-2.06-13.75,38.84,38.84,0,0,1,2.19-13.06,33.28,33.28,0,0,1,6.25-10.88,29.3,29.3,0,0,1,22.81-10.19,29.07,29.07,0,0,1,13.69,3.19,30.14,30.14,0,0,1,10.06,8.44,34.3,34.3,0,0,1,5.81,12.06,37,37,0,0,1,.94,14.06Zm33.25-9.37a23.13,23.13,0,0,0-1.44-6.5,17.34,17.34,0,0,0-3.25-5.44,16.07,16.07,0,0,0-5-3.75,14.86,14.86,0,0,0-6.56-1.44,17,17,0,0,0-6.81,1.32,15.36,15.36,0,0,0-5.25,3.62,18,18,0,0,0-3.5,5.44,18.76,18.76,0,0,0-1.44,6.75Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1763.64,156.13h-13.5v-8.75h-.25a16.91,16.91,0,0,1-8.38,8.06,28.26,28.26,0,0,1-11.62,2.44,30.85,30.85,0,0,1-13.31-2.69,26.5,26.5,0,0,1-9.44-7.31,31.27,31.27,0,0,1-5.63-10.94,47.38,47.38,0,0,1-1.87-13.56,43.46,43.46,0,0,1,2.37-15.13,30.33,30.33,0,0,1,6.32-10.5,24.42,24.42,0,0,1,9-6.06,28.64,28.64,0,0,1,10.31-1.94,34,34,0,0,1,6.12.57,26.68,26.68,0,0,1,6,1.81,23.69,23.69,0,0,1,5.32,3.19,17.84,17.84,0,0,1,4.06,4.56h.25v-33h14.25Zm-49.75-31.63a31.5,31.5,0,0,0,1.06,8.13,22.18,22.18,0,0,0,3.25,7.12,15.81,15.81,0,0,0,13.56,6.88,16,16,0,0,0,8.19-2,17,17,0,0,0,5.63-5.25,24,24,0,0,0,3.25-7.31,33.12,33.12,0,0,0,1.06-8.32q0-10.74-4.81-16.75a15.87,15.87,0,0,0-13.07-6,16.06,16.06,0,0,0-8.43,2.07,17.32,17.32,0,0,0-5.63,5.37,22.21,22.21,0,0,0-3.12,7.5A38.85,38.85,0,0,0,1713.89,124.5Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1779.51,66.88h14.25v13.5h-14.25Zm0,24.62h14.25v64.63h-14.25Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1852.89,113.13q-.89-6-4.82-9.06a15.68,15.68,0,0,0-9.93-3.07,20.65,20.65,0,0,0-5.88.94,14.1,14.1,0,0,0-5.75,3.5,19.58,19.58,0,0,0-4.37,7.13,33.82,33.82,0,0,0-1.75,11.93,35.16,35.16,0,0,0,.93,8,22.05,22.05,0,0,0,3,7.13,16.3,16.3,0,0,0,5.32,5.06,15,15,0,0,0,7.87,1.94,14.29,14.29,0,0,0,10.31-3.88q4.07-3.87,5.07-10.87h14.25q-2,12.63-9.57,19.31t-20.06,6.69a33.22,33.22,0,0,1-13.44-2.56,28.55,28.55,0,0,1-9.81-7,29.59,29.59,0,0,1-6.06-10.57,41.12,41.12,0,0,1-2.06-13.25,45,45,0,0,1,2-13.62,31.05,31.05,0,0,1,6-11.06,28.11,28.11,0,0,1,9.93-7.38A33.59,33.59,0,0,1,1838,89.75a39.31,39.31,0,0,1,10.69,1.44,28.42,28.42,0,0,1,9,4.31,23.17,23.17,0,0,1,6.44,7.25,25.06,25.06,0,0,1,3,10.38Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1879.14,66.88h14.25v13.5h-14.25Zm0,24.62h14.25v64.63h-14.25Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1908.89,91.5h13.5V101l.25.25a23.83,23.83,0,0,1,8.5-8.43,22.65,22.65,0,0,1,11.62-3.07q10.62,0,16.75,5.5t6.13,16.5v44.38h-14.25V115.5q-.26-7.62-3.25-11.06t-9.38-3.44a15.41,15.41,0,0,0-6.5,1.32,14,14,0,0,0-4.87,3.62,17.07,17.07,0,0,0-3.13,5.44,19.38,19.38,0,0,0-1.12,6.62v38.13h-14.25Z"></path><path class="cls-1" d="M1991.76,127.5a24.75,24.75,0,0,0,1.06,7.25,17.8,17.8,0,0,0,3.19,6.13,15.37,15.37,0,0,0,5.38,4.19,17.74,17.74,0,0,0,7.75,1.56q6.24,0,10.06-2.69a15.9,15.9,0,0,0,5.69-8.06h13.5a26.88,26.88,0,0,1-10.5,16.31,28.36,28.36,0,0,1-8.69,4.25,34.91,34.91,0,0,1-10.06,1.44,34.11,34.11,0,0,1-13.5-2.5,27.94,27.94,0,0,1-9.94-7,29.73,29.73,0,0,1-6.13-10.75,43.83,43.83,0,0,1-2.06-13.75,38.84,38.84,0,0,1,2.19-13.06A33.46,33.46,0,0,1,1986,99.94a29.3,29.3,0,0,1,22.81-10.19,29,29,0,0,1,13.69,3.19,30.14,30.14,0,0,1,10.06,8.44,34.13,34.13,0,0,1,5.81,12.06,37,37,0,0,1,.94,14.06Zm33.25-9.37a23.13,23.13,0,0,0-1.44-6.5,17.34,17.34,0,0,0-3.25-5.44,16.07,16.07,0,0,0-5-3.75,14.83,14.83,0,0,0-6.56-1.44,17,17,0,0,0-6.81,1.32,15.55,15.55,0,0,0-5.25,3.62,18,18,0,0,0-3.5,5.44,18.76,18.76,0,0,0-1.44,6.75Z"></path></g></g></svg>
<!-- <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 216.34 45">
<defs>
<style>
.cls-1 {
fill: none;
}
.cls-2 {
clip-path: url(#clip-path);
}
.cls-3 {
fill: #fff;
}
</style>
<clipPath id="clip-path">
<rect class="cls-1" width="215.59" height="45"></rect>
</clipPath>
</defs>
<title>NLM Logo</title>
<g id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1">
<g class="cls-2">
<path class="cls-3" d="M39.36,16.25V28.86H37.21v-5.7H31.57v5.7H29.35V16.25H31.5v5h5.64v-5ZM27.13,28.86H25V16.25h2.15Zm-4.31,0H20.54L14.9,19.61h-.06v9.25H12.75V16.25H15l5.7,9.25h.06V16.25h2.09V28.86ZM47,22.52,39.36,8.46H11a2.56,2.56,0,0,0-2.53,2.6v23A2.55,2.55,0,0,0,11,36.65H39.3Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M41.26,36.59,49,22.52,41.26,8.46h1.9A3.52,3.52,0,0,1,46,10.17l6.78,12.35L46,34.88a3.52,3.52,0,0,1-2.85,1.71Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M57.86,18.54h1.53l3.78,6.1h0v-6.1h1.38v8.28H63l-3.77-6.09h0v6.09H57.86Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M71.12,25.48a.73.73,0,0,0,.06.35.28.28,0,0,0,.25.11h.14l.19,0v.92l-.18.05-.23.05-.23,0h-.2a1.26,1.26,0,0,1-.67-.16.83.83,0,0,1-.35-.57,2.39,2.39,0,0,1-1,.56,4,4,0,0,1-1.1.17,2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.78-.11,2,2,0,0,1-.65-.32,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.46-.55,2,2,0,0,1,0-1.67,1.4,1.4,0,0,1,.53-.55,2.27,2.27,0,0,1,.74-.28,8,8,0,0,1,.83-.14,5.94,5.94,0,0,1,.69-.09,4.19,4.19,0,0,0,.57-.1.82.82,0,0,0,.39-.22.56.56,0,0,0,.15-.43.7.7,0,0,0-.12-.42.81.81,0,0,0-.3-.25,1.08,1.08,0,0,0-.4-.11l-.42,0a1.63,1.63,0,0,0-.92.23.88.88,0,0,0-.4.72H66a1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.89-1.58,2.68,2.68,0,0,1,.86-.32,4.43,4.43,0,0,1,1-.1,3.69,3.69,0,0,1,.87.1,2.38,2.38,0,0,1,.77.3,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,.55.54,1.44,1.44,0,0,1,.21.8ZM69.8,23.82a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.74.23,8.48,8.48,0,0,0-.88.13,2.71,2.71,0,0,0-.41.09,1.28,1.28,0,0,0-.35.18.76.76,0,0,0-.24.29,1.1,1.1,0,0,0-.08.43.52.52,0,0,0,.13.37.89.89,0,0,0,.3.24,1.25,1.25,0,0,0,.4.12,1.82,1.82,0,0,0,.38,0,2.1,2.1,0,0,0,.48-.06,1.68,1.68,0,0,0,.48-.2,1.27,1.27,0,0,0,.38-.35.9.9,0,0,0,.15-.53Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M71.94,20.83h1V19h1.32v1.8h1.19v1H74.26V25a3.53,3.53,0,0,0,0,.36.61.61,0,0,0,.08.25.38.38,0,0,0,.19.16.86.86,0,0,0,.35,0h.28l.27,0v1l-.42,0a3.4,3.4,0,0,1-1.27-.07,1.2,1.2,0,0,1-.5-.29A1,1,0,0,1,73,26a3.31,3.31,0,0,1-.08-.66V21.81h-1Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M76.44,18.54h1.32v1.25H76.44Zm0,2.29h1.32v6H76.44Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M82,27a3.21,3.21,0,0,1-1.28-.24,2.72,2.72,0,0,1-1-.65,3,3,0,0,1-.59-1,4.13,4.13,0,0,1,0-2.54,3,3,0,0,1,.59-1,2.74,2.74,0,0,1,1-.66A3.21,3.21,0,0,1,82,20.66a3.28,3.28,0,0,1,1.28.24,2.73,2.73,0,0,1,1.54,1.65,4.13,4.13,0,0,1,0,2.54,2.85,2.85,0,0,1-.59,1,2.77,2.77,0,0,1-1,.65A3.28,3.28,0,0,1,82,27Zm0-1a1.45,1.45,0,0,0,.76-.19,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,.53-.49,2,2,0,0,0,.31-.67,2.86,2.86,0,0,0,.1-.77,2.91,2.91,0,0,0-.1-.77,2,2,0,0,0-.31-.68,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.53-.48,1.72,1.72,0,0,0-1.53,0,1.75,1.75,0,0,0-.53.48,2.22,2.22,0,0,0-.31.68,2.91,2.91,0,0,0-.1.77,2.86,2.86,0,0,0,.1.77,2.16,2.16,0,0,0,.31.67,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,1.3.68Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M86.07,20.83h1.25v.88l0,0a2.19,2.19,0,0,1,.79-.78,2.07,2.07,0,0,1,1.07-.29,2.26,2.26,0,0,1,1.56.51,1.94,1.94,0,0,1,.56,1.53v4.12H90V23.05a1.6,1.6,0,0,0-.3-1,1.09,1.09,0,0,0-.87-.31,1.46,1.46,0,0,0-.6.12,1.25,1.25,0,0,0-.45.33,1.61,1.61,0,0,0-.29.51,1.78,1.78,0,0,0-.11.61v3.54H86.07Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M97.74,25.48a.71.71,0,0,0,.07.35.26.26,0,0,0,.25.11h.14l.18,0v.92l-.18.05-.22.05-.24,0h-.19a1.29,1.29,0,0,1-.68-.16.82.82,0,0,1-.34-.57,2.53,2.53,0,0,1-1,.56,4,4,0,0,1-1.11.17,2.76,2.76,0,0,1-.77-.11,2,2,0,0,1-.66-.32,1.6,1.6,0,0,1-.45-.55,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-.17-.77,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.2-.9,1.5,1.5,0,0,1,.54-.55,2.19,2.19,0,0,1,.74-.28,7.56,7.56,0,0,1,.83-.14,5.78,5.78,0,0,1,.68-.09,4.09,4.09,0,0,0,.58-.1.93.93,0,0,0,.39-.22.56.56,0,0,0,.14-.43.7.7,0,0,0-.12-.42.81.81,0,0,0-.3-.25,1,1,0,0,0-.4-.11l-.42,0a1.6,1.6,0,0,0-.91.23.89.89,0,0,0-.41.72H92.62a2,2,0,0,1,.28-1,1.9,1.9,0,0,1,.62-.61,2.54,2.54,0,0,1,.85-.32,4.5,4.5,0,0,1,1-.1,3.57,3.57,0,0,1,.87.1,2.44,2.44,0,0,1,.78.3,1.77,1.77,0,0,1,.55.54,1.53,1.53,0,0,1,.2.8Zm-1.32-1.66a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.74.23,8.89,8.89,0,0,0-.88.13,3,3,0,0,0-.41.09,1.22,1.22,0,0,0-.34.18.76.76,0,0,0-.24.29.94.94,0,0,0-.09.43.52.52,0,0,0,.13.37.92.92,0,0,0,.31.24,1.27,1.27,0,0,0,.39.12,1.84,1.84,0,0,0,.39,0,2,2,0,0,0,.47-.06,1.87,1.87,0,0,0,.49-.2,1.24,1.24,0,0,0,.37-.35.9.9,0,0,0,.15-.53Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M99.2,18.54h1.33v8.28H99.2Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M105.37,18.54h1.45v7H111v1.25h-5.66Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M111.87,18.54h1.33v1.25h-1.33Zm0,2.29h1.33v6h-1.33Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M114.67,18.54H116V21.6h0a1.8,1.8,0,0,1,.34-.39,1.84,1.84,0,0,1,.43-.3,2.3,2.3,0,0,1,.5-.18,1.86,1.86,0,0,1,.52-.07,2.93,2.93,0,0,1,1.23.25,2.6,2.6,0,0,1,.88.69,3,3,0,0,1,.52,1,4.53,4.53,0,0,1,.17,1.24,4.58,4.58,0,0,1-.15,1.17,3.2,3.2,0,0,1-.48,1,2.29,2.29,0,0,1-.81.7A2.4,2.4,0,0,1,118,27a4.17,4.17,0,0,1-.61,0,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.59-.16,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-.5-.3,1.37,1.37,0,0,1-.38-.49h0v.83h-1.25Zm4.61,5.29a3,3,0,0,0-.1-.79,2.13,2.13,0,0,0-.32-.68,1.56,1.56,0,0,0-.52-.47,1.6,1.6,0,0,0-2,.4,2.49,2.49,0,0,0-.43,1.54,3.22,3.22,0,0,0,.11.84,2,2,0,0,0,.33.66,1.58,1.58,0,0,0,.53.44,1.46,1.46,0,0,0,.71.17,1.44,1.44,0,0,0,.77-.19,1.47,1.47,0,0,0,.51-.48,1.75,1.75,0,0,0,.29-.67A3.31,3.31,0,0,0,119.28,23.83Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M121.71,20.83H123V22h0a1.34,1.34,0,0,1,.22-.47,2,2,0,0,1,.41-.42,2,2,0,0,1,.53-.31,1.52,1.52,0,0,1,.59-.12h.32l.18,0V22l-.29,0-.28,0a1.46,1.46,0,0,0-.63.14,1.52,1.52,0,0,0-.52.39,2,2,0,0,0-.35.65A2.88,2.88,0,0,0,123,24v2.85h-1.33Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M130.81,25.48a.61.61,0,0,0,.07.35.26.26,0,0,0,.25.11h.14l.18,0v.92l-.18.05-.22.05-.24,0h-.19a1.29,1.29,0,0,1-.68-.16.82.82,0,0,1-.34-.57,2.53,2.53,0,0,1-1,.56,4,4,0,0,1-1.11.17,2.76,2.76,0,0,1-.77-.11,2,2,0,0,1-.66-.32,1.6,1.6,0,0,1-.45-.55,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-.17-.77,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.2-.9,1.5,1.5,0,0,1,.54-.55,2.19,2.19,0,0,1,.74-.28,7.56,7.56,0,0,1,.83-.14,5.78,5.78,0,0,1,.68-.09,3.7,3.7,0,0,0,.57-.1.91.91,0,0,0,.4-.22.6.6,0,0,0,.14-.43.7.7,0,0,0-.12-.42.81.81,0,0,0-.3-.25,1,1,0,0,0-.4-.11l-.42,0a1.6,1.6,0,0,0-.91.23.89.89,0,0,0-.41.72h-1.32a2,2,0,0,1,.28-1,1.9,1.9,0,0,1,.62-.61,2.54,2.54,0,0,1,.85-.32,4.5,4.5,0,0,1,1-.1,3.57,3.57,0,0,1,.87.1,2.29,2.29,0,0,1,.77.3,1.58,1.58,0,0,1,.55.54,1.44,1.44,0,0,1,.21.8Zm-1.32-1.66a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.74.23,8.89,8.89,0,0,0-.88.13,2.71,2.71,0,0,0-.41.09,1.22,1.22,0,0,0-.34.18.76.76,0,0,0-.24.29.94.94,0,0,0-.09.43.52.52,0,0,0,.13.37.92.92,0,0,0,.31.24,1.27,1.27,0,0,0,.39.12,1.84,1.84,0,0,0,.39,0,2,2,0,0,0,.47-.06,1.68,1.68,0,0,0,.48-.2,1.16,1.16,0,0,0,.38-.35.9.9,0,0,0,.15-.53Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M132.24,20.83h1.24V22h0a1.37,1.37,0,0,1,.23-.47,2,2,0,0,1,.4-.42,2.17,2.17,0,0,1,.53-.31,1.52,1.52,0,0,1,.59-.12h.32l.18,0V22l-.28,0-.29,0a1.52,1.52,0,0,0-.63.14,1.39,1.39,0,0,0-.51.39,1.84,1.84,0,0,0-.35.65,2.59,2.59,0,0,0-.13.88v2.85h-1.32Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M135.66,20.83h1.45l1.56,4.47h0l1.51-4.47h1.38l-2.33,6.31c-.11.27-.21.53-.32.78a2.58,2.58,0,0,1-.38.65A1.8,1.8,0,0,1,138,29a1.94,1.94,0,0,1-.86.16,5.49,5.49,0,0,1-.91-.07V28l.31,0a1.55,1.55,0,0,0,.31,0,1,1,0,0,0,.38-.06.49.49,0,0,0,.25-.16.9.9,0,0,0,.17-.26,2.34,2.34,0,0,0,.13-.35l.15-.47Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M148.3,27a3.25,3.25,0,0,1-1.28-.24,2.77,2.77,0,0,1-1-.65,2.85,2.85,0,0,1-.59-1,4.13,4.13,0,0,1,0-2.54A2.73,2.73,0,0,1,147,20.9a3.25,3.25,0,0,1,1.28-.24,3.3,3.3,0,0,1,1.29.24,2.79,2.79,0,0,1,.95.66,3,3,0,0,1,.59,1,4.13,4.13,0,0,1,0,2.54,3,3,0,0,1-.59,1,2.77,2.77,0,0,1-.95.65A3.3,3.3,0,0,1,148.3,27Zm0-1a1.52,1.52,0,0,0,1.3-.68,2.16,2.16,0,0,0,.31-.67,2.86,2.86,0,0,0,.1-.77,2.91,2.91,0,0,0-.1-.77,2.22,2.22,0,0,0-.31-.68,1.75,1.75,0,0,0-.53-.48,1.72,1.72,0,0,0-1.53,0,1.75,1.75,0,0,0-.53.48,2,2,0,0,0-.31.68,2.91,2.91,0,0,0-.1.77,2.86,2.86,0,0,0,.1.77,2,2,0,0,0,.31.67,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,1.29.68Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M151.84,20.83h1v-.5a2.58,2.58,0,0,1,.14-.92,1.44,1.44,0,0,1,.37-.55,1.23,1.23,0,0,1,.53-.25,2.56,2.56,0,0,1,.62-.07,4,4,0,0,1,.93.08v1l-.27,0h-.34a.83.83,0,0,0-.46.12.56.56,0,0,0-.19.5v.62h1.12v1h-1.12v5h-1.33v-5h-1Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M159.47,18.54h2L163.79,25h0L166,18.54h2v8.28h-1.38V20.43h0l-2.29,6.39h-1.2l-2.29-6.39h0v6.39h-1.38Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M170.64,24.16a2.2,2.2,0,0,0,.1.68,1.57,1.57,0,0,0,.29.56,1.36,1.36,0,0,0,.5.39,1.83,1.83,0,0,0,1.65-.1,1.45,1.45,0,0,0,.53-.75H175a2.58,2.58,0,0,1-.36.87,2.48,2.48,0,0,1-.61.64,2.56,2.56,0,0,1-.81.4,3.12,3.12,0,0,1-.93.13,3.24,3.24,0,0,1-1.25-.23,2.65,2.65,0,0,1-.92-.65,2.81,2.81,0,0,1-.57-1,3.94,3.94,0,0,1-.19-1.27,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,.2-1.21,3.14,3.14,0,0,1,.58-1,2.74,2.74,0,0,1,2.12-.95,2.67,2.67,0,0,1,1.27.3,2.94,2.94,0,0,1,.93.78,3.15,3.15,0,0,1,.54,1.12,3.34,3.34,0,0,1,.08,1.3Zm3.08-.87a2.08,2.08,0,0,0-.13-.6,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.3-.5,1.38,1.38,0,0,0-.47-.35,1.32,1.32,0,0,0-.6-.13,1.62,1.62,0,0,0-.64.12,1.47,1.47,0,0,0-.48.33,1.72,1.72,0,0,0-.33.51,1.8,1.8,0,0,0-.13.62Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M181.7,26.82h-1.25V26h0a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.77.74,2.65,2.65,0,0,1-1.08.23,2.86,2.86,0,0,1-1.24-.25,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-.87-.68,2.77,2.77,0,0,1-.52-1,4.26,4.26,0,0,1-.18-1.26,4.16,4.16,0,0,1,.22-1.4,2.94,2.94,0,0,1,.59-1,2.3,2.3,0,0,1,.83-.56,2.72,2.72,0,0,1,1-.18,2.83,2.83,0,0,1,.57.06,2.49,2.49,0,0,1,.55.16,2.29,2.29,0,0,1,.5.3,1.64,1.64,0,0,1,.37.42h0V18.54h1.32Zm-4.62-2.93a3.22,3.22,0,0,0,.1.75,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,.3.66,1.53,1.53,0,0,0,.52.46,1.47,1.47,0,0,0,.74.18,1.41,1.41,0,0,0,.76-.19,1.44,1.44,0,0,0,.52-.49,1.94,1.94,0,0,0,.3-.67,2.86,2.86,0,0,0,.1-.77,2.47,2.47,0,0,0-.44-1.56,1.47,1.47,0,0,0-1.21-.55,1.52,1.52,0,0,0-.79.19,1.55,1.55,0,0,0-.52.5,2.14,2.14,0,0,0-.29.69A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,177.08,23.89Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M183.17,18.54h1.32v1.25h-1.32Zm0,2.29h1.32v6h-1.32Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M190,22.83a1.23,1.23,0,0,0-.44-.84,1.46,1.46,0,0,0-.92-.28,2.22,2.22,0,0,0-.55.08,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.53.33,1.91,1.91,0,0,0-.41.66,3.1,3.1,0,0,0-.16,1.11,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,.09.74,2.15,2.15,0,0,0,.28.66,1.47,1.47,0,0,0,.49.47,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,.73.18,1.32,1.32,0,0,0,.95-.36,1.63,1.63,0,0,0,.47-1h1.33a2.91,2.91,0,0,1-.89,1.79,2.73,2.73,0,0,1-1.86.62,3.06,3.06,0,0,1-1.25-.24,2.61,2.61,0,0,1-.91-.65,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-.56-1,3.67,3.67,0,0,1-.19-1.22,4.38,4.38,0,0,1,.18-1.27,3,3,0,0,1,.56-1,2.65,2.65,0,0,1,.92-.69,3.22,3.22,0,0,1,1.29-.25,3.66,3.66,0,0,1,1,.14,2.56,2.56,0,0,1,.83.4,2.16,2.16,0,0,1,.6.67,2.51,2.51,0,0,1,.28,1Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M192.41,18.54h1.32v1.25h-1.32Zm0,2.29h1.32v6h-1.32Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M195.17,20.83h1.25v.88l0,0a2.27,2.27,0,0,1,.79-.78,2.08,2.08,0,0,1,1.08-.29,2.25,2.25,0,0,1,1.55.51,2,2,0,0,1,.57,1.53v4.12h-1.32V23.05a1.73,1.73,0,0,0-.3-1,1.11,1.11,0,0,0-.87-.31,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.61.12,1.45,1.45,0,0,0-.45.33,1.83,1.83,0,0,0-.29.51,1.77,1.77,0,0,0-.1.61v3.54h-1.32Z"></path>
<path class="cls-3" d="M202.85,24.16a2.2,2.2,0,0,0,.1.68,1.59,1.59,0,0,0,.3.56,1.25,1.25,0,0,0,.49.39,1.59,1.59,0,0,0,.72.15,1.66,1.66,0,0,0,.94-.25,1.49,1.49,0,0,0,.52-.75h1.25a2.38,2.38,0,0,1-.35.87,2.52,2.52,0,0,1-.62.64,2.61,2.61,0,0,1-.8.4,3.49,3.49,0,0,1-2.19-.1,2.65,2.65,0,0,1-.92-.65,2.81,2.81,0,0,1-.57-1,3.94,3.94,0,0,1-.19-1.27,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,.2-1.21,3.14,3.14,0,0,1,.58-1,2.74,2.74,0,0,1,2.12-.95,2.67,2.67,0,0,1,1.27.3,2.94,2.94,0,0,1,.93.78,3.15,3.15,0,0,1,.54,1.12,3.55,3.55,0,0,1,.09,1.3Zm3.08-.87a2.08,2.08,0,0,0-.13-.6,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.3-.5,1.44,1.44,0,0,0-.46-.35,1.39,1.39,0,0,0-.61-.13,1.61,1.61,0,0,0-.63.12,1.41,1.41,0,0,0-.49.33,1.94,1.94,0,0,0-.33.51,1.8,1.8,0,0,0-.13.62Z"></path>
</g>
</g>
</svg>-->
</a>
</div>
</div>
<a class="usa-skipnav" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/index.html#main-content" id="anch_1">Skip to main content</a>
<div class="nav usa-header usa-header--basic">
<div class="usa-nav-container nav-container">
<div class="usa-navbar">
<button class="usa-menu-btn"><svg version="1.2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" overflow="visible" preserveAspectRatio="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32"><g><path xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" style="fill: rgb(50, 98, 149);" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></g></svg></button>
</div>
<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
<button class="usa-nav-close"><img src="/research/assets/close.svg" alt="close"></button>
<ul class="usa-nav-primary usa-accordion">
<li class="usa-nav-primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav-link" href="/research/" title="DIR Home" aria-label="DIR Home"><span>DIR Home</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav-primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav-link" href="/research/researchstaff/staff-index.html" title="Principal Investigators" aria-label="Principal Investigators" ><span>Principal Investigators</span></a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav-primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav-link" href="/research/training.html" title="Training Program" aria-label="Training Program">Training Program</a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav-primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav-link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Seminar/" title="Seminars" aria-label="Seminars" target="_blank">Seminars</a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav-primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav-link" href="/research/board-of-scientific-counselors.html" title="Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC)" aria-label="Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC)">ADVISORS</a> </li>
<li class="usa-nav-primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav-link" href="/research/lectures.html" title="Lectures" aria-label="Lectures">Lectures</a> </li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<div class="hero">
<div class="stretch-container">
<img alt="image-description" src="/research/img/nlm-lhc-front-1200-w-blue-ad-5249-jpg.jpg">
</div>
<div class="hero-text-content">
<h1 class="forstaffpages" style="opacity: 1;">Yi-Kuo Yu, PhD</h1>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main id="main-content">
<section class="usa-section">
<div class="usa-grid">
<h2>About</h2>
<div class="featured-staff-block">
<div class="staff-img">
<img src="/research/img/Yi-KuoYu.jpg" alt="Picture of Yi-Kuo Yu, PhD"/>
</div>
<div class="staff-bio">
<h3>Yi-Kuo Yu, PhD</h3>
Senior Investigator, Computational Biology Branch
<p>Dr. Yus lab investigates various biological problems at multiple levels of detail in order to gain quantitative understanding in biology. They develop solid foundation for quantitative understanding of biomolecular interactions; to better separate information from noise in massive biological data sets, they develop/employ computational approaches with sound statistical foundations. A major goal is to foster a solid connection between medical research and fundamental scientific research.</p>
</div>
<div class="staff-contact">
<h3>Contact Information</h3>
<p>Building 38A, 8600 Rockville Pike, Room 6S610, MSC 3829 Bethesda, MD 20894</p>
<p>Tel: 301-435-5989</p>
<p><a href="mailto:yyu@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">yyu@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Research Interests</h2>
<p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w59XaDFJxNo" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="709" height="399" frameborder="0"></iframe><p>
<p>As a theoretical physicist working in biology,
I have always been fascinated by the functional
and organizational complexity achievable
in a myriad of diverse organisms, all of which
share a universal set of building blocks (water,
ions, saccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
and other small molecules). Despite
vast amounts of effort invested, our current understanding
of biology, ranging from a microscopic
level to a more macroscopic level, is far
from complete. For example, in terms of molecular
interactions, phenomenological treatments
at the intra- and inter-protein level have not yet
fostered an effective theory capable of predicting
how proteins fold and how a protein complex organizes
itself. Namely, a proper coarse-graining
procedure to bring out only the relevant degrees
of freedom is lacking. This may be due to our
insufficient understanding of biology in terms of
relevant physics and chemistry, or it may be because
the search for higher organizing principles
is hindered by our inability to bring out information
buried in noise and/or by conflicting interpretations
of data. Developing methods to
improve information extraction and establishing
a firm foundation at the microscopic level are
essential. Our approach to mitigate the issue
of noise (or conflicting information) is to devise
data analysis methods that can assign accurate
statistical significance to signals identified; our
take on building a firm foundation at the microscopic
level is via development of calculation
methods whose accuracy can be controlled. All
our research efforts center about these two main
emphases.</p>
<h2>Publications</h2>
<div class="citation-wrap">
<div class="citation">
<div class="align-left">
<!-- <input id="cit45680355" type="checkbox" name="cit45680355" value="45680355" class="citation-check"
>
<label for="cit45680355">select</label> -->
</div>
<div class="ncbi-docsum">
<span class="authors">
Alves G, Yu Y.
</span><span class="title">
Robust Accurate Identification and Biomass Estimates of Microorganisms via Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
</span><span class="journalname">J Am Soc Mass Spec. </span><span class="displaydate">2020 January</span><span>; </span><span class="volume">31</span><span class="issue">(1)</span><span class="page">:85-102</span><span>. </span><span class="doi">doi: 10.1021/jasms.9b00035.</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
<div class="citation-wrap">
<div class="citation">
<div class="align-left">
<!-- <input id="cit44150863" type="checkbox" name="cit44150863" value="44150863" class="citation-check"
pmid="31374103"
>
<label for="cit44150863">select</label> -->
</div>
<div class="ncbi-docsum">
<span class="authors">
Hamaneh MB, Yu YK.
</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31374103/">
Exploring induced pluripotency in human fibroblasts via construction, validation, and application of a gene regulatory network.
</a><span class="source">PLoS One</span>.
<span class="pubdate">2019;</span><span class="volume">14</span><span class="issue">(8)</span><span class="pages">:e0220742</span><span>. </span><span class="doi">doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220742. </span><span class="pubstatus">eCollection 2019. </span><span class="pmid">PubMed PMID:
31374103</span><span class="pmcid">; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC6677386</span><span>. </span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
<div class="citation-wrap">
<div class="citation">
<div class="align-left">
<!-- <input id="cit44150862" type="checkbox" name="cit44150862" value="44150862" class="citation-check"
pmid="31499794"
>
<label for="cit44150862">select</label> -->
</div>
<div class="ncbi-docsum">
<span class="authors">
Yu YK.
</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31499794/">
Electrostatics of charged dielectric spheres with application to biological systems. II. A formalism bypassing Wigner rotation matrices.
</a><span class="source">Phys Rev E</span>.
<span class="pubdate">2019 Jul;</span><span class="volume">100</span><span class="issue">(1-1)</span><span class="pages">:012401</span><span>. </span><span class="doi">doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.100.012401. </span><span class="pmid">PubMed PMID:
31499794</span><span>. </span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br/>
<div class="citation-wrap">
<div class="citation">
<div class="align-left">
<!-- <input id="cit44150864" type="checkbox" name="cit44150864" value="44150864" class="citation-check"
pmid="30908818"
>
<label for="cit44150864">select</label> -->
</div>
<div class="ncbi-docsum">
<span class="authors">
Ogurtsov AY, Alves G, Yu YK.
</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30908818/">
RAId: Knowledge-Integrated Proteomics Web Service with Accurate Statistical Significance Assignment.
</a><span class="source">Proteomics</span>.
<span class="pubdate">2019 Jul;</span><span class="volume">19</span><span class="issue">(14)</span><span class="pages">:e1800367</span><span>. </span><span class="doi">doi: 10.1002/pmic.201800367. </span><span class="pmid">PubMed PMID:
30908818</span><span class="pmcid">; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC6635056</span><span>. </span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/yi-kuo.yu.2/bibliography/public/">More</a></h3>
</div>
</section>
</main>
<footer class="footer">
<div class="usa-grid">
<div class="footer-container">
<div class="footer-col">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html?_gl=1*11jclvw*_ga*MTU4OTg0NTg2LjE2OTgxNzQzMzg.*_ga_7147EPK006*MTY5ODQwODc4Mi44LjEuMTY5ODQxMjM1MC4wLjAuMA..*_ga_P1FPTH9PL4*MTY5ODQwODc4Mi45LjEuMTY5ODQxMjM1MC4wLjAuMA.." id="anch_22">Connect with NLM</a></p>
<ul class="social_media">
<li><a href=https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine><img class="bg-secondary" src=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/facebook.svg alt="Facebook"></a></li>
<li><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href=https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-library-of-medicine-nlm/><img class="bg-secondary" src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn"></a></li>
<li><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href=https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/twitter.svg" class="img-fluid bg-secondary" alt="Twitter"></a></li>
<li><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href=https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/youtube.svg" class="bg-secondary" alt="You Tube"></a></li>
<li><a title="External link: please review our privacy policy." href="//public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMOCPL/subscriber/new?preferences=true"><img src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/images/mail.svg" class=" bg-secondary" alt="Government Delivery"></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer-col">
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" target="_blank" id="anch_26" title="External link: please review our privacy policy.">
National Library of Medicine<br>
8600 Rockville Pike<br>
Bethesda, MD 20894
</a></p>
</div>
<div class="footer-col centered-lg">
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" target="_blank" id="anch_27">Web Policies</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" target="_blank" id="anch_28">FOIA</a><br>
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" target="_blank" id="anch_29">HHS Vulnerability Policy</a></p>
</div>
<div class="footer-col centered-lg">
<p><a href="//support.nlm.nih.gov?from=https://teamsite.nlm.nih.gov:81/iw-mount/default/main/nlm/WORKAREA/common/htdocs/research/index_alla.html" target="_blank" class="supportLink" id="anch_30">NLM Support Center</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" target="_blank" id="anch_31">Accessibility</a><br>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/" target="_blank" id="anch_32">Careers</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer-lower-text"><p>
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank" id="anch_33">NLM</a> |
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" id="anch_34">NIH</a> |
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/" target="_blank" id="anch_35">HHS</a> |
<a href="https://www.usa.gov/" target="_blank" id="anch_36">USA.gov</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<script src="//assets.nlm.nih.gov/jquery/jquery-latest.min.js"></script>
<script src="/research/js/headerFooter.js"></script>
<script src="/research/js/supportLink.js"></script>
<script src="/research/uswds/js/uswds.min.js"></script>
<script src="/core/nlm-notifyExternal/1.0/nlm-notifyExternal.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>