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253 lines
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<td bgcolor="#ff9900">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%">
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<tr><td width="98%"><font class="exhindex"><a name="index">Index</a>: A-B | <a href="exh-c-d.html">C-D</a> | <a href="exh-e-h.html">E-H</a> | <a href="exh-i-l.html">I-L</a> | <a href="exh-m-o.html">M-O</a> | <a href="exh-p-s.html">P-S</a> | <a href="exh-t-z.html">T-Z</a></font></td>
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<font class="exhhead">A</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exhibition.html#Advanced">Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Alger">Alger, Jr., Horatio (1832-1899)</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#ARPANET">ARPANET</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Artificial">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Atomic">Atomic Bomb</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">B</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exhibition.html#Balto">Balto (1922-1933)</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Baran">Baran, Paul (1926- )</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Barlow">Barlow, John Perry (1947- )</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Battery">Battery</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Berners">Berners-Lee, Tim (1955-)</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Billings">Billings, John Shaw (1838-1913)</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Bit">Bit</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Bolt">Bolt, Beranek and Newman or BBN</a><br />
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<a href="exhibition.html#Browser">Browser</a><br />
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<br /></font></td>
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<!--======BEGIN A-C======-->
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<a name="ac"></a>
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">A</font></td><td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" alt="pop up close" align="right" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<td><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Advanced">Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Defense Department agency created in 1958 to sponsor advanced research. At times known as DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). Creator of the first packet-switched computer network, the ARPANET.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Alger">Alger, Jr., Horatio (1832-1899)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">From the late 1860s to the early 1900s, America's best known author of juvenile fiction. Alger's books typically featured a rags-to-riches story in which a young hero overcomes adversity and makes good.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The first large-scale packet-switched computer network, created by ARPA in 1969. Later split into a defense network (MILNET) and a civilian network (ARPANET), with the civilian network's functions being absorbed by the National Science Foundation's NSFNet in the late 1980s.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Artificial">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Branch of computer science devoted to the simulation of human cognitive processes by computers, either to improve computer performance or to provide insight into human thought processes.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Atomic">Atomic Bomb</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Weapon of immense destructive power, first created by the United States and used during world War II against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945. The atomic bomb harnessed the power of fission — the splitting of the nucleus of an atom — to generate its enormous force. The Soviet Union developed its first atomic bomb in 1949.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="help.html">Back</a>][<a href="exhibition.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<!--======BEGIN======-->
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<a name="de"></a>
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">B</font></td><td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" alt="pop up close" align="right" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<td><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Balto">Balto (1922-1933)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The sled-dog who led the final leg of the relay that brought diphtheria antitoxin to Nome, Alaska in the frigid winter of 1925.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Baran">Baran, Paul (1926- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Mathematician who developed influential theories about distributed communications and networking.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Barlow">Barlow, John Perry (1947- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Former songwriter for the Grateful Dead, now a widely read commentator on the Internet and society, especially on the implications of the Internet for the economic and legal status of intellectual property.< br/><br />Papers: "<a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.03/economy.ideas.html?topic=&topic_set=" target="_blank">The Economy of Ideas</a>" and "<a href="http://www.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html" target="_blank">Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace</a>"</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Battery">Battery</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A device that generates a direct current by converting chemical energy to electrical energy. The first electrical batteries were developed in the late 18th and early 19th century.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Berners">Berners-Lee, Tim (1955-)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web by creating a set of protocols for managing information on the Internet. These protocols included a language for displaying documents on different computers (HTML, the Hyper-Text Markup Language), a system for referring to documents stored on networked computers (URL, the Uniform Resource Locator), and a program for finding and displaying documents (the first browser).<br /><br />Paper: "<a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html" target="_blank">Information Management, A Proposal</a>"</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Billings">Billings, John Shaw (1838-1913)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">American surgeon and librarian, a major figure in the organization and expansion of the Surgeon General's Library, later known as the Army Medical Library and then the National Library of Medicine. Billings developed a logical classification system for the Library, and founded two indispensable works of medical reference, <font class="exhitalic">Index Medicus,</font> a monthly guide to current medical literature, and the Library's <font class="exhitalic">Index Catalogue</font>.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Bit">Bit</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Short for binary digit, the bit was invented to be a measure of information by Claude Shannon, a mathematician and electrical engineer working for Bell Labs. Eight bits equals one byte of information, the amount necessary to represent a single text character.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Bolt">Bolt, Beranek and Newman or BBN</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Company contracted by ARPA to construct and administer the ARPANET. Now a subsidiary of GTE.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Browser">Browser</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer program used to retrieve and display documents available on the Internet. The best known browsers are Netscape and Internet Explorer.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="javascript:history.back()">Back</a>][<a href="exhibition.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
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<hr/>
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<div id="archivemeta">
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<strong>First published: </strong>23 October 2001<br/><strong>Last updated: </strong>11 August 2009<br/><strong>Date Archived: </strong>04 January 2012<br/><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exhibition.html&description=full" onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exhibition.html&description=full'); return false;"><strong>Metadata</strong></a> | <strong> <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html"onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html'); return false;">Permanence level</a>: </strong>Permanent: Stable Content<br/>
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