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<meta name="keywords" content="C5830624, disease or syndrome, nedmim, neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly and movement abnormalities, tti1, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly and movement abnormalities (NEDMIM) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by global developmental delay, impaired intellectual development with poor or absent speech, and delayed walking with an abnormal gait. Affected individuals may show hypotonia or hypertonia with spasticity, ataxia, and choreoathetoid movements. Most patients have microcephaly and short stature. Ophthalmic features, behavioral abnormalities, and nonspecific dysmorphic features are commonly observed. Additional more variable features include seizures, brain imaging abnormalities, and skeletal defects (Serey-Gaut et al., 2023)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=1841260
ConceptID=C5830624
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly and movement abnormalities<span class="h1sub">(NEDMIM)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841260</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C5830624</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>NEDMIM</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="TTI1 - ID: 9675 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/9675" class="medgenPMinfo">TTI1</a> (20q11.23)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0957531" target="_blank">MONDO:0957531</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/620445" target="_blank">620445</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly and movement abnormalities (NEDMIM) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by global developmental delay, impaired intellectual development with poor or absent speech, and delayed walking with an abnormal gait. Affected individuals may show hypotonia or hypertonia with spasticity, ataxia, and choreoathetoid movements. Most patients have microcephaly and short stature. Ophthalmic features, behavioral abnormalities, and nonspecific dysmorphic features are commonly observed. Additional more variable features include seizures, brain imaging abnormalities, and skeletal defects (Serey-Gaut et al., 2023). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21852"><div><strong>Vesicoureteral reflux</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21852</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0042580</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by the reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes into the kidneys. It is a risk factor for urinary tract infections. Primary VUR results from a developmental defect of the ureterovesical junction (UVJ). In combination with intrarenal reflux, the resulting inflammatory reaction may result in renal injury or scarring, also called reflux nephropathy (RN). Extensive renal scarring impairs renal function and may predispose patients to hypertension, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency (summary by Lu et al., 2007).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Vesicoureteral Reflux&#13; A locus designated VUR1 maps to chromosome 1p13. VUR2 (610878) is caused by mutation in the ROBO2 gene (602431) on chromosome 3p12; VUR3 (613674) is caused by mutation in the SOX17 gene (610928) on chromosome 8q11; VUR4 (614317) maps to chromosome 5; VUR5 (614318) maps to chromosome 13; VUR6 (614319) maps to chromosome 18; VUR7 (615390) maps to chromosome 12; and VUR8 (615963) is caused by mutation in the TNXB gene (600985) on chromosome 6p21. A possible X-linked form has been reported (VURX; 314550).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21852">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Vesicoureteral%20reflux%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021852%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_78567"><div><strong>Talipes equinovalgus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78567</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265642</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A deformity of foot and ankle in which the foot is bent down and outwards.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78567">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Talipes%20equinovalgus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2078567%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_154257"><div><strong>Genu varum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>154257</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0544755</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A positional abnormality marked by outward bowing of the legs in which the knees stay wide apart when a person stands with the feet and ankles together.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/154257">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Genu%20varum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20154257%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_659622"><div><strong>External tibial torsion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>659622</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0575995</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">External twisting of the tibia resulting in the toes of each foot pointing outward (outtoeing) .</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/659622">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22External%20tibial%20torsion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20659622%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1790477"><div><strong>Coxa vara</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1790477</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5551440</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Coxa vara includes all forms of decrease of the femoral neck shaft angle (the angle between the neck and the shaft of the femur) to less than 120 degrees.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1790477">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Coxa%20vara%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201790477%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65980"><div><strong>Low-set ears</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65980</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0239234</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65980">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Low-set%20ears%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065980%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_3420"><div><strong>Chorea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3420</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0008489</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chorea (Greek for 'dance') refers to widespread arrhythmic involuntary movements of a forcible, jerky and restless fashion. It is a random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments. Movements appear random because of variability in timing, duration or location. Each movement may have a distinct start and end. However, movements may be strung together and thus may appear to flow randomly from one muscle group to another. Chorea can involve the trunk, neck, face, tongue, and extremities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3420">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Chorea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%203420%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_43850"><div><strong>Impulsivity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>43850</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0021125</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Acting on the spur of the moment or on a momentary basis without consideration of outcomes; having difficulty establishing or following plans; experiencing a sense of urgency and engaging in behavior that is uninhibited, cannot be inhibited, and is uncontrolled. The possibility of repression is inconceivable.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/43850">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Impulsivity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2043850%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_19925"><div><strong>Self-mutilation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19925</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036601</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Injury or Poisoning</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Deliberate harm to one's body resulting in tissue damage, without a conscious intent to die.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen?term=%22Self-mutilation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2019925%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66667"><div><strong>Waddling gait</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66667</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231712</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Weakness of the hip girdle and upper thigh muscles, for instance in myopathies, leads to an instability of the pelvis on standing and walking. If the muscles extending the hip joint are affected, the posture in that joint becomes flexed and lumbar lordosis increases. The patients usually have difficulties standing up from a sitting position. Due to weakness in the gluteus medius muscle, the hip on the side of the swinging leg drops with each step (referred to as Trendelenburg sign). The gait appears waddling. The patients frequently attempt to counteract the dropping of the hip on the swinging side by bending the trunk towards the side which is in the stance phase (in the German language literature this is referred to as Duchenne sign). Similar gait patterns can be caused by orthopedic conditions when the origin and the insertion site of the gluteus medius muscle are closer to each other than normal, for instance due to a posttraumatic elevation of the trochanter or pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66667">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Waddling%20gait%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066667%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66034"><div><strong>Delayed ability to walk</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66034</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0241726</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66034">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20ability%20to%20walk%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066034%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98406"><div><strong>Hyperactivity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98406</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0424295</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperactivity is a condition characterized by constant and unusually high levels of activity, even in situations where it is deemed inappropriate.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98406">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperactivity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098406%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105318"><div><strong>Delayed speech and language development</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105318</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0454644</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105318">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20speech%20and%20language%20development%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105318%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_155642"><div><strong>Gait ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>155642</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0751837</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/155642">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gait%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20155642%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_220865"><div><strong>Lower limb spasticity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>220865</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1271100</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/220865">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Lower%20limb%20spasticity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20220865%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_374299"><div><strong>Paroxysmal bursts of laughter</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>374299</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1839749</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/374299">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Paroxysmal%20bursts%20of%20laughter%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20374299%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10133"><div><strong>Hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026827</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10133">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010133%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11348"><div><strong>Scoliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11348">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Scoliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011348%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8484"><div><strong>Drooling</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8484</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013132</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8484">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Drooling%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208484%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_222980"><div><strong>Smooth philtrum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>222980</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1142533</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Flat skin surface, with no ridge formation in the central region of the upper lip between the nasal base and upper vermilion border.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/222980">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Smooth%20philtrum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20222980%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_337093"><div><strong>Widely spaced teeth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844813</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased spaces (diastemata) between most of the teeth in the same dental arch.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337093">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Widely%20spaced%20teeth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20337093%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_75524"><div><strong>Premature graying of hair</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75524</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0263498</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Development of gray hair at a younger than normal age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75524">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Premature%20graying%20of%20hair%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2075524%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_488948"><div><strong>Facial telangiectasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>488948</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0858684</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Telangiectases (small dilated blood vessels) located near the surface of the skin of the face.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/488948">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Facial%20telangiectasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20488948%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_6694"><div><strong>Gynecomastia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6694</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018418</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormal development of large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/6694">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gynecomastia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%206694%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4550"><div><strong>Esotropia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4550</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0014877</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of strabismus with one or both eyes turned inward ('crossed') to a relatively severe degree, usually defined as 10 diopters or more.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4550">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Esotropia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204550%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21337"><div><strong>Strabismus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21337</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0038379</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21337">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Strabismus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021337%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_890568"><div><strong>Cerebral visual impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>890568</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4048268</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of loss of vision caused by damage to the visual cortex rather than a defect in the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/890568">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20visual%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20890568%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8484" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Drooling</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_222980" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Smooth philtrum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_337093" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Widely spaced teeth</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1790477" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Coxa vara</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_659622" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">External tibial torsion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_154257" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Genu varum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_78567" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Talipes equinovalgus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the breast</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_6694" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gynecomastia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_890568" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral visual impairment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4550" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Esotropia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21337" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Strabismus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21852" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vesicoureteral reflux</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the integument</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_488948" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Facial telangiectasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_75524" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Premature graying of hair</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10133" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11348" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Scoliosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_3420" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Chorea</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66034" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed ability to walk</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105318" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed speech and language development</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_155642" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gait ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98406" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperactivity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_43850" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Impulsivity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_220865" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lower limb spasticity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_374299" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Paroxysmal bursts of laughter</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_19925" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Self-mutilation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66667" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Waddling gait</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65980" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Low-set ears</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36293418">Correlation between Phenotype and Genotype in CTNNB1 Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miroševič Š,
Khandelwal S,
Sušjan P,
Žakelj N,
Gosar D,
Forstnerič V,
Lainšček D,
Jerala R,
Osredkar D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2022 Oct 19;23(20)
doi: 10.3390/ijms232012564.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36293418" target="_blank">36293418</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9604177" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38996765">Distinct neurodevelopmental and epileptic phenotypes associated with gain- and loss-of-function GABRB2 variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohammadi NA,
Ahring PK,
Yu Liao VW,
Chua HC,
Ortiz de la Rosa S,
Johannesen KM,
Michaeli-Yossef Y,
Vincent-Devulder A,
Meridda C,
Bruel AL,
Rossi A,
Patel C,
Klepper J,
Bonanni P,
Minghetti S,
Trivisano M,
Specchio N,
Amor D,
Auvin S,
Baer S,
Meyer P,
Milh M,
Salpietro V,
Maroofian R,
Lemke JR,
Weckhuysen S,
Christophersen P,
Rubboli G,
Chebib M,
Jensen AA,
Absalom NL,
Møller RS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">EBioMedicine</span>
2024 Aug;106:105236.
Epub 2024 Jul 11
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105236.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38996765" target="_blank">38996765</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11296288" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36724785">Bi-allelic TTI1 variants cause an autosomal-recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Serey-Gaut M,
Cortes M,
Makrythanasis P,
Suri M,
Taylor AMR,
Sullivan JA,
Asleh AN,
Mitra J,
Dar MA,
McNamara A,
Shashi V,
Dugan S,
Song X,
Rosenfeld JA,
Cabrol C,
Iwaszkiewicz J,
Zoete V,
Pehlivan D,
Akdemir ZC,
Roeder ER,
Littlejohn RO,
Dibra HK,
Byrd PJ,
Stewart GS,
Geckinli BB,
Posey J,
Westman R,
Jungbluth C,
Eason J,
Sachdev R,
Evans CA,
Lemire G,
VanNoy GE,
O'Donnell-Luria A,
Mau-Them FT,
Juven A,
Piard J,
Nixon CY,
Zhu Y,
Ha T,
Buckley MF,
Thauvin C,
Essien Umanah GK,
Van Maldergem L,
Lupski JR,
Roscioli T,
Dawson VL,
Dawson TM,
Antonarakis SE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Hum Genet</span>
2023 Mar 2;110(3):499-515.
Epub 2023 Jan 31
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.01.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36724785" target="_blank">36724785</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10027477" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36226339">Spastic paraplegia 51: phenotypic spectrum related to novel homozygous AP4E1 mutation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Manoochehri J,
Goodarzi HR,
Tabei SMB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Genet</span>
2022;101
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36226339" target="_blank">36226339</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26843564">CSTB null mutation associated with microcephaly, early developmental delay, and severe dyskinesia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mancini GM,
Schot R,
de Wit MC,
de Coo RF,
Oostenbrink R,
Bindels-de Heus K,
Berger LP,
Lequin MH,
de Vries FA,
Wilke M,
van Slegtenhorst MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Mar 1;86(9):877-8.
Epub 2016 Feb 3
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002422.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26843564" target="_blank">26843564</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24839169">Genetic disorders associated with postnatal microcephaly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Seltzer LE,
Paciorkowski AR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet</span>
2014 Jun;166C(2):140-55.
Epub 2014 May 16
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31400.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24839169" target="_blank">24839169</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (36)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38996765">Distinct neurodevelopmental and epileptic phenotypes associated with gain- and loss-of-function GABRB2 variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohammadi NA,
Ahring PK,
Yu Liao VW,
Chua HC,
Ortiz de la Rosa S,
Johannesen KM,
Michaeli-Yossef Y,
Vincent-Devulder A,
Meridda C,
Bruel AL,
Rossi A,
Patel C,
Klepper J,
Bonanni P,
Minghetti S,
Trivisano M,
Specchio N,
Amor D,
Auvin S,
Baer S,
Meyer P,
Milh M,
Salpietro V,
Maroofian R,
Lemke JR,
Weckhuysen S,
Christophersen P,
Rubboli G,
Chebib M,
Jensen AA,
Absalom NL,
Møller RS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">EBioMedicine</span>
2024 Aug;106:105236.
Epub 2024 Jul 11
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105236.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38996765" target="_blank">38996765</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11296288" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37517035">Biallelic MED27 variants lead to variable ponto-cerebello-lental degeneration with movement disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maroofian R,
Kaiyrzhanov R,
Cali E,
Zamani M,
Zaki MS,
Ferla M,
Tortora D,
Sadeghian S,
Saadi SM,
Abdullah U,
Karimiani EG,
Efthymiou S,
Yeşil G,
Alavi S,
Al Shamsi AM,
Tajsharghi H,
Abdel-Hamid MS,
Saadi NW,
Al Mutairi F,
Alabdi L,
Beetz C,
Ali Z,
Toosi MB,
Rudnik-Schöneborn S,
Babaei M,
Isohanni P,
Muhammad J,
Khan S,
Al Shalan M,
Hickey SE,
Marom D,
Elhanan E,
Kurian MA,
Marafi D,
Saberi A,
Hamid M,
Spaull R,
Meng L,
Lalani S,
Maqbool S,
Rahman F,
Seeger J,
Palculict TB,
Lau T,
Murphy D,
Mencacci NE,
Steindl K,
Begemann A,
Rauch A,
Akbas S,
Aslanger AD,
Salpietro V,
Yousaf H,
Ben-Shachar S,
Ejeskär K,
Al Aqeel AI,
High FA,
Armstrong-Javors AE,
Zahraei SM,
Seifi T,
Zeighami J,
Shariati G,
Sedaghat A,
Asl SN,
Shahrooei M,
Zifarelli G,
Burglen L,
Ravelli C,
Zschocke J,
Schatz UA,
Ghavideldarestani M,
Kamel WA,
Van Esch H,
Hackenberg A,
Taylor JC,
Al-Gazali L,
Bauer P,
Gleeson JJ,
Alkuraya FS,
Lupski JR,
Galehdari H,
Azizimalamiri R,
Chung WK,
Baig SM,
Houlden H,
Severino M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Dec 1;146(12):5031-5043.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad257.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37517035" target="_blank">37517035</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10690011" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36083290">Genomic and phenotypic characterization of 404 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by CTNNB1 variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kayumi S,
Pérez-Jurado LA,
Palomares M,
Rangu S,
Sheppard SE,
Chung WK,
Kruer MC,
Kharbanda M,
Amor DJ,
McGillivray G,
Cohen JS,
García-Miñaúr S,
van Eyk CL,
Harper K,
Jolly LA,
Webber DL,
Barnett CP,
Santos-Simarro F,
Pacio-Míguez M,
Pozo AD,
Bakhtiari S,
Deardorff M,
Dubbs HA,
Izumi K,
Grand K,
Gray C,
Mark PR,
Bhoj EJ,
Li D,
Ortiz-Gonzalez XR,
Keena B,
Zackai EH,
Goldberg EM,
Perez de Nanclares G,
Pereda A,
Llano-Rivas I,
Arroyo I,
Fernández-Cuesta MÁ,
Thauvin-Robinet C,
Faivre L,
Garde A,
Mazel B,
Bruel AL,
Tress ML,
Brilstra E,
Fine AS,
Crompton KE,
Stegmann APA,
Sinnema M,
Stevens SCJ,
Nicolai J,
Lesca G,
Lion-François L,
Haye D,
Chatron N,
Piton A,
Nizon M,
Cogne B,
Srivastava S,
Bassetti J,
Muss C,
Gripp KW,
Procopio RA,
Millan F,
Morrow MM,
Assaf M,
Moreno-De-Luca A,
Joss S,
Hamilton MJ,
Bertoli M,
Foulds N,
McKee S,
MacLennan AH,
Gecz J,
Corbett MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genet Med</span>
2022 Nov;24(11):2351-2366.
Epub 2022 Sep 9
doi: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.08.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36083290" target="_blank">36083290</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9939054" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26843564">CSTB null mutation associated with microcephaly, early developmental delay, and severe dyskinesia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mancini GM,
Schot R,
de Wit MC,
de Coo RF,
Oostenbrink R,
Bindels-de Heus K,
Berger LP,
Lequin MH,
de Vries FA,
Wilke M,
van Slegtenhorst MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Mar 1;86(9):877-8.
Epub 2016 Feb 3
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002422.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26843564" target="_blank">26843564</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24839169">Genetic disorders associated with postnatal microcephaly.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Seltzer LE,
Paciorkowski AR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet</span>
2014 Jun;166C(2):140-55.
Epub 2014 May 16
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31400.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24839169" target="_blank">24839169</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (65)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34528170">Emerging Gene and Small Molecule Therapies for the Neurodevelopmental Disorder Angelman Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Copping NA,
McTighe SM,
Fink KD,
Silverman JL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurotherapeutics</span>
2021 Jul;18(3):1535-1547.
Epub 2021 Sep 15
doi: 10.1007/s13311-021-01082-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34528170" target="_blank">34528170</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8608975" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26002053">Homozygous Mutation in Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Gene Results in Intractable Epilepsy, Involuntary Movements, Microcephaly, and Developmental and Growth Retardation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Serajee FJ,
Huq AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neurol</span>
2015 Jun;52(6):642-6.e1.
Epub 2015 Mar 13
doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.02.011.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26002053" target="_blank">26002053</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25732151">Impaired DNA damage repair as a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shiwaku H,
Okazawa H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Mol Med</span>
2015;15(2):119-28.
doi: 10.2174/1566524015666150303002556.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25732151" target="_blank">25732151</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16149086">Atypical GLUT1 deficiency with prominent movement disorder responsive to ketogenic diet.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Friedman JR,
Thiele EA,
Wang D,
Levine KB,
Cloherty EK,
Pfeifer HH,
De Vivo DC,
Carruthers A,
Natowicz MR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mov Disord</span>
2006 Feb;21(2):241-5.
doi: 10.1002/mds.20660.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16149086" target="_blank">16149086</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12963755">Cerebrospinal fluid pterins and folates in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: a new phenotype.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blau N,
Bonafé L,
Krägeloh-Mann I,
Thöny B,
Kierat L,
Häusler M,
Ramaekers V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2003 Sep 9;61(5):642-7.
doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000082726.08631.e7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12963755" target="_blank">12963755</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (7)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38996765">Distinct neurodevelopmental and epileptic phenotypes associated with gain- and loss-of-function GABRB2 variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohammadi NA,
Ahring PK,
Yu Liao VW,
Chua HC,
Ortiz de la Rosa S,
Johannesen KM,
Michaeli-Yossef Y,
Vincent-Devulder A,
Meridda C,
Bruel AL,
Rossi A,
Patel C,
Klepper J,
Bonanni P,
Minghetti S,
Trivisano M,
Specchio N,
Amor D,
Auvin S,
Baer S,
Meyer P,
Milh M,
Salpietro V,
Maroofian R,
Lemke JR,
Weckhuysen S,
Christophersen P,
Rubboli G,
Chebib M,
Jensen AA,
Absalom NL,
Møller RS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">EBioMedicine</span>
2024 Aug;106:105236.
Epub 2024 Jul 11
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105236.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38996765" target="_blank">38996765</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11296288" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33919646">Genetic Neonatal-Onset Epilepsies and Developmental/Epileptic Encephalopathies with Movement Disorders: A Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Spagnoli C,
Fusco C,
Percesepe A,
Leuzzi V,
Pisani F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2021 Apr 18;22(8)
doi: 10.3390/ijms22084202.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33919646" target="_blank">33919646</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8072943" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26843564">CSTB null mutation associated with microcephaly, early developmental delay, and severe dyskinesia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mancini GM,
Schot R,
de Wit MC,
de Coo RF,
Oostenbrink R,
Bindels-de Heus K,
Berger LP,
Lequin MH,
de Vries FA,
Wilke M,
van Slegtenhorst MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Mar 1;86(9):877-8.
Epub 2016 Feb 3
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002422.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26843564" target="_blank">26843564</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26480021">Angelman syndrome: A review highlighting musculoskeletal and anatomical aberrations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sachdeva R,
Donkers SJ,
Kim SY</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Anat</span>
2016 Jul;29(5):561-7.
Epub 2015 Nov 17
doi: 10.1002/ca.22659.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26480021" target="_blank">26480021</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17718830">GLUT1 deficiency syndrome--2007 update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Klepper J,
Leiendecker B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Med Child Neurol</span>
2007 Sep;49(9):707-16.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00707.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17718830" target="_blank">17718830</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (27)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38996765">Distinct neurodevelopmental and epileptic phenotypes associated with gain- and loss-of-function GABRB2 variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mohammadi NA,
Ahring PK,
Yu Liao VW,
Chua HC,
Ortiz de la Rosa S,
Johannesen KM,
Michaeli-Yossef Y,
Vincent-Devulder A,
Meridda C,
Bruel AL,
Rossi A,
Patel C,
Klepper J,
Bonanni P,
Minghetti S,
Trivisano M,
Specchio N,
Amor D,
Auvin S,
Baer S,
Meyer P,
Milh M,
Salpietro V,
Maroofian R,
Lemke JR,
Weckhuysen S,
Christophersen P,
Rubboli G,
Chebib M,
Jensen AA,
Absalom NL,
Møller RS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">EBioMedicine</span>
2024 Aug;106:105236.
Epub 2024 Jul 11
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105236.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38996765" target="_blank">38996765</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11296288" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37951597">Bi-allelic ACBD6 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive and complex movement disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kaiyrzhanov R,
Rad A,
Lin SJ,
Bertoli-Avella A,
Kallemeijn WW,
Godwin A,
Zaki MS,
Huang K,
Lau T,
Petree C,
Efthymiou S,
Karimiani EG,
Hempel M,
Normand EA,
Rudnik-Schöneborn S,
Schatz UA,
Baggelaar MP,
Ilyas M,
Sultan T,
Alvi JR,
Ganieva M,
Fowler B,
Aanicai R,
Tayfun GA,
Al Saman A,
Alswaid A,
Amiri N,
Asilova N,
Shotelersuk V,
Yeetong P,
Azam M,
Babaei M,
Monajemi GB,
Mohammadi P,
Samie S,
Banu SH,
Pinto Basto J,
Kortüm F,
Bauer M,
Bauer P,
Beetz C,
Garshasbi M,
Issa AH,
Eyaid W,
Ahmed H,
Hashemi N,
Hassanpour K,
Herman I,
Ibrohimov S,
Abdul-Majeed BA,
Imdad M,
Isrofilov M,
Kaiyal Q,
Khan S,
Kirmse B,
Koster J,
Lourenço CM,
Mitani T,
Moldovan O,
Murphy D,
Najafi M,
Pehlivan D,
Rocha ME,
Salpietro V,
Schmidts M,
Shalata A,
Mahroum M,
Talbeya JK,
Taylor RW,
Vazquez D,
Vetro A,
Waterham HR,
Zaman M,
Schrader TA,
Chung WK,
Guerrini R,
Lupski JR,
Gleeson J,
Suri M,
Jamshidi Y,
Bhatia KP,
Vona B,
Schrader M,
Severino M,
Guille M,
Tate EW,
Varshney GK,
Houlden H,
Maroofian R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2024 Apr 4;147(4):1436-1456.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad380.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37951597" target="_blank">37951597</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10994533" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37713627">TRAPPC6B biallelic variants cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with TRAPP II and trafficking disruptions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Almousa H,
Lewis SA,
Bakhtiari S,
Nordlie SH,
Pagnozzi A,
Magee H,
Efthymiou S,
Heim JA,
Cornejo P,
Zaki MS,
Anwar N,
Maqbool S,
Rahman F,
Neilson DE,
Vemuri A,
Jin SC,
Yang XR,
Heidari A,
van Gassen K,
Trimouille A,
Thauvin-Robinet C,
Liu J,
Bruel AL,
Tomoum H,
Shata MO,
Hashem MO,
Toosi MB,
Karimiani EG,
Yeşil G,
Lingappa L,
Baruah D,
Ebrahimzadeh F,
Van-Gils J,
Faivre L,
Zamani M,
Galehdari H,
Sadeghian S,
Shariati G,
Mohammad R,
van der Smagt J,
Qari A,
Vincent JB,
Innes AM,
Dursun A,
Özgül RK,
Akar HT,
Bilguvar K,
Mignot C,
Keren B,
Raveli C,
Burglen L,
Afenjar A,
Kaat LD,
van Slegtenhorst M,
Alkuraya F,
Houlden H,
Padilla-Lopez S,
Maroofian R,
Sacher M,
Kruer MC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2024 Jan 4;147(1):311-324.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad301.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37713627" target="_blank">37713627</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10766242" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37517035">Biallelic MED27 variants lead to variable ponto-cerebello-lental degeneration with movement disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maroofian R,
Kaiyrzhanov R,
Cali E,
Zamani M,
Zaki MS,
Ferla M,
Tortora D,
Sadeghian S,
Saadi SM,
Abdullah U,
Karimiani EG,
Efthymiou S,
Yeşil G,
Alavi S,
Al Shamsi AM,
Tajsharghi H,
Abdel-Hamid MS,
Saadi NW,
Al Mutairi F,
Alabdi L,
Beetz C,
Ali Z,
Toosi MB,
Rudnik-Schöneborn S,
Babaei M,
Isohanni P,
Muhammad J,
Khan S,
Al Shalan M,
Hickey SE,
Marom D,
Elhanan E,
Kurian MA,
Marafi D,
Saberi A,
Hamid M,
Spaull R,
Meng L,
Lalani S,
Maqbool S,
Rahman F,
Seeger J,
Palculict TB,
Lau T,
Murphy D,
Mencacci NE,
Steindl K,
Begemann A,
Rauch A,
Akbas S,
Aslanger AD,
Salpietro V,
Yousaf H,
Ben-Shachar S,
Ejeskär K,
Al Aqeel AI,
High FA,
Armstrong-Javors AE,
Zahraei SM,
Seifi T,
Zeighami J,
Shariati G,
Sedaghat A,
Asl SN,
Shahrooei M,
Zifarelli G,
Burglen L,
Ravelli C,
Zschocke J,
Schatz UA,
Ghavideldarestani M,
Kamel WA,
Van Esch H,
Hackenberg A,
Taylor JC,
Al-Gazali L,
Bauer P,
Gleeson JJ,
Alkuraya FS,
Lupski JR,
Galehdari H,
Azizimalamiri R,
Chung WK,
Baig SM,
Houlden H,
Severino M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2023 Dec 1;146(12):5031-5043.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awad257.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37517035" target="_blank">37517035</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10690011" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36293418">Correlation between Phenotype and Genotype in CTNNB1 Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miroševič Š,
Khandelwal S,
Sušjan P,
Žakelj N,
Gosar D,
Forstnerič V,
Lainšček D,
Jerala R,
Osredkar D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2022 Oct 19;23(20)
doi: 10.3390/ijms232012564.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36293418" target="_blank">36293418</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9604177" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (38)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36293418">Correlation between Phenotype and Genotype in CTNNB1 Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miroševič Š,
Khandelwal S,
Sušjan P,
Žakelj N,
Gosar D,
Forstnerič V,
Lainšček D,
Jerala R,
Osredkar D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2022 Oct 19;23(20)
doi: 10.3390/ijms232012564.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36293418" target="_blank">36293418</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9604177" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33919646">Genetic Neonatal-Onset Epilepsies and Developmental/Epileptic Encephalopathies with Movement Disorders: A Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Spagnoli C,
Fusco C,
Percesepe A,
Leuzzi V,
Pisani F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2021 Apr 18;22(8)
doi: 10.3390/ijms22084202.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33919646" target="_blank">33919646</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8072943" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Neurodevelopmental%20disorder%20with%20microcephaly%20and%20movement%20abnormalities%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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